Photographic hypersensitization refers to a set of processes that can be applied to photographic film or photographic plate plates before Exposure photography exposing . One or more of these processes is often needed to make photographic materials work better in long exposures. Most photographic materials ... time and intensity in photographic exposure journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. doi 10.1364 JOSA.7.001079 volume ... between time and intensity in photographic exposure volume 11 page 319 year 1925 doi ... author journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. title On the relationship between time and intensity in photographic .... Am. volume 13 page 443 title On the relationship between time and intensity in photographic exposure ... 4 ref The reciprocal relationship between flux and exposure time for photographic film implies that at a given light flux, doubling the exposure time would double the photographic effect. This holds ... failure A developable photographic latent image forms when crystals of silver halide in an emulsion ... crystal receiving enough light to form an image that will catalysis catalyze the action of the Photographic ... hypersensitization Gas hypersensitization is the process of soaking or flushing the photographic ..., R title Mercury Hypersensitization of Photographic Plates bibcode 1938BHarO.907...36W ... of Photographic Plates doi 10.1364 JOSA.30.000508 journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. volume 30 page 508 ... latent image speck that catalyzes the development of the whole silver halide crystal. Photographic ... author Webb, J. H. title The Effect of Temperature upon Reciprocity Law Failure in Photographic ...., Barber, D. R. and Edwards, D. L title The fog effect in photographic astro and spectro photometry ... Webb, J. C. and Evans, C. H. title On improving the sensitivity of photographic plates to low intensity .... In photographic terms, preflashing lowered contrast and improved the shadow detail without significantly ... on astronomical photography. James T.H. ed 1977 . The Theory of the Photographic Process 4th edition ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 A photographic assistant , also known as an assistant photographer or a photographer s assistant , is an individual with both photographic and related skills who assists a professional photographer . ref cite book last Kieffer first John title The Photographer s Assistant year 2001 publisher Allworth Press location New York url http books.google.com books?id OW7rL20sdKUC ref The work of an assistant photographer is often referred to simply as assisting . The photo assistant is most often employed on a freelance basis, but in some instances photo assistants are full time employees primarily in major markets and with big name photographers. The latter will often involve assisting a studio or location photographer, not just helping out on shoots but also carrying out the mundane day to day running of the studio. A freelance assistant, on the other hand, will typically assist a number of different photographers on a shoot by shoot basis. Previously, the main tasks of the photographic assistant would be loading and processing film primarily 35mm, 120 and 220 roll films, & 4x5, 5x7, 8x10 and 11x14 sheet film , setting up lights, doing meter reading, and color temperature readings, shooting lighting test Polaroid s, and basically presenting the photographer with a set that is ready for the photographer to simply press the button and create the images. Now with Digital having replaced traditional film photography, the photographers assistant also needs to be a highly skilled lighting technician as these skills are no longer being pass on by photographers, who themselves are less technically proficient than there counter parts 20 years ago. ref cite book ... done a fairly adequate job of exposing their students to a great deal of traditional photographic ... in limited to 10 12 people. APA Photo Assistant Training An event promoted by the APA photographic ... Training A copy of the APA event An event promoted by the ASMP photographic group with a great ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Photographic quantity also known as photoquantity is a measure of the amount of light received by a sensor , such as a camera , in dimensionless units that account for information lost by integration over the optical spectrum spectral response of the sensor, while otherwise preserving the linear relationship involved in the interaction of light through one or more Exposure photography exposures . The photoquantity is neither radiometric nor Photometry optics photometric . The photoquantity is not radiometric because the sensor, camera, or the like, is not an ideal receiving antenna. Rather, the sensor has some non flat spectral response. The photoquantity is not photometric, because the sensor s spectral response does not necessarily match the spectral response of the human eye. Photoquantities are often involved in the solutions to comparametric equation s, appear in research papers dealing with image processing , and are also used in the production of visual art made from multiple differently illuminated pictures of the same subject matter. External links http wearcam.org dusting Gallery of Lightvector paintings http iul.eng.fiu.edu candocia Publications Publications.htm Research papers Category Imaging Category Science of photography ... more details
Distinguish color filter mosaic Image Mosaicr seagull.jpg thumb 200px A photographic mosaic of a sea gull made from pictures of bird s and other nature photos using hexagon al tiles In the field of photographic imaging, a photographic mosaic , also known under the term Photomosaic , a portmanteau of photo and mosaic , is a picture usually a photograph that has been divided into usually equal sized rectangular sections, each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo. ref name Cartwright07 Cartwright 2007 p.102 quote quotation Photographic mosaic, also known as Photomosaic, a portmanteau of photo and mosaic, is a picture that is divided into small sections. When viewed as a whole, it appears to be one image, when in fact the image is made up of hundreds or even thousands of smaller images. ref When viewed at low magnifications, the individual pixel s appear as the primary image, while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images. ref name Cartwright07 Most of the time they are a computer created type of Photomontage montage . There are two kinds of mosaic, depending on how the matching is done. In the simpler kind, each part of the target image is averaged down to a single color. Each of the library images is also reduced to a single color. Each part of the target image is then replaced with one from the library where these colors are as similar as possible. In effect, the target image ... whose average color matches that pixel. In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic, the target ... Spain, Domus museum . This was the first large photographic mosaic, using photographs of 10,062 people ... Bot generated title ref . Video mosaic Photographic mosaics are typically formed from a collection ... Art Techniques for Photographic Imagery Francis, Joseph http www.digitalartform.com archives 2004 12 ... a sample of Dave McKean s 1994 DC Comics photographic mosaic. DEFAULTSORT Photographic Mosaic ... more details
refimprove date February 2009 cleanup date February 2009 In the Photographic processing processing of photographic films , plates or papers, the photographic developer or just developer is a chemical that makes the latent image on the film or print visible. It does this by Redox reducing the silver halide s that have been exposed to light to elemental silver in the gelatine matrix. As a generalisation, the longer a developer is allowed to work, the greater the degree of reduction of the silver halide crystals to silver and therefore the darker the image. History At the start of photography a wide range of developing agents were experimented with including human urine. Very soon more successful agents came into use such as salts of iron such as Ferrous oxalate iron oxalate , Iron II sulfate iron sulfate and iron lactate as in the ferrotype , Collodion process wet plate and ambrotype processes. Formula For black and white photography, the developer is typically a mixture of metol monomethyl p aminophenol hemisulfate , phenidone 1 phenyl 3 pyrazolidinone or dimezone 4,4 dimethyl 1 phenylpyrazolidin 3 one and hydroquinone ref Dictionary of Photography, 1890, p115 ref benzene 1,4 diol . These are made up in aqueous solution with a suitable alkaline agent such as sodium carbonate , borax , or sodium hydroxide to create the appropriately high pH and with sodium sulfite to delay oxidation of the developing agents by atmospheric oxygen . Hydroquinone is superadditive with metol, meaning that it acts to recharge the metol after it has been oxidised in the process of reducing silver in the emulsion ... it in a thiosulfate solution, a process called photographic fixer fixing . Most commercial film ... used are derivates of paraphenylene diamine . In colour negative films, ref Photographic Almanac ..., Watson and Viney Ltd year 1890 location London cite book first last The British Journal title Photographic ... subject DEFAULTSORT Photographic Developer Category Photographic chemicals Category Photographic ... more details
File Filters 6187.jpg thumb 250px right Four photographic filters. Clockwise, from top left, an infrared hot mirror filter, a Polarizer polarising filter , and a UV filter . The larger filter is a polariser for Photographic filter Square filters Cokin style filter mounts . In photography and videography , a filter is a camera accessory consisting of an filter optics optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path. The filter can be a square or oblong shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of or clipped onto the Lens optics lens . Filters modify the images recorded. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images other times the image would simply not be possible without them. In monochrome photography coloured filters affect the relative brightness of different colours red lipstick may be rendered as anything from almost white to almost black with different filters. Others change the colour balance of images, so that photographs under incandescent lighting show colours as they are perceived, rather than with a reddish tinge. There are filters that distort ... as photographic filters, but in practice often need far more accurately controlled optical properties and precisely defined transmission curve s than filters exclusively for photographic use. Photographic .... The article on Filter optics optical filters has material relevant to photographic filters. Uses ... photographic film and sensors are sensitive, but not the human eye. A UV filter passes all or most ... orange reddish cast of incandescent photographic photoflood lighting for which the usual photographic ... Color gel Filter optics List of photographic equipment makers References reflist External links http ... Photographic filters photography subject Category Photography equipment Category Optical filters ... pt Filtro fotogr fico si simple Photographic filter fi Suodin valokuvaus sv Fotografiska ... more details
saved book title Orders of magnitude subtitle cover image Star sizes.jpg cover color Black Orders of magnitude Overview Order of magnitude Quantities Orders of magnitude angular velocity Angular velocity Orders of magnitude area Area Orders of magnitude charge Charge Orders of magnitude computing Computing Orders of magnitude currency Currency Orders of magnitude data Data Orders of magnitude density Density Orders of magnitude energy Energy Orders of magnitude entropy Entropy Orders of magnitude force Force Orders of magnitude frequency Frequency Orders of magnitude length Length Orders of magnitude magnetic field Magnetic field Orders of magnitude mass Mass Orders of magnitude numbers Numbers Orders of magnitude power Power Orders of magnitude pressure Pressure Orders of magnitude radiation Radiation Orders of magnitude resistance Resistance Orders of magnitude specific energy density Specific energy density Orders of magnitude specific heat capacity Specific heat density Orders of magnitude speed Speed Orders of magnitude temperature Temperature Orders of magnitude time Time Orders of magnitude voltage Voltage Orders of magnitude volume Volume Miscellany Back of the envelope calculation Fermi problem Powers of Ten Powers of Ten SI prefix ... more details
Japan Photographic Society may refer to Japan Photographic Society 19th century Japan Photographic Society 1924 dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Earthquakes Body wave magnitude math M b math is a way of determining the size of an earthquake , using the amplitude of the initial P wave to calculate the magnitude. The P wave is a type of body wave that is capable of traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km s, and is the first Seismic wave wave from an earthquake to reach a seismometer . Because of this, calculating the body wave magnitude can be the quickest method of determining the size of an earthquake that is of a large distance from the seismometer. Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6 6.5 math M b math , with the figure staying the same even when the moment magnitude scale moment magnitude may be higher. See also Seismic scale Moment magnitude scale Category Seismic scales Seismic scales geophysics stub de Raumwellen Magnituden Skala es Magnitud de las ondas de cuerpo fa it Magnitudo delle onde di volume ... more details
Earthquakes The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude originally proposed by Bisztricsany ref Bisztricsany, E. A., 1958, A new method for the determination of the Richter magnitude scale magnitude of earthquake s. Geofiz. Kozl. , 69 76. ref in 1958 using surface wave s only is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake seismogram the total length of the seismic wavetrain sometimes referred to as the CODA reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms as well as stronger ... that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations. Earthquake Duration Magnitude Md Development In 1965, Solovev ref Solov ev, S. L., Seismicity ...., Bennet, R. E. and Meaghu, K. L., A method of estimating magnitude of local earthquakes from signal ... time to estimate Richter magnitude of local California n earthquakes. Based on their study, they suggested that it is appropriate to estimate the magnitude of local earthquakes using signal duration ... magnitude Md for earthquakes recorded on short period vertical seismograph s. Numerous studies determined the relation between coda duration and magnitude for different regions of the World. According ..., 2004. Coda duration magnitude scale of 2001 Bhuj aftershoks, India. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 4, 2004. India . ref previous studies showed that duration magnitude estimation is quite stable for local earthquakes ranging from magnitude Md 0.0 to 5.0. Md Empirical Relationships In two most ... 100,000 events over the period 1981 2002 in the Richter local ML magnitude range of 3.5 5.8 ref Castello, B., Olivieri, M. & G. Selvaggi, 2007. Local and duration magnitude determination for the Italian ... of 121 events with Ms surface wave magnitude 4.0 in 2001 in the Bhuj area of northwestern India ... empirically derived sensitive seismic parameters such as earthquake magnitude scales is mathematically .... S., 1989. A comparison of duration magnitude to Local magnitude scale local magnitude for seismic ... more details
Image Absolutemagnitude.jpg right thumb Absolute Magnitude is a discontinued, semi professional science fiction magazine started in 1993 under the name Harsh Mistress . However, in 1994 after only two issues the name was changed to Absolute Magnitude . In 2002 the name was changed again to Absolute Magnitude & Aboriginal Science Fiction when the publishers acquired the rights to Aboriginal Science Fiction . Absolute Magnitude was published by DNA Publications and edited by Warren Lapine . Although it was supposed to be a quarterly magazine its actual releases were irregular. After releasing twenty one issues under the Absolute Magnitude title plus two as Harsh Mistress , the magazine ceased publication in March 2006. Absolute Magnitude was nominated for the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine with Lapine noted as the editor. ref name Hugo02 cite web url http www.thehugoawards.org hugo history 2002 hugo awards title 2002 Hugo Awards publisher World Science Fiction Society accessdate 2010 04 19 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20100509054201 http www.thehugoawards.org hugo history 2002 hugo awards archivedate 9 May 2010 DASHBot deadurl no ref Anthology Absolute Magnitude is also a collection of sixteen stories taken from the magazine between 1993 and 1997. The anthology was published by Tor Books and was released on April 15, 1997. It has been issued in both hardcover and paperback editions. Notable contributors Ben Bova Terry Bisson Hal Clement Alan Dean Foster Barry B. Longyear Allen Steele , columnist Primary Ignition William F. Wu See also List of defunct American periodicals References http www.locusmag.com http www.philsp.com Reflist Category Magazines established in 1993 Category Publications disestablished in 2006 Category Defunct science fiction magazines of the United States US lit mag stub fiction mag stub ... more details
Earthquakes The surface wave magnitude math M s math scale is one of the Seismic scale Magnitude scales magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake . It is based on measurements in Rayleigh wave Rayleigh surface waves that travel primarily along the uppermost layers of the earth. It is currently used in People s Republic of China as a national standard GB 17740 1999 for categorising earthquakes. ref name GB 1740 1999 cite web publisher General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of P.R.C. author XU Shaokui, LU Yuanzhong, GUO Lucan, CHEN ... 2008 09 14 language Chinese ref Surface wave magnitude was initially developed in 1950s by the same researchers who developed the local magnitude scale M sub L sub in order to improve resolution on larger ... www.johnmartin.com earthquakes eqsafs safs 694.htm title SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE M sub S sub AND BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE mb date 1991 accessdate 2008 09 14 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Quotation The successful development of the local magnitude scale encouraged Beno Gutenberg Gutenberg and Charles Richter Richter to develop magnitude scales based on teleseismic observations of earthquakes ... that time, commonly Richter magnitude scale attributed to Richter , could be either math M s math or math M L math . Definition The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is ref name GB 1740 1999 ... Toby and Reinhard Mittag proposed to relate surface wave magnitude to local magnitude scale M sub ... title Local magnitude, surface wave magnitude and seismic energy date 1991 02 06 accessdate ...?A dzyj200201016 title Study of Surface Wave Magnitude in China date 2002 01 01 accessdate ... cdot log 10 Delta 20.6 math See also Moment magnitude scale Seismic scale Notes and references Reflist ... accessdate 2008 09 14 http earthquake.usgs.gov learning glossary.php?termID 118 Visual Glossary magnitude ... Notes earthquake size.html Earthquake Size Seismic scales DEFAULTSORT Surface Wave Magnitude Category ... more details
Earthquakes The expression Richter Magnitude Scale refers to a number of ways to assign a single number to quantify the energy contained in an earthquake . In all cases, the magnitude is a Decimal base ... 4.0. ref name USGS http earthquake.usgs.gov learn topics richter.php The Richter Magnitude Scale ref Since the 1970s the use of the Richter Magnitude Scale has largely been supplanted by the moment magnitude scale . Development Image CharlesRichter.jpg thumb 200px Charles Richter, c. 1970 Developed ... were later reported with one decimal place. His motivation for creating the local magnitude ... magnitude scale used in astronomy to describe the brightness of stars and other celestial objects ... Princeton University Press isbn 9780691128078 page 121 ref Richter arbitrarily chose a magnitude ... being assigned. The smallest earthquakes that could be recorded and located at the time were of magnitude ... now routinely record quakes with negative magnitudes. M sub L sub local magnitude was not designed ... Magnitude Policy publisher USGS date March 29, 2010 ref 373 mi . For national and local seismological observatories the standard magnitude scale is today still M sub L sub . Unfortunately this scale ... around the globe, Gutenberg and Richter later developed a magnitude scale based on Seismic waves Surface waves surface waves , surface wave magnitude M sub S sub and another based on Seismic wave Body waves body waves , body wave magnitude m sub b sub . ref name Ellsworth cite journal publisher ... WAVE MAGNITUDE M sub s sub AND BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE mb year 1991 accessdate 2008 09 14 ref These are types ... magnitude 8 and therefore the moment magnitude scale, M sub w sub , was invented. ref Kanamori ref These older magnitude scales have been superseded by the implementation of methods for estimating the seismic moment , creating the moment magnitude scale , although the former are still widely used because ... was replaced by the moment magnitude scale MMS for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale ... more details
Earthquakes The moment magnitude scale abbreviated as MMS denoted as M sub W sub is used by seismologist ... journal last Hanks first Thomas C. last2 Kanamori first2 Hiroo title Moment magnitude scale journal ... ref The magnitude is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake, which is equal to the rigidity ... eqcenter glossary.php magnitude accessdate 2009 03 21 publisher USGS ref The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s era Richter magnitude scale M sub L sub . Even though the formulae are different, the new scale retains the familiar continuum of magnitude values defined by the older ... 020204mag policy.php USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy ref Definition The symbol for the moment magnitude ... accomplished. The moment magnitude math M mathrm w math is a dimensionless number defined by math M mathrm w frac 2 3 log 10 M 0 16.0 , math where math M 0 math is the magnitude of the seismic moment ... are chosen to achieve consistency with the magnitude values produced by earlier scales, the Local Magnitude and the Surface Wave magnitude, both referred to as the Richter scale by reporters ... defined in 1995 the energy magnitude ref cite first1 George L. last1 Choy first2 John L. last2 ... asserts that a one kiloton nuclear explosion creates a seismic signal with a magnitude of approximately ... ref http www.seismo.unr.edu ftp pub louie class 100 magnitude.html What is Richter Magnitude? ref .... Comparison with Richter scale main Richter magnitude scale In 1935, Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg developed the local magnitude math M mathrm L math scale popularly known as the Richter magnitude scale Richter scale with the goal of quantifying medium sized earthquakes between magnitude 3.0 ... Because of this, there is an upper limit on the highest measurable magnitude, and all large earthquakes will tend to have a local magnitude of around 7. The magnitude becomes unreliable for measurements taken at a distance of more than about convert 600 km from the epicenter. The moment magnitude ... more details
The following list shows different Order of magnitude orders of magnitude of entropy . class wikitable Factor J K sup 1 Value Item 10 sup 24 9.5699 e 24 J K sup 1 entropy equivalent of one bit of information, Boltzmann s constant k ln 2 ref cite web url http www.mdpi.org entropy papers e7010068.pdf title The Meaning of Entropy author Jean Bernard Brissaud publisher Entropy, 2005, 7 1 , 68 96 date 14 February 2005 accessdate 2010 04 21 page 72 page 5 of pdf ref 1 5.74 J K sup 1 standard entropy of 1 mole unit mole of graphite ref cite web title Entropy A Study Guide url http www.science.uwaterloo.ca cchieh cact applychem entropy.html author Chung Chieh accessdate 2010 04 21 ref 10 sup 33 10 sup 35 J K sup 1 entropy of the Sun given as 10 sup 42 erg K sup 1 in Bekenstein 1973 ref name Bekenstein1973 cite journal url http www.physics.princeton.edu mcdonald examples QM bekenstein prd 7 2333 73.pdf title Black Holes and Entropy author Jacob D. Bekenstein journal Physical Review D volume 7 issue 8 pages year 1973 doi 10.1103 PhysRevD.7.2333 bibcode 1973PhRvD...7.2333B ref 10 sup 54 1.5 10 sup 54 J K sup 1 entropy of a black hole of one solar mass given as 10 sup 60 erg K sup 1 in Bekenstein 1973 ref name Bekenstein1973 10 sup 81 4.3 10 sup 81 J K sup 1 one estimate of the theoretical maximum entropy of the universe ref cite journal url http arxiv.org pdf 0909.3983v3.pdf title A Larger Estimate of the Entropy of the Universe author Chas A. Egan author2 Charles H. Lineweaver date 25 January 2010 arxiv 0909.3983v3 quote 3.1 x 10 104k ref ref Calculated 3.1e104 k 3.1e104 1.381e 23 J K 4.3e81 J K ref See also Orders of magnitude data Order of magnitude terminology References reflist Orders of magnitude wide DEFAULTSORT Orders Of Magnitude Entropy Category Orders of magnitude Entropy Category Entropy measurement stub physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Cleanup date May 2008 This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI charge physics charge orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects. class wikitable List of orders of magnitude for charge Factor Multiple Item 10 sup 21 sup 1 zC 53.4 zC 1 3 e charge of down quark down , strange quark strange and bottom quark bottom quark s br 106.8 zC 2 3 e charge of up quark up , charm quark charm and top quark top quarks br 160.2 zC the elementary charge e, i.e. the negative charge on a single electron or the positive charge on a single proton 10 sup 18 sup 1 aC 14.73 aC 92 e positive charge on a uranium Atomic nucleus nucleus 10 sup 15 sup 1 fC Charge on a typical dust particle 10 sup 12 sup 1 pC Charge in typical microwave frequency capacitors 10 sup 9 sup 1 nC Charge in typical radio frequency capacitors 10 sup 6 sup 1 C Charge in typical audio frequency capacitors 10 sup 3 sup 1 mC Charge in typical power supply capacitors 10 sup 0 sup 1 C 26 C charge in a typical thundercloud 10 sup 3 sup 1 kC 96.4 kC charge on one mole unit mole of electrons Faraday constant br 216 kC charge in a car battery 10 sup 6 sup 1 MC 10.7 MC charge needed to produce 1 kg of aluminum from bauxite in an electrolytic cell orders of magnitude wide Category Orders of magnitude Charge ... more details
class wikitable List of orders of magnitude for electrical resistance Factor Multiple Value Item rowspan 1 0 0 0 Resistance of a superconductor rowspan 2 10 sup id 0 8 sup rowspan 2 10 n 10 n Resistance of lithium at 80K 80 n Resistance of diamond at 20 C rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 7 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 6 sup microohm 1.460 x 10 sup id 0 6 sup Plutonium at 0 C rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 5 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 4 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 3 sup milliohm m rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 2 sup centiohm c rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 1 sup deciohm d rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 0 sup ohm rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 1 sup decaohm da 2.99792458 x 10 sup id 0 1 sup Planck impedance rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 2 sup hectoohm h rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 3 sup kilohm k rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 4 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 5 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 6 sup megohm M rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 7 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 8 sup rowspan 1 10 sup id 0 9 sup gigohm G See also Electrical resistivities of the elements data page Notes Reflist orders of magnitude wide DEFAULTSORT Orders Of Magnitude Resistance Category Electronics terms Category Electromagnetism Category Orders of magnitude Resistance ... more details
Image Galaxy color magnitude diagram.jpg thumb 300 px A mock up of the galaxy color magnitude diagram with three populations the red sequence, the blue cloud, and the green valley. The Galaxy color magnitude diagram shows the relationship between absolute magnitude , luminosity , and mass of galaxies . A preliminary description of the three areas of this diagram was made in 2003 by Eric F. Bell et al. from the COMBO 17 survey ref Bell, Eric F. et al. Nearly 5000 Distant Early Type Galaxies in COMBO 17 A Red Sequence and Its Evolution since z 1 , The Astrophysical Journal , 608 752 767, 2004 June 20. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004ApJ...608..752B ref that clarified the bimodal distribution of red and blue galaxies as seen in analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey data ref Strateva, I., et al. Color Separation of Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data , 2001, The Astronomical Journal , 122, 1861 http www.journals.uchicago.edu servlet linkout?suffix rf95&dbid 64&doi 10.1086 2F420778&key 2001AJ....122.1861S ref and even in de Vaucouleurs 1961 de Vaucouleurs modified Hubble sequence analyses of Galaxy morphological classification galaxy morphology ref de Vaucouleurs, G. Integrated Colors of Bright Galaxies in the u, b, V System. 1961, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , 5, 233. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1961ApJS....5..233D ref Noticed in this diagram are three main features the red sequence , the green valley astronomy green valley , and the blue cloud . The red sequence includes most red galaxies which are generally elliptical galaxy elliptical galaxies . The blue cloud includes most blue galaxies which are generally spiral galaxy spirals . In between the two distributions is an underpopulated space known as the green valley which includes a number ... are not necessarily completely determined by their location on the color magnitude diagram. The diagram ... de color magnitud para galaxias fr Diagramme couleur magnitude des galaxies uk ... more details
The error vector magnitude or EVM sometimes also called receive constellation error or RCE is a measure used to quantify the performance of a digital radio transmitter or receiver. A signal sent by an ideal transmitter or received by a receiver would have all Constellation diagram constellation points precisely at the ideal locations, however various imperfections in the implementation such as carrier leakage , low image rejection ratio , phase noise etc. cause the actual constellation points to deviate from the ideal locations. Informally, EVM is a measure of how far the points are from the ideal locations. Transmitter EVM can be measured by specialised equipment, which demodulation demodulates the received signal in a similar way to how a real radio demodulator does it. One of the stages in a typical phase shift keying demodulation process produces a stream of I Q points which can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the ideal transmitted signal in EVM calculation. Definition An error vector is a vector geometric vector in the I Q plane between the ideal constellation point and the point received by the receiver. In other words, it is the difference between actual received symbols and ideal symbols. The average power of the error vector, normalized to signal power, is the EVM. For the percentage format, root mean square RMS average is used. The error vector magnitude is equal to the ratio of the power of the error vector to the root mean square RMS power of the reference. It is defined in decibel dB as math mathrm EVM dB 10 log 10 left P mathrm error over P mathrm reference right math where P sub error sub is the RMS power of the error vector. For single carrier modulations, P sub reference sub is, by convention, the power of the outermost highest power point in the reference signal constellation. More recently, for multi carrier modulations, P sub reference ... Ratio Signal to noise ratio References references DEFAULTSORT Error Vector Magnitude Category Quantized ... more details
a massive earthquake in Tokyo 25 km under the sea at a magnitude of 8.0, siblings Mirai and Y ki ... 7.0 magnitude on the Richter scale hitting Tokyo in the next 30 years, with the series illustrating ... ar 8.0 cv Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 de Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 es Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 fr T ky Magnitude 8.0 ko 8.0 it Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 ja 8.0 ru Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 zh ... more details
To help compare different orders of magnitude , the following list describes various Lumen unit lumen , which is measured in lm. class wikitable Factor br Lumen unit lm Multiple Value Item 10 sup 2 sup 1 centilumen clm 0.025 lm One firefly ref cite web url http answers.google.com answers threadview id 560859.html title Firefly Lumens author angy ga date 27 Aug 2005 00 55 PDT publisher Google Answers accessdate 28 July 2011 ref 10 sup 1 sup 10 lumen lm 12.57 lm One candle ref cite web url http www.theledlight.com lumens.html title Lumens, Illuminance, Foot candles and bright shiny beads . author Robert H Doc Bryant publisher Theledlight.com accessdate 10 August 2011 ref 10 sup 2 sup 1 hectolumen hlm 780 lm 60 W incandescent light bulb 10 sup 2 sup 1 hectolumen hlm 875 lm 50 W halogen lamp ref http wiki.answers.com Q What is the lumen output for a 50W halogen answers.com What is the lumen output for a 50W halogen? ref 10 sup 2 sup 1 hectolumen hlm 900 lm 15 W compact fluorescent lamp ref name cfl2007 10 sup 2 sup 1 hectolumen hlm 930 lm 75 W incandescent light bulb ref name cfl2007 http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Compact fluorescent lamp&oldid 180339434 en.wikipedia.org ..Compact fluorescent lamp 2007 12 27 ref 10 sup 2 sup 1 kilolumen klm 1000 lm High power LED ref cite web url http www.physorg.com news93198212.html title Powerful Little Light LED With 1,000 Lumens date March 15, 2007 publisher Physorg.com accessdate 28 July 2011 ref 10 sup 3 sup 1 kilolumen klm 1400 lm 75 W halogen lamp ref http oee.nrcan.gc.ca publications equipment lighting section5.cfm oee.nrcan.gc.ca Lighting Reference Guide Incandescent Lamps ref 10 sup 3 sup 1 kilolumen klm 1550 lm 23 W compact fluorescent lamp ref Cite web url http www.osram.dk osram dk Professionelle Brochurer & kataloger Energispareprer og kompaktrr e21 DULUX EL teknisk guide.pdf title Osram Dulux EL electronic energy ... prefixes References reflist orders of magnitude wide Category Orders of magnitude Lumen ... more details
Seconds class wikitable Orders of magnitude Time Factor second s Multiple Symbol Definition Comparative examples & common units This is any multiple, within reason and which is commonly used, to express not only by comparitive example the length of time but also, in other terms common units the interval of time. For example 60 Seconds 1 minute. Orders of magnitude 10 sup &minus 44 sup style text align center 5.4 10 sup 20 sup ys 5.4 10 sup 44 sup s One Planck time t sub P sub math sqrt hbar G c 5 math 5.4 10 sup 44 sup s, ref cite web url http physics.nist.gov cgi bin cuu Value?plkt title CODATA Value Planck time publisher NIST work The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty accessdate 2011 10 01 ref the time required for light to travel one Planck length , is the briefest physically meaningful span of time. It is the unit of time in the natural units system known as Planck units ... the inevitable outcome of heat death in the universe and how it may be reversed. Orders of magnitude frequency Years class wikitable Orders of magnitude time Factor annum a Multiple common units orders of magnitude 10 sup &minus 50 sup Planck time , the shortest physically meaningful interval of time ... linked in the right hand column contain lists of times that are of the same orders of magnitude order of magnitude power of ten . Rows in the table represent increasing powers of a thousand 3 orders of magnitude . Conversion of units Time Conversion from year to second is year × 31 557 600 using ... Exploring Time from Planck time to the lifespan of the universe Orders of magnitude wide Time measurement and standards Ordersofmagnitudeseconds DEFAULTSORT Orders Of Magnitude Time Category Timelines Category Orders of magnitude time Category Orders of magnitude Time Category Eschatology de Gr enordnung Zeit fr Ordre de grandeur temps it Ordini di grandezza tempo ja pt Ordens de magnitude tempo simple Orders of magnitude time zh ... more details
Orders of magnitude This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI angular velocity orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects. class wikitable List of orders of magnitude for angular velocity Factor radians per second rad s sup 1 sup Value&thinsp radians per second rad s sup 1 sup Value&thinsp small prefix small Hz Value&thinsp rpm Item 10 sup 16 sup 7.96 e 16 8.85 e 16 127 atto a Hz 7.61 e 15 8.45 e 15 Galaxy rotation curve Galactic period of the Sun ref see Sun ref rowspan 1 10 sup 11 sup 1.65 e 11 2.63 pico p Hz 1.58 e 10 90377 Sedna Sedna s average Orbital period sidereal orbit rate rowspan 1 10 sup 10 sup 8.03 e 10 127 pHz 7.66 e 9 Sidereal orbit rate of Pluto 10 sup 9 sup 1.21 e 9 192 pHz 1.15 e 8 Sidereal orbit rate of Neptune 10 sup 8 sup 1.68 e 8 2.2 nano n Hz 1.6 e 7 Sidereal orbit rate of Jupiter rowspan 2 10 sup 7 sup 1.06 e 7 16 nHz 1 e 6 Sidereal orbit rate of Mars 1.99 e 7 31.7 nHz 1.90 e 6 Sidereal orbit rate of the Earth around the Sun 10 sup 6 sup 2.66 e 6 424 nHz 2.54 e 5 Moon s sidereal orbit rate around the Earth rowspan 1 10 sup 5 sup 7.27 e 5 11.6 Hz 6.94 e 4 Earth s rotation Earth s sidereal rotation rate rowspan 2 10 sup 4 sup 1.45 e 4 23.1 micro Hz 1.39 e 3 Hour hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock 1.75 e 4 28 Hz 1.68 e 3 Jupiter s Rotation period sidereal rotation rate rowspan 2 10 sup 3 sup 1.75 e 3 278 Hz 0.0167 Minute hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock 3.5 e 3 560 Hz 0.033 The London Eye 10 sup 2 sup 10 sup 1 sup 1.05 e 1 16.7 milli m Hz 1 Second hand on an Clock Analog clocks analog clock rowspan 2 1 3.49 e 0 556 mHz 33 Gramophone record LP record 6 e 0 1.3 e 1 1 2 Hz 60 120 Diesel engine Low speed engines Low speed diesel engines used in ships rowspan 4 10 1 e 1 3 e 1 2 5 Hz 100 300 Diesel engine Early diesel engines Early diesel engines 2 e 1 5 e 1 3 8 Hz 200 ... Use Qs 0 rad s 2 3.14 rad 127 aHz orders of magnitude wide Category Orders of magnitude Angular velocity ... more details
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