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Phonological history of English high back vowels
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Encyclopedia results for Phonological history of English high back vowels

Phonological history of English high back vowels





Encyclopedia results for Phonological history of English high back vowels

  1. Phonological history of English high back vowels

    Most dialects of modern English language English have two high back vowels the close back rounded vowel IPA u found in words like goose , and the near close near back rounded vowel IPA found in words like foot . This article discusses the history of these vowels in various dialects of English, focusing ... . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Phonological history of English consonants English consonant cluster reductions English consonant cluster reductions Yod dropping Yod dropping References reflist History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English High Back Vowels Category Splits and mergers in English phonology ... History of the English Language iii 1476 1776 editor1 first Roger editor1 last Lass publisher Cambridge ... of this split is a less common feature of educated Northern English speech than the absence of the Phonological history of English short A Trap bath split trap bath split . ref Wells, ibid. , p. 354 ... vowels merged as IPA u , which has remained as such in some Welsh, northern English, and American ... goose merger The foot goose merger is a phenomenon that occurs in Scottish English , Ulster varieties of Hiberno English , Malaysian English and Singaporean English , ref http www.waseda.jp ocw AsianStudies ... the vowels IPA and IPA u are merged. As a result, pairs like look Luke are homophones and good food and foot boot rhyme. The merged vowel is usually IPA or IPA y in Scottish English and IPA u in Singaporean English . ref cite book author John C. Wells Wells, John C. title Accents of English ... vowel system to the English lexical incidence. ref Macafee 2004 74 ref The English language vowel changes before historic l full fool merger is a conditioned merger of the same two vowels before ... thumb The vowel in the word sun The foot strut split is the split of Middle English short IPA u into two distinct phonemes IPA as in foot and IPA as in strut that occurs in most varieties of English ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English low back vowels

    , which discusses the short o configuration of various American accents History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Low Back Vowels Category American English Category Scottish ... history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels References Reflist Bibliography ... IPA of soul was raised to IPA o , merging with boat see Phonological history of English ...Contradict other Great Vowel Shift date March 2012 The phonology of the low back vowel s of the English ... and the Cot caught merger cot caught merger . Late Middle English In Late Middle English c. 1400 the following low back vowels were present, distinguished by length ref Barber, pp. 108,111 ref IPA ... from Middle English IPA a . This explains the contemporary pronunciation of these words with IPA e . ref Barber, p. 108 ref This left the language with three low back vowels IPA in dog and want . IPA ... is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels IPA and IPA that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English exceptions are accents in northeastern New England , such as the Boston ... IPA Cot caught merger IPA IPA IPA IPA Stages leading to some of the low back vowels of General ... English c. 1400 to the present. The sound changes heard in modern English mostly begin with the Great ... , salt , psalm , half , change , chamber , dance had become an open back diphthong IPA . The diphthong ... had become lowered to IPA , thus corn , IPA k rn . There were thus three low back monophthongs at this time ... C. title Accents of English location Cambridge publisher Cambridge University Press year 1982 isbn 0 ... , the West Country , the West Midlands region West Midlands and in Hiberno English , but apparently ... IPA . Accents affected by this change include American English and, originally, Received Pronunciation ... generally happened before the fricatives IPA f , IPA and IPA s . In American English the raising ... for dog . Obviously, in accents of American English that are subject to the cot caught merger, there is no difference ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English high front vowels

    as IPA b t . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels References reflist History of English Use dmy dates date June 2011 DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English High Front Vowels Category English phonology Category History of the English language ... original long vowels, going back to Old English t am and Old French creme respectively, while eat OE etan and meat OE mete have vowels that were originally short but lengthened by Phonological history ...expert subject date December 2011 The close vowel high front vowel front vowel s of English language English have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from dialect to dialect. Weak ... vowel are also possible, such as IPA e in Scottish English . The history of happy tensing is difficult ... dialects of English language English . As a result of this merger the words abbot and rabbit ... accents and Hiberno English and variable in General American . ref name Wells cite book authorlink John C. Wells last Wells first John C. year 1982 title Accents of English location Cambridge ..., cabin carrot, merit Kit bit split The kit bit split is a split of Early Modern English EME IPA found in South African English , where kit IPA k t and bit IPA b t do not rhyme. ref name Wells ref http ... elsewhere limb, dinner, limited, bit . Nevertheless because of the phonetic similarity of the two vowels ... the most distinctive feature of South African English, as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English . In New Zealand English, however, a centralized realization of IPA as IPA is general there is no split and the vowels of kit and bit are pronounced identically. Because of the centralized realization of the vowel IPA in some words in South African English, South Africans ... . In reality, they are distinct in South African English. woman is IPA w m n and women is IPA w m n ... and pen in American English. The areas marked in purple are where the merger is complete for most speakers ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English vowels

    history of English low back vowels Bud bird merger bud bird merger is a merger of IPA and IPA occurring for some speakers of Jamaican English . High back vowels Main Phonological history of English high back vowels The Phonological history of English high back vowels Foot goose ... ref The Phonological history of English high back vowels Foot strut split foot strut split is the split ... Phonological history of English high back vowels Merger of Middle English y , eu , and iu IPA iu ... accent and the Southern Hemisphere accents. Low back vowels Main Phonological history of English low back vowels The Phonological history of English low back vowels Father bother merger father bother ... varieties of North American English . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Lot cloth ... in the word gone . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Cot caught merger cot caught ... caught , talk , law , and small . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Psalm sum merger .... High front vowels Main Phonological history of English high front vowels The Phonological history ... becomes tense IPA i in words like happ y . The Phonological history of English high front vowels ... pronounced IPA i . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Met mat merger met mat merger ... and IPA are both pronounced IPA . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Met mate ... are both pronounced IPA . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Bred bread ... to be shortened in some words. The Phonological history of English high front vowels Bit bet merger ... changes before historic r . Monophthongs Low front vowels Main Phonological history of English short ... English , where kit IPA k t and bit IPA b t do not rhyme. The Phonological history of English high front ... history of English high front vowels Mitt meet merger mitt meet merger is a phenomenon ... of the Early Modern English vowels IPA o and IPA u . The Phonological history of English diphthongs ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English

    Notes Reflist See also English language History of the English language English phonology Phonological history of English consonants English consonant cluster reductions Phonological history of English vowels Phonological history of English short A Phonological history of English low back vowels Phonological history of English high back vowels Phonological history of English high front vowels ...Refimprove date August 2008 IPA notice The phonological history of English describes changing phonology of the English language over time, starting from its roots in proto Germanic to diverse changes in different ..., Oxford, 2002. Vulf Plotkin , The Dynamics of the English Phonological System , Mouton, The Hague, 1972. History of English Germanic philology DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Category History ..., but there is no actual evidence of this. Initial i mutation Short back vowels were fronted when ... e , respectively. Some Old English dialects retained the rounded vowels, however. Loss of IPA j ... Anglian dialects Anglian , was back vowels rather than diphthongs. West Saxon ceald but Anglian ... back and front vowels, respectively preceding IPA x . Many diphthong combinations soon merged. Trisyllabic ... English open syllable lengthening Vowels were usually lengthened in open syllables 13th century , except ... Old French IPA sjon , thus becoming IPA n . Long vowels IPA e and IPA u Middle English IPA ... in Southern American English and southwestern varieties of Hiberno English . Back vowel fronting ... vowels in the last 1000 years, beginning with late Old English and focusing on the Middle English .... This table omits the History of Middle English diphthongs history of Middle English diphthongs see that link for a table summarizing the developments. Later English vowel development History of Middle ... with the Old English sound sequences that produced them sequences of vowels and g , h or w and ending ... l Scots Vowel Length Rule Phonological history of the Scots language References ftp ibiblio.org pub ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English consonants

    of the English language Phonological history of English vowels intervocalic alveolar flapping t rhotic ...Original research date April 2011 Refimprove date April 2011 The phonological history of English consonants is part of the phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the phonology of consonant s. Consonant clusters Main Phonological history of English consonant clusters H cluster reductions The Phonological history of wh Wine whine merger wine whine merger Anchor Wine whine ... majority of English speakers. The Phonological history of wh Hole whole merger hole whole merger is the replacement of IPA hw with IPA h before the vowels IPA o and IPA u which occurred in Old English ... needed date February 2010 Fricatives and affricates Main Phonological history of English fricatives ... of h dropping, so called Phonological history of English fricatives H adding h adding is a hypercorrection ... The Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates Taut taught merger taut taught merger ... it in Middle English. Here it is clearly a loan phoneme. The Phonological history of English ... language English . The Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates Lock loch merger ... involving fricatives and affricates Phonological history of English fricatives Initial fricative voicing ... when they occur at the beginning of a word. Phonological history of English fricatives S retraction ... closer to IPA . The Phonological history of English fricatives Seal zeal merger Seal zeal merger ... IPA . The Phonological history of English fricatives Sip ship merger sip ship merger is a phenomenon ... s and IPA are not distinguished. The Phonological history of English fricatives Ship chip ... IPA and IPA t are not distinguished. The Phonological history of English fricatives Zip gyp merger ... of wh References reflist History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Consonants ... Plum plumb merger is the reduction of the final cluster IPA mb to IPA m . Phonological history ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English diphthongs

    with IPA i , resulting in dew becoming homophonous with due . the Phonological history of English ... place in the dialect of South Eastern England ref name barber tables the Phonological history of English ... ?id Iat4Bk YeR4C location Edinburgh See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Trisyllabic laxing Great Vowel Shift History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Diphthongs Category Splits and mergers in English phonology Category English phonology Category History of the English language ... out of what were formerly close long vowels of Middle English. These were IPA as in tide , and IPA as in house . ref Barber, p. 108 ref At this period, the English of South Eastern England could ... majority of Modern English accents the vowels have been merged whether the outcome is monophthongal ... is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels IPA o as in toe and IPA u as in tow that occurs in most ... the back rounded starting point of IPA in most other accents of English. The merger happened only ...Note This article deals with sound changes involving English language diphthongs. Each of the following ... changes involving English language centering diphthongs see English language vowel changes before historic r . Vein vain merger The vein vain merger is the merger of the Middle English diphthong s IPA ei and IPA ai that occurs in all dialects of present English. The merger was complete by perhaps ... s, but in early Middle English they were pronounced differently as IPA vein and IPA vain . Similarly day from Old English d and way from Old English we did not rhyme before the merger. ref name wells 192 cite book last Wells first John C. authorlink John C. Wells title Accents of English location ... e of words like pane in the Pane pain merger pane pain merger . Diphthongs of Late Middle English The English ... , coy IPA as in boil , destroy , coin , join With back endpoint IPA u as in view , new , due ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English short A

    of which vary between IPA and IPA among different dialects of English. See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Notes Reflist References cite ...DISPLAYTITLE Phonological history of English short A The pronunciation of short A varies in English language English . The development of the Early Modern English phoneme IPA a Context Late Middle English ..., including an audio bath map of the UK History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English ..., would have left standard English without any vowels in the IPA a or IPA a area by the late ... with long vowels in northern England. In northern English dialects, the short A is phonetically IPA ... In two environments, Middle English IPA a developed to IPA a rather than IPA Before postvocalic ... inconsistently and sporadically Words that had Middle English IPA au had a regular development ... in several varieties of contemporary English, for example in Received Pronunciation . The following table shows some developments of Middle English a in Received Pronunciation. The word gate , which derived from Middle English a , has also been included for comparison although not all of its development is shown . class wikitable gate cast cart cat Middle English IPA a t rowspan 3 valign top ... shows the results of these developments in some contemporary varieties of English class wikitable Received Pronunciation RP Northern English NE Scottish English SCO Hiberno English IRL General American ... IPA k t IPA k st br IPA k rt br IPA k t Development before nonprevocalic r In late Middle English, pairs ... been lengthened to IPA ka rt . This is the result of the development of Middle English IPA a in the environment ... England in the early fifteenth century, but did not affect Standard English until the later seventeenth century. ref Docton, pp. 517 519 ref It has affected most varieties of contemporary English, which have distinct vowels in pairs such as car , cart , although the original identity of the vowels ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English consonant clusters

    The phonological history of English consonant clusters is part of the phonological history of the English ... majority of English speakers. Notable dialects that retain the distinction include Irish English , Scottish English , and Southern American English . This occurred after the Phonological history .... Aside from accents with Phonological history of English consonants H dropping h dropping , this reduction .... See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English consonants Phonological history of English consonants G dropping G dropping Phonological history of English fricatives Phonological history of English fricatives H dropping H dropping References reflist DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Consonant Clusters Category Splits and mergers in English phonology ... cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English language English involving consonant clusters beginning with h that have lost the h in certain varieties of English. ref name Wells cite book author John C. Wells Wells, John C. title Accents of English ... 0 521 24224 X vol. 2 , ISBN 0 521 24225 8 vol. 3 ref Wh cluster reductions The Phonological history of wh Hole whole merger hole whole merger is the replacement of IPA hw with IPA h before the vowels IPA o and IPA u which occurred in Old English . This is due to the effect that rounded back vowels ... these vowels the true phonetic IPA hw then eventually became perceived as this allophone of IPA h and no longer a phonologically distinct speech sound. The Phonological history of wh Wine whine merger ... gnu in English dates back to 1777, according to the Merriam Webster s dictionary. http www.merriam ... spa phonology features.htm Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English Bot generated ... in fact have a long history, and all the metathesised forms have existed in English for around ... after IPA w in some varieties of English. Yew hew merger The yew hew merger is a process that occurs ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates

    The phonological history of English fricatives and affricates is part of the phonological history of the English ... day . This diphthong Phonological history of English diphthongs Pane pain merger merged with the reflex ... , and raze sound like rage . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English consonants Phonological history of English consonants Vest west merger Vest west merger Phonological history of English consonants Ban van merger Ban van merger Phonological history of English ... Phonological History Of English Fricatives And Affricates Category Phonology Category Language ... and h adding H dropping File H dropping.svg thumb 250px H dropping in English dialects H dropping ... , and hangover in many dialects of English English English , such as Cockney and Estuary English . The same ... no such sound in their earliest English form nor were they originally spelt with an h, but it is now ... wordfrom aitches ?view uk ref H dropping in English is found in all dialects in the weak form ... American English and also occurs in the Scots language . Because the IPA h of unstressed have is usually ... ju , j u hew you IPA ju hi aye IPA a hi eye IPA a hi I IPA a hid id IPA d high aye IPA a high eye IPA a high I IPA a higher ire IPA a r hill ill IPA l hire ire IPA a r , a r ... found in typically h dropping accents of English. Commonly found in literature from late Victorian ... also added IPA h to the English English pronunciation of herb , IPA h b , while American English ... is a process that occurs in modern English that causes IPA x to be dropped in words like thought , night ... cache 9zbJpPgRmfMJ www.phon.ucl.ac.uk home wells English 2520accents 6.ppt ref ref http www1.uni hamburg.de peter.siemund Articles English 2520 Variationstypologie .pdf ref The phoneme IPA x was previously distinguished as IPA after front vowels, IPA x after back vowels. IPA and sometimes IPA x was lost in most dialects with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowels. IPA n xt IPA n t IPA ...   more details



  1. Reduced vowels in English

    of many vowels at the ends of words to schwa . Stressed vowels are never reduced in English. Reduced vowels schwas Vowel reduction is phonemic in English. That is, there are two tiers of vowels in English, full and reduced traditionally many English dictionaries have attempted to mark the distinction by transcribing unstressed full vowels as having secondary stress secondary stress , ref Harvcoltxt ... English Dictionary OED . English has up to five reduced vowels, though this varies with dialect and speaker ...IPA notice lang en main Vowel reduction In English language English , vowel reduction is the Mid centralized ... schwas, except in dialects that have two distinct reduced vowels see below . The i in dec i ... American English, er designates an r colored vowel r colored schwa, IPA . Reduced front vowel i coloured schwa In some dialects of English there is a distinction between two vowel height s of reduced vowels, schwa and the near close central unrounded vowel IPA or equivalently IPA . In the British ... these two reduced vowels The e in ros e s is IPA o z z The a in Ros a s is a schwa IPA o z z See Phonological history of English high front vowels . Rounded reduced vowel u coloured schwa Many dialects also retain rounded vowel rounding in reduced vowels, with IPA u and IPA reducing to IPA ... are the syllabic consonant s. The consonants that can be syllabic in English are IPA l actually ... in more rapid speech is sometimes pronounced as a syllabic IPA . These reduced vowels contrast ... full vowels The vowels and diphthongs IPA , IPA a , and IPA are never reduced, and all full unreduced vowels may occur in unstressed position, especially in compound words. These are often transcribed in dictionaries as having secondary stress, but that is a convention for full vowels that occur after the primary stress. See secondary stress . In English compounds, the second word typically .... class wikitable Unstressed full vowels Vowel Example Pronunciation Compound example ref John Wells ...   more details



  1. English words without vowels

    , which have a voice phonetics voicing quality similar to vowels. However, there are languages with words that not only contain no vowels, but contain no sonorants at all, like shh in English. These include ... In English, the letter Y can be represent either a vowel or consonant sound, and a large number of Modern English words spell the IPA en and IPA en a sounds with the letter Y, such as try, cry ... , rhythm , and wikt syzygy syzygy which are vowels in this case. The longest such word in common use is rhythm s, and the longest such word in Modern English is the obsolete 17th century word wikt symphysy ... Modern English, such as The crwth pronounced IPA kr or IPA kru and also spelled cruth is a Welsh ... English, nearly always spelled combe as in Ilfracombe and Castle Combe , coomb as in J. R ..., learn, girl, church, worst, which some phoneticians analyze as having no vowels, only a syllabic ... vowels. onomatopoeia Onomatopoeic words that can be pronounced alone, and which have no vowels or ars ... IPA l or IPA r can stand in for vowels vlk IPA vl k wolf , krk IPA kr k neck . A particularly long word without vowels is tvrthrst, meaning quarter handful , with two syllables one for each R . Whole ... vowels. A common example is the Kazakh word for one bir , pronounced IPA b . Among careful speakers, however, the original vowel may be preserved, and the vowels are always preserved in the orthography ... of selected words without vowels can be downloaded from http ed268.univ paris3.fr lpp pages ... List of words that comprise a single sound References reflist DEFAULTSORT Words Without Vowels Category Types of words Category Vowels Category Vowel letters ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of Scots

    . xxii ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref While OE IPA sk became IPA in Modern English, Scots .... xxiii ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref OE IPA x was lost in English, but remained so in Scots ... in Early Scots, the Early Middle English vowels they can largely be derived from, and the main Old English sources of these vowels. See also Middle English phonology for a more in depth overview of the Old English sources of the Early Middle English vowels below. External sources are For the principal Old English, Norse and Romance sources of the Early Scots vowels see Aitken, A.J ... The Older Scots Vowels A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots from the Beginnings to the Eighteenth .... Oxford University Press 2002. Reflist Germanic philology DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of Scots ...Cleanup date January 2011 IPA notice Main History of the Scots language This is a presentation of the phonology phonological history of the Scots language . Scots has its origins in Old English OE via early Northern Middle English ref http www.dsl.ac.uk dsl SCOTSHIST list.html A History of Scots to 1700 , DOST Vol. 12 pp. lix lx ref though loanwords from Old Norse ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp ... Latin , Anglo Norman language Anglo Norman and Middle French borrowings. ref A History of Scots to 1700 ... Dutch . ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii ref Some vocabulary has been borrowed from Scotland s other language, Scottish Gaelic Gaelic . ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxi ref Consonants ..., http www.dsl.ac.uk dsl INTRO intro2.php Introduction Vol I p. xxii ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref OE merge Modern Scots emmers and English embers OE mel Modern Scots thimmle and English thimble OE timber Modern Scots timmer and English timber I don t know what this is supposed ... p. xxii ref Note that the English words like empty that come from OE words that did not have ... Dictionary, Introduction p. xxii ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref Final IPA ld often ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of wh

    cluster simplification. See also Phonological history of English consonants Hwair Wh digraph ...wiktionary wine whine merger DISPLAYTITLE Phonological history of wh The pronunciation of the Wh digraph digraph wh in English language English has varied with time, and can still vary today between different regions. According to the Phonological history of English consonants historical period and the Regional accents of English accent of the speaker , it is most commonly realised as the consonant cluster IPA hw or as IPA w . Before roundedness rounded vowels , as in who and whole, it is often realized ... IPA w or IPA hw . Early history of wh What is now English wh originated as the Proto Indo ... in others, the IPA h was dropped, leaving IPA w . who IPA hu Old English hw whom IPA hu m Old English hw m whole IPA ho l Old English h l cf. hale In Kent , the word home is pronounced IPA wo m the IPA h was labialized to IPA hw before the IPA o , and later Kentish dialect Kentish became an Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates H dropping h dropping dialect. Wh labiodentalization ..., ref name donka cite book first Donka last Minkova year 2004 title Studies in the History of the English ... dialects of English it has merged with IPA w , a process known as the wine whine merger . In dialects ... in Gothic language Gothic and represented by the symbol known as hwair in Old English it was spelled as hw . The spelling was changed to wh in Middle English , but it retained the pronunciation IPA ... began with k , English interrogative words such as who , which , what , when , where typically ... occurred in some dialects of Scots language Scots , and in Hiberno English with an Irish Gaelic ... ga fuisce , having originally entered English from Scottish Gaelic . In Scots this leads to pronunciations ... The Atlas of North American English location Berlin publisher Mouton de Gruyter isbn 3 11 016746 ... to voiced IPA w . It has occurred historically in the dialects of the great majority of English speakers ...   more details



  1. List of words in English with many vowels

    In English With Many Vowels Category Lists of words with uncommon properties Category Lists of English ...Wikify date December 2010 ABOUT this was originally Talk English words with uncommon properties Containing many vowels, but mature now. see discussion at talk English words with uncommon properties main English words with uncommon properties Many vowels This article is part of a series of English words with uncommon properties and list the top 1,000 English words in wiktionary en ranked by number of vowels per length with the exception of terms comprising spaces e.g. phrases , ignoring accents a and splitting ligature ae and removing abbreviations br class wikitable sortable word part of speech letters vowels ratio wikt euouae euouae n 6 6 1.00 Aiouea n 6 6 1.00 wikt Aiea Aiea proper 4 4 1.00 wikt euoi euoi int 4 4 1.00 wikt a a a a n 2 2 1.00 wikt aia aia n 3 3 1.00 wikt A A n 1 1 1.00 wikt A A n 1 1 1.00 wikt aa aa n 2 2 1.00 wikt English letter proper 2 2 1.00 wikt ai ai int n 2 2 1.00 wikt Ai Ai proper 2 2 1.00 wikt e e pronoun 1 1 1.00 wikt ea ea n 2 2 1.00 wikt ee ee n int 2 2 1.00 wikt io io n 2 2 1.00 wikt Io proper 2 2 1.00 wikt IU n 2 2 1.00 wikt o n 1 1 1.00 wikt oe n 2 2 1.00 wikt oi int 2 2 1.00 wikt oo n 2 2 1.00 wikt ou n 2 2 1.00 wikt e English e letter n 1 1 1.00 wikt i English i letter n 1 1 1.00 wikt eunoia eunoia n 6 5 0.83 wikt olia proper 6 5 0.83 wikt Euboea proper 6 5 0.83 wikt aalii n 5 4 0.80 wikt Aarau proper 5 4 0.80 wikt adieu int n 5 4 0.80 wikt aerie n 5 4 0.80 wikt Aigio proper 5 4 0.80 wikt Aimee proper 5 4 0.80 wikt aioli n 5 4 0.80 wikt ... geue v 4 3 0.75 wikt huia n 4 3 0.75 wikt Iago English Iago proper 4 3 0.75 wikt Iain proper 4 3 ... n 6 4 0.67 wikt Apulia proper 6 4 0.67 wikt Aquila English Aquila proper 6 4 0.67 wikt Arabia proper ... wikt ape adj n v 3 2 0.67 wikt apo adj 3 2 0.67 wikt Ara English Ara proper 3 2 0.67 wikt are n 3 ... 0.67 wikt Una proper 3 2 0.67 wikt uni n 3 2 0.67 wikt Uno English Uno n 3 2 0.67 wikt ure n 3 2 0.67 ...   more details



  1. List of words in English containing all the vowels

    Proposed deletion dated concern sub page of deleted page English words with uncommon properties see Wikipedia Articles for deletion English words with uncommon properties timestamp 20120428195651 ABOUT this was originally Talk English words with uncommon properties Containing all the vowel, but mature now. deadend date April 2012 main English words with uncommon properties Containing all the vowels This article is part of a series of English words with uncommon properties and list all 2880 English words in wiktionary en containing all the vowels with the exception of terms comprising spaces e.g. phrases , ignoring accents a and splitting ligature ae class wikitable sortable link id size wikt eunoia n 6 wikt aerious adj 7 wikt eutopia n 7 wikt Eutopia n 7 wikt isourea n 7 wikt sequoia n 7 wikt aboideau n 8 wikt aboiteau n 8 wikt quison n 8 wikt aequorin n 8 wikt anemious adj 8 wikt autocide n 8 wikt autofire n 8 wikt autohide v 8 wikt avenious adj 8 wikt caesious adj 8 wikt dialogue n v 8 wikt edacious adj 8 wikt equation n 8 wikt euphobia n 8 wikt euphoria n 8 wikt euryopia n 8 wikt eusocial adj 8 wikt exonumia n 8 wikt jalousie n 8 wikt outraise v 8 wikt poulaine n 8 wikt quaestio n 8 wikt sequoian adj 8 wikt thiourea n 8 wikt utopiate n 8 wikt abreuvoir n 9 wikt acuminose adj 9 wikt aleuronic adj 9 wikt aliferous adj 9 wikt aliquoted adj 9 wikt andouille n 9 wikt aneuploid adj n 9 wikt arsenious adj 9 wikt audiotape n v 9 wikt aureation n 9 wikt auriscope n 9 wikt authorize v 9 wikt autocrime n 9 wikt autocrine adj 9 wikt autogenic adj 9 wikt autotelic adj 9 wikt azorubine n 9 wikt behaviour n 9 wikt cauponize v 9 wikt cautioner n 9 wikt damourite n 9 wikt deiparous adj 9 wikt education n 9 wikt emulation n 9 wikt equimolar adj 9 wikt equivocal n adj 9 wikt Euamerion proper 9 wikt euatmotic adj 9 wikt eudemonia n 9 wikt euphorbia n 9 wikt Euphorbia n 9 wikt exudation ... wikt pelargonium n 11 wikt Pelargonium English Pelargonium n 11 wikt permutation n 11 wikt pneumatosis ...   more details



  1. Scale of vowels

    A scale of vowels is an arrangement of vowel s in order of perceived pitch . A scale used for poetry in American English lists the vowels by the frequency of the second formant the higher of the two overtone s that define a vowel sound . Starting with the highest, class IPA wikitable Help IPA for English vowel example i key e cane a kite kit ken cat cur cut cot a cow coy caught, core could o coat u cool, cute In technical terms, this listing goes from front vowel s to back vowel s. It is by no means precise enough for phonology . For one thing, the sounds with IPA or IPA as the second symbol are diphthong s, during which the formants change. Also, many American accents and practically all from other countries will require different lists. Nonetheless this scale has been used in poetry. For instance, one can identify lines that generally go upward&mdash O love, be fed with apples while you may Robert Graves or downward&mdash When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom d Walt Whitman A pendeka from the Greek language Greek for fifteen is a poem containing each of the above vowels once. The following example, which goes up the scale, is intended strictly as a mnemonic. Mood no good, brought voice Down, not up, perhaps Ends with&mdash Hi, baby Not to be confused with The high and low frequency vowels described here are not the close vowel high vowels and open vowel low vowels of linguistics . Those are vowels where the tongue is high as in cool and key or low as in car respectively. Also, this scale is not the sonority hierarchy . References cite book author Nims, John Frederick, and David Mason title Western Wind an Introduction to Poetry publisher McGraw Hill year 2000 isbn 0 07 303180 1 For the pendeka, see the 1982 edition, ISBN 0 07 554405 9. Category Prosody linguistics Category Melody ...   more details



  1. Phonological change

    example of a phonemic merger in American English is the Phonological history of the low back vowels ..., as with the Phonological history of the high back vowels Foot strut split foot strut split , where ... shift Drift linguistics Language change Phonemic differentiation Phonological history of English consonants Phonological history of English vowels Phonological history of the English language Sound ... high vowels, front and back, fell together with the long mid vowels thus Latin i are uniformly ... phono atlas ICSLP4 Figure 1.GIF , where the Phonological history of English short A tensing ..., chain shift s such as the Great Vowel Shift in which nearly all of the vowels of the English ... IPA re as ring , stem renka and in the recent history of English there was another round of such raising ... high front rounded vowels fell together with i and via a simple phonetic unrounding OE hypp, cynn ... between vowels. Note 3 a common misstatement of cases like OE f Modern English f, v is that a new phoneme ..., Christmas, hasten In many words f that is, Old English v was lost between vowels auger, hawk, newt ... of English has seen several waves of loss of elements, vowels and consonants alike, from ... language English , most front vowel s are roundedness unrounded , while most back vowel s are rounded. There are no languages in which all front vowels are rounded and all back vowels are unrounded. The most ... second formant F2 than back vowels, and unrounded vowels have a higher F2 than rounded vowels. Thus unrounded front vowels and rounded back vowels have maximally different F2s, enhancing their phonemic ...Refimprove date July 2007 Sound change Original research date June 2010 In historical linguistics , phonological ... only affect a phonological system in one of three ways Conditioned merger which Hoenigswald calls ... neither the number nor the distribution of phonemes is affected. Phonetic vs phonological change Purely phonetic change involves no reshuffling of the contrasts of a phonological system. All phonological ...   more details



  1. List of English back-formations

    of English words Back formations Category Neologisms ... Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 4 year 2009 publisher Houghton Mifflin ... title Random House Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged year 2009 edition 4 publisher Random ... from aviation ref name M W B babysit from babysitter ref name M W back form from back formation ... cerise , treated as English plural ref name Random House Chess river from Chesham choate from inchoate ... cross refer from cross reference ref name OED cite web url http oed.com title Oxford English Dictionary ... ref name M W pea from Middle English pease ref name Webster s NWC cite web url http www.yourdictionary.com ... House smarm from smarmy ref name M W sorb from sorption also a back formation soft land from soft ...   more details



  1. Phonological opacity

    vowel and a preceding high vowel as these vowels agree in roundedness, while a vowel with the Distinctive feature feature high would usually be exempt from rounding harmony. As a result of counter ...linguistics Phonological opacity is a term used in phonology . It was first defined by Paul Kiparsky Kiparsky ref cite book last Kiparsky first Paul editor first Osamu editor last Fujimura title Three Dimensions of Linguistic Theory publisher Tokyo Institute for Advanced Studies of Language year 1973 pages 57 86 chapter Abstractness, opacity and global rules Part 2 of Phonological representations ref as a measure of how far the context or the consequences of a Phonological rule phonological process may be determined only by examining the Transformational grammar surface structure . Kiparsky defined it in the following way A phonological rule P , math A rightarrow B C underline quad D math , is opaque if any of the following surface structures exists instance of A in the math C underline quad D math environment instance of B created by P in an environment other than math C underline quad D math instance of B not derived from P that occur in the context math C underline quad D math . Counter feeding and counter bleeding opacity Phonological opacity is often the result of the counterfeeding counterfeeding or counterbleeding order counterbleeding order of two or more phonological rules, which is called counter feeding opacity or counter bleeding opacity . An example of both can be seen in the Future tense future marking suffix en in the Yokutsan languages . Its vowel is supposed to be an underlying high vowel , though it surfaces as a mid vowel . Vowel roundedness rounding always applies before vowel Vowel Height lowering . Due to this order of phonological rules, the interaction ... why it fails to harmonize in rounding with preceding mid vowels. ref http books.google.nl books?id ... 20opacity 22&f false John A. Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, Alan C. L. Yu, The Handbook of Phonological ...   more details



  1. History of the English language

    187. ref Phonological changes Main Phonological history of English Grammatical changes The English ... Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002. The History of the English Language . Upper Saddle River, New ... ref The Oxford history of English lexicography, Volume 1 By Anthony Paul Cowie ref In the tenth and eleventh ... Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002. The History of the English Language . Upper Saddle River ... Greek language Greek loan words. ref Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002. The History of the English ..., Thomas. 2002. The History of the English Language . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall. pp ... English dictionary. Samuel Johnson published the authoritative work in 1755. To a high degree ... aloud for the beadle. p blockquote See also Wikipedia books English language Phonological history of the English language American and British English differences English phonology English ... declension History of the Scots language Changes to Old English vocabulary Lists List of dialects ... www.ling.upenn.edu histcorpora Penn Corpora of Historical English History of English Germanic philology Language histories DEFAULTSORT History Of The English Language Category History of the English ...English language English is a West Germanic languages West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo ... various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands . Initially, Old English was a diverse ... . One of these dialects, West Saxon dialect Old English Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The English language underwent extensive change in the Middle Ages . Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German ... largely recognisable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two ... and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo Norman language Anglo Norman . A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from Anglo Norman . Close contact ...   more details



  1. Checked and free vowels

    with the Phonological history of the low back vowels low back merger . IPA as in bra IPA ... a short vowel, and nuclei with rearticulated vowels a long vowel with a glottal stop in the middle . English In General American , the five checked vowels are IPA en as in bit IPA as in bet IPA ...Unreferenced date December 2009 In phonetics and phonology , checked vowels are those that usually must be followed by a consonant in a lexical stress stressed syllable , while free vowels are those that may stand in a stressed open syllable with no following consonant. Usage The terms checked vowel and free vowel originated in English language English phonetics and phonology. They are seldom used for the description of other languages, even though a distinction between vowels that usually have to be followed by a consonant and those that do not have to is common in most Germanic languages . The terms checked vowel and free vowel correspond closely to the terms tenseness lax vowel and tense vowel respectively, but many linguists prefer to use the terms checked and free as there is no clearcut phonetic definition of vowel tenseness, and since by most attempted definitions of tenseness IPA and IPA are considered lax, even though they behave in American English as free vowels. Checked vowels is also used to refer to a kind of very short glottalized vowels found in some Zapotecan languages that contrast with laryngealisation laryngealized vowels . The term checked vowel is also used to refer to a short vowel followed by a glottal stop in Mixe languages Mixe , where there is a distinction ... IPA j eh IPA duh , huh , uh , uh uh , and uh huh with IPA . The free vowels are IPA en i as in bee ... in stressed syllables at all. See also List of phonetics topics DEFAULTSORT Checked And Free Vowels Category Vowels Already a subcategory of Category Phonetics , so no need for this to be there as well Category English phonology ...   more details



  1. History of English contract law

    The history of English contract law traces back to its roots in Civil law legal system civil law , the lex mercatoria and the industrial revolution . Modern English contract law is composed primarily of case law decided by the English courts following the Judicature Acts and supplemented by statutory reform. However, a significant number of legal principles were inherited from recording decisions reaching back to the aftermath of the Norman Invasion . Civil law Plato , The Laws Roman law and pacta sunt servanda Corpus Juris Civilis Norman England Common law Courts of Chancery Forms of action The Lex Mercatoria s reception Assumpsit , Slade s case 1602 76 ER 1074, Bret v JS 1600 Cro Eliz 756 and Assumption of responsibility Sir Edward Coke Lex mercatoria and the Hanseatic League Sir John Holt Chief Justice 1689 to 1710 and Lord Mansfield William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England Jeremy Bentham Freedom of contract Laissez faire Faust and Christopher Marlowe , The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus 1604 Robert Browning Pied Piper of Hamelin 1842 Indian Contract Act 1872 http www.commonlii.org in legis num act ica1872152 c 9 Chitty on Contracts by Joseph Chitty, the younger 1796 1838 and called A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts not under Seal 1st edn 1826 Sir William Anson and Sir Frederick Pollock Oliver Wendell Holmes , The Common Law Samuel Williston Modern regulation Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb Benjamin N. Cardozo and Arthur Linton ... of Fair Trading European civil code See also English contract law History of contract law Notes refs ... www.jstor.org pss 1340045 87 5 Harvard Law Review 917 AWB Simpson, The Horwitz Thesis and the History ... Oxford 1979 AWB Simpson , A History of the Common Law of Contract the Rise of the Action of Assumpsit ... http biotech.law.lsu.edu Books Holmes claw08.htm lecture 7 Category English contract law Category Legal history of England Contract law ...   more details



  1. History of English football

    Use dmy dates date March 2012 The History of Football in England English football is a long and detailed ... codified in 1863 in London. The impetus for this was to unify English public school and university football games. There is evidence for refereed, team football games being played in English schools ... century bears similarity to football. England can boast the earliest ever documented use of the English ... Fhistory.htm History of Football Bot generated title ref and England is home ... football. It was written in the French used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation ... in the future. In 1409 King Henry IV of England gives us the first documented use of the English ... Magoun, Francis Peabody 1929 Football in Medieval England and middle English literature. The American ... , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools ... to passing the ball between members of the same team until the 1860s, however, in 1650 English puritan ... to another . ref Marples, M. 1954. A History of Football, Secker and Warburg, London ref The first ... by English Poet Edmund Waller in c1624 He mentions a a sort i.e. company of lusty shepherds ... suggests that playing as a team emerged much earlier in English football than previously thought. Football continued to be outlawed in English cities, for example the Manchester Lete Roll contains ... how football was popular among English factory workers A stranger passing through it at noon time ... each other. Previously, each school had its own rules, which may have dated back to the 15th ... sets, most notably Sheffield F.C. 1855 and J.C. Thring 1862 . ref http www.the english football ... provides the first reference in the English Language to the verb to pass a ball. C. W. Alcock became ... corshamref sub offhist.htm Offside History Bot generated title ref The offside rule was introduced ... to their code in 1866. The oldest existing football trophy in the world the Youdan Cup 1867 . The English ...   more details



  1. History of English criminal law

    Murder in English law History Manslaughter in English law History Abolished offences Petty treason ... Rape in English law History Abolished offences Buggery Assault with intent to commit buggery ... Hale, Matthew. Historia Placitorum Coron History of the Pleas of the Crown 1736 . James Fitzjames Stephen Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames . History of the Criminal Law of England 1883 . Reflist External links History of English criminal law English criminal law navbox UK law Europe topic Criminal law of DEFAULTSORT History Of English Criminal Law Category English criminal law Category Legal history of England Criminal law Category History of criminal justice English criminal law ...English law did not originally make a distinction between English criminal law criminal and English civil law civil proceedings . The first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the William the Conqueror Norman Conquest of England in 1066. ref see, Pennington, Kenneth 1993 The Prince and the Law, 1200 1600 Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition, University of California Press ref The earliest criminal trials had very little, if any, settled law to apply. However, the civil delictual law was highly developed and consistent in its operation except where the King wanted to raise money by selling a new form of Writ . The development of the State dispensing justice in a court only emerged parallel to or after the emergence of the concept of sovereignty. It was only in the 18th century that European countries began operating police forces ... offences Offences against property Main Property crime Extant offences Criminal damage in English law History Abolished offences Larceny Embezzlement Fraudulent conversion ref The statutory provisions ... offences High treason in the United Kingdom High treason See also Offences against military law ... classes Felony Misdemeanour Arrestable offence Defences Abolished defences Provocation in English ...   more details




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