Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Photodegradation is degradation of a photodegradable molecule caused by the absorption of photons , particularly those wavelengths found in sunlight , such as infrared radiation , visible light , and ultraviolet light . However, other forms of electromagnetic radiation can cause photodegradation. Photodegradation includes photodissociation , the breakup of molecules into smaller pieces by photons. It also includes the change of a molecule s shape to make it irreversibly altered, such as the denaturation biochemistry denaturing of proteins , and the addition of other atom s or molecules. A common photodegradation reaction is oxidation . This type of photodegradation is used by some drinking water and wastewater facilities to destroy pollutants. Photodegradation in the environment is part of the process by which ambergris evolves from its fat ty precursor. The US federal standard for testing plastic for photodegradation is 40 CFR Ch. I 7 1 03 Edition PART 238 Photo degradation also destroys paintings and other artifacts. Applications Six pack rings Six pack soda can rings have been photodegradable LDPE plastic since the 1990s. See also Biodegradable plastic Category Chemical reactions Chemistry stub cs Fotodegradace it Fotodegradazione nl Fotodegradatie th ... more details
Ormosil is a shorthand phrase for organically modified silica or organically modified silicate ref cite journal author Li CY, et al. title ORMOSILS as matrices in inorganic organic nanocomposites for various optical applications journal Proc. SPIE volume 1758 Sol Gel Optics II pages 410 9 year 1992 doi 10.1117 12.132033 url http spiedl.aip.org getabs servlet GetabsServlet?prog normal&id PSISDG001758000001000410000001&idtype cvips&gifs yes ref . These are engineered materials that show great promise in a wide range of applications ref For biotechnological applications of nanoparticles in general, see e.g. br cite journal author Salata O title Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine journal J Nanobiotechnology volume 2 issue 1 pages 3 year 2004 month April pmid 15119954 pmc 419715 doi 10.1186 1477 3155 2 3 . ref such as alternative to viral vector s for gene delivery, with superior transfection efficiencies ref Ellen Goldbaum, http www.medicalnewstoday.com medicalnews.php?newsid 28052 Using nanoparticles, in vivo gene therapy activates brain stem cells Medical News Today, 2005 July. Accessed 2007 May. ref suspension media and substrates for next generation solar cell s quantum dots Fact date June 2007 matrix material for UV protection coating ref cite journal author Crombie JF title Coating protects organic materials from photodegradation journal Chemical Technology date 5 May 2006 url http www.rsc.org Publishing ChemTech Volume 2006 6 Coating protects from photodegradation.asp br cite journal author Parejo PG, Zayat M, Levy D title Highly efficient UV absorbing thin film coatings for protection of organic materials against photodegradation journal J. Mater. Chem. volume 16 issue 22 pages 2165 9 year 2006 doi 10.1039 b601577h url http www.rsc.org publishing journals JM article.asp?doi b601577h ref matrix material for laser dye doped organic inorganic solid state dye lasers ref F. J. Duarte , Solid state multiple prism grating dye laser oscillator, Appl. ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 DISPLAYTITLE 2,4 Dimethyl 6 tert butylphenol Chembox verifiedrevid 399200995 Name 2,4 Dimethyl 6 tert butylphenol ImageFile 2,4 dimethyl 6 tert butylphenol.png ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames 2 tert butyl 4,6 dimethylphenol, 2,4 dimethyl 6 tert butylphenol, 6 tert butyl 2,4 dimethylphenol, 2 tert butyl 4,6 dimethylphenol, 2 tert butyl 4,6 dimethyl phenol, 6 t butyl 2,4 xylenol, 2 1,1 dimethylethyl 4,6 dimethyl phenol Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 15097 InChI 1 C12H18O c1 8 6 9 2 11 13 10 7 8 12 3,4 5 h6 7,13H,1 5H3 InChIKey OPLCSTZDXXUYDU UHFFFAOYAT SMILES1 Oc1c cc cc1C C C C C C StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C12H18O c1 8 6 9 2 11 13 10 7 8 12 3,4 5 h6 7,13H,1 5H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey OPLCSTZDXXUYDU UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 1879 09 0 PubChem SMILES CC C C c1c O c C cc C c1 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula MolarMass Appearance Density MeltingPt 21 23 C BoilingPt 248 249 C Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition 2,4 Dimethyl 6 tert butylphenol is an alkyl ated phenol used industrially as an antioxidant , e.g. to prevent gumming in fuel s, and as an ultraviolet stabilizer. It is used in jet fuel s, gasoline s, and avgas . It is a clear liquid with melting point 21 23 C and boiling point 248 249 C. It is also used in printing industry. It is stable in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions, and is considered to not be readily biodegradable . It does not absorb UV light , therefore direct photodegradation is not suspected. One of its trade names is Topanol A . It is found in antioxidant mixtures AO 30, AO 31, AO 32, IONOL K72, IONOL K78, IONOL K98, and others. It is a suspected respiratory toxicant and is suspected to be neurotoxic . See also 2,6 Di tert butylphenol 2,6 Di tert butylphenol Butylated hydroxytoluene Motor fuel DEFAULTSORT Dimethyl 6 Tert Butylphenol, 2,4 Category Antioxida ... more details
Colored dissolved organic matter CDOM is the optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in water. Also known as chromophoric dissolved organic matter, yellow substance , and gelbstoff , CDOM occurs naturally in aquatic environments primarily as a result of tannin stained waters tannins released from decaying detritus . CDOM most strongly absorbs short wavelength light ranging from blue to ultraviolet , whereas pure water absorbs longer wavelength red light. Therefore, non turbid water with little or no CDOM appears blue. The color of water will range through green, yellow green, and brown as CDOM increases. Significance of CDOM CDOM can have a significant effect on biological activity in aquatic systems. CDOM diminishes light as it penetrates water. This has a limiting effect on photosynthesis and can inhibit the growth of phytoplankton populations, which form the basis of oceanic food chains and are a primary source of atmospheric oxygen . CDOM also absorbs harmful UVA B radiation, protecting organisms from DNA damage. Absorption of UV radiation causes CDOM to bleach , reducing its optical density and absorptive capacity. This bleaching photodegradation of CDOM produces both low molecular weight organic compounds which may be utilized by microbes, and reactive oxygen species, which may damage tissues and alter the bioavailability of limiting trace metals. CDOM also interferes with the use of satellite spectrometer s to remotely estimate phytoplankton population distribution. As a byproduct of photosynthesis, chlorophyll is a key indicator of phytoplankton activity. However, CDOM and chlorophyll both absorb in the same spectral range so it is difficult to differentiate between the two. Although variations in CDOM are primarily the result of natural processes, human activities such as logging, agriculture, effluent discharge, and wetland drainage can affect CDOM levels in fresh water and estuarine systems. In general, CDOM concentrations are much ... more details
to be greatly affected by fenthion contamination. ref name EXTOXNET Degradation in nature Photodegradation ..., and its half life is about 5 hours. In soil and water, photodegradation is again predominant mechanism ... photodegradation as well as anaerobic or non photolytic organisms. However, soil particles strongly ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 442926733 Name Erythrosine ImageFile Erythrosine.svg ImageSize 230px ImageName Erythrosine IUPACName 2 6 Hydroxy 2,4,5,7 tetraiodo 3 oxo xanthen 9 yl benzoic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3144 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII PN2ZH5LOQY InChI 1 C20H8I4O5 c21 11 5 9 17 13 23 15 11 25 28 18 10 6 12 22 16 26 14 18 24 20 9 8 4 2 1 3 7 8 19 27 29 20 h1 6,25 26H InChIKey OALHHIHQOFIMEF UHFFFAOYAB StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C20H8I4O5 c21 11 5 9 17 13 23 15 11 25 28 18 10 6 12 22 16 26 14 18 24 20 9 8 4 2 1 3 7 8 19 27 29 20 h1 6,25 26H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey OALHHIHQOFIMEF UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 16423 68 0 SMILES Ic5cc4c Oc1c cc I c O c1I C43OC O c2ccccc23 c I c5O PubChem 3259 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 20 sub H sub 6 sub I sub 4 sub Na sub 2 sub O sub 5 sub MolarMass 879.86 g mol Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Erythrosine , also known as Red No. 3 , is an organoiodine compound , specifically a derivative of fluorone . It is cherry pink synthetic, primarily used for food coloring . ref name Ullmann Phyllis A. Lyday Iodine and Iodine Compounds in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley VCH, Weinheim ref It is the disodium salt chemistry salt of 2,4,5,7 tetraiodo fluorescein . Its maximum absorbance is at 530 nanometer nm ref http wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm 1104 lectures ecode.html Food Color Additives Bot generated title ref in an aqueous solution, and it is subject to photodegradation . Citation needed date February 2007 Uses It is used as a food coloring , in printing inks, as a biological stain, a dental plaque disclosing agent and a radiodensity radiopaque medium. It was used as a sensitizer for orthochromatic photographic films. Erythrosine is commonly used in sweets such as some candies and popsicles, and even more widely used in cake decorating gels. It ... more details
destructive. Medicine bottles are often made with darkened glass to prevent the drugs from photodegradation ... very useful but also can be a serious nuisance, as in the photodegradation of many materials ... more details
most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation. Chemical bleaching ... Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology volume 38 issue 4 ref Photodegradation Light alone does not rapidly ... more details
and photodegradation of the sample due to the increased energy of the incoming laser light. Both ... focused on small surface areas, the risk of sample heating and photodegradation is diminished ... diminishing the threat of photodegradation. Gaseous , liquid , and solid samples can all be analyzed ... more details
Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada date accessdate 2009 05 27 ref Plastic photodegradation in the ocean Main Photodegradation The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic ... where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic ... level . ref For this and what follows, see the references provided at Photodegradation . Also, D.K.A. ... more details
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