2007 This brief explanation of photonentanglement is a supplement to the article Bohr Einstein debates ... of photon 1 This is entanglement. Applications One important area where entanglement can be applied .... Thus causality is preserved. Photonentanglement may soon be used as a Covert channel if not already ... inc.com waveguide.html AdvR Photonentanglement in KTP Waveguides http www.nature.com news 2010 .... Entanglement Let us recall, for purposes of exposition, that a quantum system is described, at every ..., let s take the example of the state of Polarization waves polarization of a photon and associate with it the vector ... in the case just referred to we know that if we were to apply a test for vertical polarization to the photon ... tells us that the photon has a probability of 1 of passing through a filter polarized at 45 , and a probability ... of measurement, we can assert that the photon possesses the property in question it is polarized ..., a photon that is polarized at 45 does not possess any definite property relative to vertical ... to S figure G . We can call the photon at the right 1 and assume that it possesses a vertical ..., suppose that the photon on the left, indicated as 2 , has a horizontal polarization, so that it is described ... to the single quantum state which asserts that one photon is in A with vertical polarization and one photon is in B with horizontal polarization . This state is called factored because it is, technically ... math , we carry out a test of vertical polarization on the photon on the right and a test of horizontal polarization on the photon to the left, we know that both of them will pass with certainty. Similarly ... the more general case in which the photon to the right is passed through a filter polarized at 45 . In this case, the photon 2 will pass through 1 2 of the time and end up polarized at 45 , and it will fail to pass the other 1 2. The photon on the left has not been tested and therefore remains ..., a measure of polarization at 45 in A can result, with equal probability, in the photon 1 passing ... more details
wiktionarypar entanglementEntanglement may refer to Quantum entanglement Orientation entanglementEntanglement graph measure Entanglement of polymer chains, see Reptation Wire entanglement Episode 5 of Fox television drama, Touch TV series Touch See also Entangled disambiguation disambiguation it Entanglement ja simple Entanglement ... more details
About the elementary particle of light Infobox Particle bgcolour name Photon image Image Military laser ... Parity physics P C parity C sup 0,1 1 sup sup ref name Particle table 2009 In physics , a photon is an elementary ... at both the microscopic scale microscopic and macroscopic scale macroscopic level, because the photon ... photon may be refraction refracted by a Lens optics lens or exhibit Interference wave propagation ... vector position is measured. The modern concept of the photon was developed gradually by Albert ... equation wave model of light. In particular, the photon model accounted for the frequency dependence ..., M. Mandel, L. title Photon Anti bunching in Resonance Fluorescence journal Physical Review Letters .....691K ref ref cite journal author Grangier, P. Roger, G. Aspect, A. title Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter A New Light on Single Photon Interferences journal ... gauge symmetry . The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical ... , two photon excitation microscopy high resolution microscopy , and fluorescence resonance energy transfer ... . ref He called such a wave packet the light quantum German das Lichtquant . The name photon derives ... Elsevier translation of Planck s Nobel Lecture interprets Planck s Lichtquant as photon , the more ... uses light quantum . No evidence is known that Planck himself used the term photon by 1926 see also ... Lewis theory was never accepted as it was contradicted by many experiments, his new name, photon , was adopted ... year 1966 isbn 0 8027 0316 X lccn 6605 ref In physics, a photon is usually denoted by the symbol the Greek alphabet Greek letter gamma . This symbol for the photon probably derives from gamma ray ... by h , the energy of a photon, where h is Planck s constant and the Greek alphabet Greek letter Nu letter nu is the photon s frequency . Much less commonly, the photon can be symbolized by hf ... positron scattering.svg 220px thumb right A Feynman diagram of the exchange of a virtual photon symbolized ... more details
Quantum mechanics cTopic Fundamental concepts Quantum entanglement occurs when particles such as photon ... Photonentanglement Coherence physics Quantum coherence Quantum coherence Quantum phase transition ... with photon pairs interactive http www.physorg.com news63037231.html Multiple entanglement and quantum ... 500. ref Quantum entanglement is a form of quantum superposition . When a Measurement Quantum mechanics ... of quantum mechanics . Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a paper of Albert Einstein ... these first studies focused on the counterintuitive properties of entanglement, with the aim of criticizing quantum mechanics, eventually entanglement was verified experimentally ref http www.sciencenews.org view feature id 65093 title 75 years of entanglement ref , and recognized as a valid, fundamental .... ref name Einstein1935 blockquote However, they did not coin the word entanglement nor ... by himself as entanglement to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate ... it entanglement . In the paper he recognized the importance of the concept, and stated ref name Schr dinger1935 quote I would not call entanglement one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum ..., Schr dinger was dissatisfied with the concept of entanglement, because it seemed to violate the speed ..., Gregg Jaeger, Philosophy of Quantum Information and Entanglement , Cambridge University Press, 2010, xv. ref Einstein later famously derided entanglement as spukhafte Fernwirkung ref name spukhafte ... citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.20.8324&rep rep1&type pdf Quantum Entanglement and Communication ... Artur Ekert 1991 E91 by Artur Ekert. Although BB84 does not use entanglement, Ekert s protocol uses ... , Kluwer, 1993 ISBN 0 7923 2549 4 p. 115. ref An example of entanglement occurs when subatomic particle ... be opposite, hence perfectly anti correlated. However, with quantum entanglement, if Alice and Bob measure ... entanglement is a fundamentally non classical phenomenon. Experimental results have demonstrated ... more details
than in the bipartite case. Indeed, in multipartite entanglement apart from fully separable ... name quantiki cite web date 4 January 2008 title Multipartite entanglement url http www.quantiki.org ... quantiki Definition s particle entanglement An math m math particle system can have at most math s math particle entanglement if it is a mixture of all states such that each of them is separable with respect ... is in a fully separable state. Thus, in general the entanglement of a pure state is described by the spectra ... maps and entanglement witnesses The characterization of separability in terms of Separability criteria ... B mathcal H A 1 math . ref name quantiki The definition of entanglement witness es and the Choi Jamiolkowski isomorphism that links PnCP maps to entanglement witnesses in the bipartite case can also be generalized to the multipartite setting. We therefore get a separability condition from entanglement ... non negative mean value math Tr W varrho A 1 ldots A m geq 0 math for all entanglement witnesses math W math . Correspondingly, the entanglement of math varrho A 1 ldots A m math is detected by the witness ... immediately from the bipartite to the multipartite case. ref name quantiki Multipartite entanglement measures Many of the axiomatic entanglement measures for bipartite states, such as Quantum relative entropy relative entropy of entanglement , robustness of entanglement and squashed entanglement can be generalized to the multipartite setting. ref name quantiki The relative entropy of entanglement ... the measure will not distinguish between truly multipartite entanglement and several instances of bipartite entanglement, such as math EPR AB otimes EPR CD math . In order to analyze truly multipartite entanglement one has to consider the set of states containing no more than math k math particle entanglement. ref name quantiki In the case of squashed entanglement, its multipartite ... the entanglement of the states, and therefore many new entanglement measures have been constructed ... more details
Squashed entanglement , also called CMI entanglement CMI can be pronounced see me , is an information theoretic measure of quantum entanglement for a bipartite quantum system. If math varrho A, B math ... , then the CMI entanglement math E CMI math of system math A,B math is defined by NumBlk 1 2 math ... A,B, Lambda math such that math varrho A, B tr Lambda varrho A, B, Lambda math . Thus, CMI entanglement ... math , in agreement with the definition of entanglement of formation for pure states. Here math S varrho ... of CMI entanglement CMI entanglement has its roots in Information theory classical non quantum information ... entanglement by NumBlk 1 2 math E CMI P A,B min P A, B, Lambda in K H A B Lambda math , 3 Eq. 7 RawN ... that the classical CMI entanglement, math E CMI P A,B math , is zero for all math P A,B math ... of math E CMI varrho A,B math . We want a measure of quantum entanglement that vanishes in the classical ... A, B S varrho A S varrho B math . This agrees with the definition of entanglement of formation .... 1 the set math K math by its proper subset math K o math , then Eq. 1 reduces to the definition of entanglement ... represents total ignorance. Since CMI entanglement reduces to entanglement of formation if one minimizes over math K o math instead of math K math , one expects that CMI entanglement inherits many desirable properties from entanglement of formation. History The important inequality math S A B Lambda ..., it appears that Cerf and Adami did not realize the relation of CMI to entanglement or the possibility of obtaining a measure of quantum entanglement based on CMI this can be inferred, for example, from a later paper, Cer97 , where they try to use math S A B math instead of CMI to understand entanglement. The first paper to explicitly point out a connection between CMI and quantum entanglement appears to be Tuc99 . The final definition Eq. 1 of CMI entanglement was first given by Tucci in a series ... the classical probability motivation of Eq. 1 , and its connection to the definitions of entanglement ... more details
Entanglement distillation is the transformation of N copies of an arbitrary entangled state math rho ... LOCC . quantum entanglementEntanglement distillation can in this way overcome the degenerative ... The limits for entanglement dilution and distillation are due to Bennett, Bernstein, Popescu and Schumacher ... 1996 , Concentrating Partial Entanglement by Local Operations , Phys. Rev. A 53 2046 2052 . ref . Entanglement ... while Entanglement distillation protocols for mixed state s were introduced by Bennett, Brassard ..., Sandu Schumacher, Benjamin Smolin, John A. Wooters, William K. 1996 , Purification of Noisy Entanglement .... DiVincenzo, David P. Smolin, John A. Wooters, William K. 1996 , Mixed State Entanglement and Quantum ... has stimulated a lot of subsequent research. Quantifying Entanglement A two qubit system can be written ... qubit. Bell states can be used to quantify entanglement. Let m be the number of high fidelity ... of entanglement present in a pure state math psi rangle math can then be defined as the ratio of math n m math , called the distillable entanglement of a particular state math phi rangle math , which gives a quantified measure of the amount of entanglement present in a given system. The process of entanglement distillation aims to saturate this limiting ratio. The number of copies of a pure ..., for a given density matrix p, the von Neumann entropy S p is math S p Tr plnp math . Entanglement can then be quantified as the entropy of entanglement, which is the von Neumann entropy of either ... of the channel. Entanglement distillation addresses this problem of maintaining a high degree of entanglement between distributed quantum states by transforming N copies of an arbitrary entangled ... Alice and Bob in order to allow reliable quantum teleportation or quantum cryptography . Entanglement Distillation Entanglement Concentration Pure States Image Fidelitypure.png thumb The new fidelity ... for mixed states. Many techniques have been developed for doing entanglement distillation for mixed ... more details
In quantum information theory , an entanglement witness is an object of geometric nature which distinguishes an Quantum entanglement entangled state from separable ones. Details Let a composite quantum system have state space math H A otimes H B math . A density matrix mixed state is then a trace class positive operator on the state space which has trace 1. We can view the family of states as a subset of the real Banach space generated by the Hermitian trace class operators, with the trace norm. A mixed state is separable if it can be approximated, in the trace norm, by states of the form math xi sum i 1 k p i , rho i A otimes rho i B, math where math rho i A math s and math rho i B math s are pure states on the subsystems A and B respectively. So the family of separable states is the closed convex hull of pure product states. We will make use of the following variant of Hahn Banach theorem Theorem Let math S 1 math and math S 2 math be convex closed sets in a real Banach space and one of them is compact space compact , then there exists a bounded linear functional functional f separating the two sets. This is a generalization of the fact that, in real Euclidean space, given a convex ... states. It is this functional f , or its identification as an operator, that we call an entanglement ... of it. So for an entangled state there are more than one entanglement witnesses. Recall the fact ..., we have shown the existence of an entanglement witness given an entangled state Theorem For every ... from the theorem must hold. On the other hand, given an entangled state, one of its entanglement ... operator, is an entanglement witness. Such a f indicates the entanglement of some state. Using the isomorphism between entanglement witnesses and non completely positive maps, it was shown by the Horodecki ... and http arxiv.org abs quant ph 9605038 arXiv quant ph 9605038 Z. Ficek, Quantum Entanglement Processing ... and polygamy of entanglement in multipartite quantum systems , Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 4, 281 288 ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Flavors of Entanglement Cover ALANIS FOE FINAL COVER.JPG ... of Entanglement br 2008 Next album Misc Singles Name Flavors of Entanglement Type studio single 1 Underneath ... of Entanglement is the seventh studio album, fifth international release and last Maverick Records ... at the 2009 Juno Awards. The album gets its name from a lyric in the track Moratorium . Flavors of Entanglement ... spawned an American tour called Flavors of Entanglement Tour , which spanned September to November ... that the title of the album was Flavors of Entanglement , while noting that no release date had ... Morissette has noted an expansion of her musical sound on Flavors of Entanglement , and that there are more ... www.metacritic.com music flavors of entanglement title Flavors Of Entanglement Reviews, Ratings, Credits ... Rating 3.5 5 ref cite web last Thomas first Stephen url http www.allmusic.com album flavors of entanglement r1348820 title Flavors of Entanglement Alanis Morissette publisher AllMusic date 2008 06 ... title Flavors of Entanglement Review & 124 Music Reviews and News publisher EW.com date 2008 ... music 2008 may 30 popandrock.shopping4 title Pop CD Alanis Morissette, Flavors of Entanglement & 124 ... Alanis Morissette Flavors of Entanglement Music Reviews Paste publisher Pastemagazine.com date 2008 ... B. url http www.popmatters.com pm review alanis morissette flavors of entanglement title Alanis Morissette Flavors of Entanglement PopMatters publisher Popmatters.com date accessdate 2012 02 16 ref rev8 ... review 20961625 flavors of entanglement title Flavors of Entanglement Alanis Morissette Review ... 20961625 flavors of entanglement archivedate 2008 05 29 deadurl yes ref rev9 Slant Magazine rev9Score Rating 2.5 5 ref cite web url http www.slantmagazine.com music review alanis morissette flavors of entanglement 1396 title Alanis Morissette Flavors of Entanglement & 124 Music Review publisher Slant Magazine date 2008 06 09 accessdate 2012 02 16 ref Flavors of Entanglement received generally positive ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Image Photon bunching.png thumb Photon detections as a function of time for a antibunching e.g. light emitted from a single atom , b random e.g. a coherent state, laser beam , and c bunching chaotic light . sub c sub is the coherence time the time scale of photon or intensity fluctuations . In physics , photon bunching refers to the statistical tendency for photons to distribute themselves in bunches super Poissonian statistics rather that at random Poisson distribution Poissonian . ref Anti bunching and Entanglement http www.ucd.ie speclab UCDSOPAMS peoplehtml quantumoptics2006 lecture5.pdf ref Thermal fields are examples of photon bunching. Their statistic can be observed as photons that arrive more simultaneously correlation and dependence positive correlation at detectors. This can disturb our understanding of classical Elementary particle particles , which tells us that non interacting particles should know nothing about each other, and so should arrive independently of one another. This apparent contradiction is explained by recognizing this not as a particle effect, but rather as a wave effect. Photon bunching is predicted by quantum mechanics , and manifests experimentally in the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect , which itself can be understood classically as a pure wave effect. See also Degree of coherence Photon antibunching References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Photon Bunching Category Physics de Photon Bunching ... more details
In mathematics and physics , the notion of orientation entanglement is sometimes ref Feynman et al., Volume 3. please be more explicit which book is that ?? ref used to develop intuition relating to the geometry of spinors or alternatively as a concrete realization of the failure of the special orthogonal group s to be simply connected . Elementary description Spatial vectors alone are not sufficient to describe fully the properties of rotations in space. Image Rotating coffee cup1.svg thumb 150px A coffee cup with bands attached to its handle and opposite side. Consider the following example. ref cite book last Misner first Charles W. authorlink coauthors Kip S. Thorne, John A. Wheeler title Gravitation publisher W. H. Freeman year 1973 location pages 1148 1149 url doi id isbn 0716703343 ref A coffee cup is suspended in a room by a pair of elastic rubber bands fixed to the walls of the room. The cup is rotated by its handle through a full twist of 360 , so that the handle is brought all the way around the central vertical axis of the cup and back to its original position. Note that after this rotation, the cup has been returned to its original orientation, but that its orientation with respect to the walls is twisted . In other words, if we lower the coffee cup to the floor of the room, the two bands will coil around each other in one full twist of a double helix . This is an example of orientation entanglement the new orientation of the coffee cup embedded in the room is not actually the same as the old orientation, as evidenced by the twisting of the rubber bands. Stated another way, the orientation of the coffee cup has become entangled with the orientation of the surrounding walls. clr Image Vector coffee cup.svg thumb 150px The coffee cup vector. After a full rotation, the vector is unchanged. Clearly the geometry of spatial vectors alone is insufficient to express the orientation entanglement the twist of the rubber bands . Consider drawing a vector across the cup ... more details
unreferenced date October 2010 Infobox television show name Legal Entanglement br image include ALT text per MOS ALT guideline caption show name 2 genre Modern drama format Series creator developer writer Chu Keng Kei director creative director presenter starring Hacken Lee br Kenix Kwok br Michael Tse br Elaine Ng judges voices narrated theme music composer Lee Shih Shiong opentheme Unknowingly Fell in Love with You by Hacken Lee endtheme composer country flag Hong Kong language Cantonese num seasons 1 num episodes 22 list episodes executive producer producer Tam Long Cheung editor location Hong Kong cinematography camera runtime 45 minutes company distributor channel Television Broadcasts Limited TVB picture format audio format first run first aired start date 2002 2 18 df y last aired start date 2002 3 17 df y status Ended preceded by followed by related website http tvcity.tvb.com drama legale production website Chinese title Legal Entanglement t s p F W ng Y R n j Faat3 Mong2 Ji1 Jan4 Legal Entanglement zh zh is a List of TVB series 2002 2002 Television in Hong Kong Hong Kong modern drama produced by Television Broadcasts Limited TVB . Synopsis Sammi Shum Hok Yee Kenix Kwok quits her studies and marries a tycoon s son, Raymond Lam Wai Man Lee Wai Kei , despite her father s Chor Yuen objection. At first, she feels like a princess living in a fairy tale, until she discovers her husband is having an affair. She wakes up from her dream and finds that the reality is that she is suffering from post natal depression She loses the custody of her son, QQ, after divorcing her husband. Luckily, her friend Yip Heung Fai Stephen Au finds her an assistant job in a law firm. She works hard and resumes her unfinished law degree hoping that she will get her son back. When everything settles down, she meets Mark Ko Ching Long Hacken Lee who represented her husband for her son s case and is now her boss. He does not remember her. She is aggressive ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Image Photon bunching.png thumb Photon detections as a function of time for a antibunching ... bunching chaotic light . sub c sub is the coherence time the time scale of photon or intensity fluctuations . Photon antibunching generally refers to a light field with photons more equally spaced than a coherent laser field ref Anti bunching and Entanglement http www.ucd.ie speclab UCDSOPAMS ... anticorrelated . More specifically, it can refer to sub Poisson photon statistics , that is a photon ... was not observed directly with photon number resolving detector Citation needed date August ... statistics yielding random photon spacing while a thermal light field has super Poisson statistics and yields bunched photon spacing. In the thermal bunched case, the number of fluctuations is larger ... H year 1982 title Photon antibunching journal Reviews of Modern Physics volume 54 pages 1061 1102 doi 10.1103 RevModPhys.54.1061 bibcode 1982RvMP...54.1061P issue 4 ref The variance of the photon number ... of detecting two photons at once for a random photon source. Here and after we assume stationary .... math Then we see that sub Poisson photon statistics, one definition of photon antibunching, is given ... stochastic process underlying it, say a positive definite probability distribution for photon number ... probability distribution for photon number or intensity . Photon antibunching by this definition ... for a single atom in an ion trap by Walther et al. For historical reasons, another definition for photon ... nonclassical. This initial rise is sometimes referred to as photon antibunching. Another way of looking ... detection of a photon at time math tau 0 math . Source small Article based on text from http qwiki.stanford.edu ... qwiki.stanford.edu wiki Photon Antibunching Photon Antibunching small References reflist 1 See also Degree of coherence Fock state Hong Ou Mandel effect Photon bunching Squeezed coherent state Category Quantum optics de Photon Antibunching ... more details
wiktionary photon A photon is an elementary particle of light. Photon may also refer to Photon comics , two superheroes in the Marvel Comics universe, both formerly known as Captain Marvel Photon Image Comics Photon , a member of Youngblood comics Youngblood Photon anime Photon anime , a Japanese animated video series Photon The Ultimate Game on Planet Earth , the original lasertag game Photon TV show Photon TV show , a short lived television show tied into the game Photon microGUI , a windowing system of the QNX operating system Photon International , a magazine that covers the Photovoltaics industry solar power Photon, the codename of Microsoft s Windows Phone operating system Motorola Photon , a Motorola smartphone Photon belt , an esoteric spiritual belief Photon, a song on the VNV Nation album, Automatic VNV Nation album Automatic disambig de Photon Begriffskl rung ja pt Fot o desambigua o ru ... more details
Single photon may refer to Single photon avalanche diode , a class of solid state photodetectors Single photon emission computed tomography , a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique disambig ... more details
Photon , in comics , may refer to Monica Rambeau , the female, former leader of the Avengers, also known as Captain Marvel Genis Vell , the male son of Mar Vell, also formerly known as Legacy and Captain Marvel Photon Image Comics Photon , a member of Youngblood comics Youngblood Jason Dean, the villain who murdered Nova comics Nova s uncle Ralph Rider. See also Photon disambiguation SIA comics ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Lyc photon or Ly continuum photon or Lyman continuum photon are a kind of photon emitted from star s. Hydrogen is ionized by absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption of Lyc photons. Lyc photons are in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum of the hydrogen atom and immediately next to the limit of the Lyman series of the spectrum with wavelengths that are shorter than 91.1267 nanometres and with energy above 13.6 electron volt eV . Category Emission spectroscopy Category Hydrogen physics astronomy stub ... more details
In computer graphics , photon mapping is a two pass global illumination algorithm developed by Henrik ... path tracing bidirectional path tracing and Metropolis light transport , photon mapping is a biased ... thumb A model of a wine glass ray tracing ray traced with photon mapping to show Caustic optics ... are visible on the table. Photon mapping can trace the paths of individual photons to model where ... is apparent when light from one diffuse object is reflected onto another. Photon mapping is particularly ... using Radiosity computer graphics radiosity solutions. Photon mapping differs though in that it separates ... or reflected in a different direction. Subsurface scattering can accurately be modeled using photon ... are more efficient in these situations. Usage Construction of the photon map 1st pass With photon ... a photon intersects with a surface, the intersection point and incoming direction are stored in a cache called the photon map . Typically, two photon maps are created for a scene one especially for caustics ... Russian roulette is used to choose one of these actions. If the photon is absorbed, no new direction is given, and tracing for that photon ends. If the photon reflects, the surface s bidirectional reflectance distribution function is used to determine the ratio of reflected radiance. Finally, if the photon .... Once the photon map is constructed or during construction , it is typically arranged in a manner that is optimal for the k nearest neighbor algorithm , as photon look up time depends on the spatial distribution of the photons. Jensen advocates the usage of kd tree s. The photon map is then stored on disk or in memory for later usage. Rendering 2nd pass In this step of the algorithm, the photon ..., the photon map is used to calculate the radiance contribution. Specular reflection can be, in most ... to the surface radiance from caustics is calculated using the caustics photon map directly. The number ... information in the scene. For soft indirect illumination, radiance is calculated using the photon ... more details
Physical cosmology Not to be confused with Heat death The Photon Era.2C 10106 years and Beyond Photon Era hide, for now i.e. until Heat death of the universe stabilizes so that we know there s a viable link here, or not In physical cosmology , the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photon s dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons leptons and anti leptons were annihilation annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch , about 10 seconds after the Big Bang . ref http www.knowledgetreeproject.org beginningweb.htm The Timescale of Creation ref Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch the universe contained a hot dense plasma physics plasma of nuclei, electrons and photons. About 380,000 years after the Big Bang the temperature of the universe fell to the point where nuclei could combine with electrons to create neutral atoms. As a result, photons no longer interacted frequently with matter, the universe became transparent and the cosmic microwave background radiation was created and then structure formation took place. References reflist cite book last Allday first Jonathan title Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang publisher Second Edition date 2002 isbn 978 0750308069 Big Bang timeline Category Physical cosmology Category Big Bang pl Era promieniowania fi Fotoniepookki zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Infobox Software name Photon Paint logo screenshot Image HAM6example.png 250px Photon Paint 2.0 caption Photon Paint 2.0 developer BazboSoft latest release version 2.0 latest release date 1989 operating system AmigaOS , Mac OS genre bitmap graphics editor license website Photon Paint is a Hold And Modify HAM based bitmap graphics editor for the Commodore Amiga , first released in 1987. It was programmed by Oren Peli , Eyal Ofek & Amir Zbeda at Bazbo Soft and published by MicroIllusions . In 1988, MicroIllusions released a Macintosh version of Photon Paint. See also Deluxe Paint , the most popular paint program for the Amiga Brilliance graphics editor Brilliance , a well regarded rival to Deluxe Paint IV and V List of raster graphics editors Comparison of raster graphics editors AmigaOS Category 1987 software Category Raster graphics editors Category Amiga software Category Mac OS software Graphics software stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Photon diffusion is a situation where photon s travel through a material without being absorbed, but rather undergoing repeated scattering events which change the direction of their path. The path of any given photon is then effectively a random walk . A large statistical ensemble ensemble of such photons can be said to exhibit diffusion in the material, and can be described with a diffusion equation . Astrophysics In astrophysics , photon diffusion occurs inside a stellar atmosphere . To describe this phenomenon, one should develop the transfer equation in moments and use the Eddington approximation to radiative transfer i.e. the diffusion approximation . In 3D the results are two equations for the photon energy flux math vec F frac c 12 pi sigma vec nabla U, math math vec nabla cdot vec F 0, math where math sigma math is the opacity. By substituting the first equation into the second, one obtains the diffusion equation for the photon energy density math nabla 2 U frac 1 sigma vec nabla U cdot vec nabla sigma 0. math Medical science In medicine , the diffusion of photons can be used to create images of the body mainly brain and breast and has contributed much to the advance of certain fields of research, such as neuroscience. This technique is known as diffuse optical imaging . See also Global dimming Radiative transfer equation and diffusion theory for photon transport in biological tissue Diffusion damping Diffuse reflection DEFAULTSORT Photon Diffusion Category Diffusion Category Photonics Physics stub it Diffusione fotonica ... more details
A photon sieve is a device for focusing light using diffraction and Interference wave propagation interference . It consists of a flat sheet of material full of pinholes that are arranged in a pattern which is similar to the rings in a Fresnel zone plate , but a sieve brings light to much sharper focus than a zone plate. The sieve concept, first developed in 2001 ref L. Kipp, M. Skibowski, R. L. Johnson, R. Berndt, R. Adelung, S. Harm, and R. Seemann, Nature 414, 184 2001 . ref , is versatile because the characteristics of the focusing behaviour can be altered to suit the application by manufacturing a sieve containing holes of several different sizes and different arrangement of the pattern of holes. Photon sieves have applications to Photolithography ref http www.opticsinfobase.org abstract.cfm?&id 82425 Photon sieve lithography , Rajesh Menon and Dario Gil, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Vol. 22, No. 2 February 2005 ref . and are an alternative to lenses or mirrors in telescope s ref http spie.org x8625.xml Photon sieve telescope imaging with 10 million pinholes , Geoff Andersen, 4 September 2006, SPIE Newsroom. DOI 10.1117 2.1200608.0358 ref . References references http huainc.com wsb4082769401 resources OL Vol30 Nov05.pdf Large optical photon sieve ,Geoff Andersen, OPTICS LETTERS Vol. 30, No. 22 November 15, 2005 Category Optical devices ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Photon Type Album Longtype Artist Boom Boom Satellites Cover BBS PHOTON.jpg Released July 24, 2002 Recorded Genre Electronica Length 48 05 Label Sony Music Entertainment Japan Sony Japan Producer Reviews Last album Umbra album Umbra br 2001 This album Photon br 2002 Next album Full of Elevating Pleasures br 2005 Photon is the third studio album from Japanese electronica Rock music rock duo Boom Boom Satellites , released on July 24, 2002. Track listing Inception 2 12 Light My Fire 4 51 Beluga 6 10 Dress Like An Angel 6 06 Piper 3 24 40 Forty 6 00 Blink 7 18 Amber 5 17 Let It Lift 5 34 I.A.I.T. Intercity Dub 2 02 Photon Commin 2 a Phase Photon Commin 2 a Phase is an alternate version of the Photon album, released in the UK by Different Records. It features an adjusted tracklist, re recorded versions of a number of tracks and different artwork. It was released on September 29, 2003. Commin 2 a Phase Track listing Light My Fire 4 47 Fogbound Encounter Point 4 38 Blink 5 22 40 Forty 5 26 Let It Lift 5 03 Dress Like An Angel 5 30 Looking Glass 0 58 Soliloquy 5 36 Panacea 1 15 Ingrained 6 27 Piper 3 35 Brandnew Battering Ram 5 48 External links http www.bbs net.com Boom Boom Satellites official website Boom Boom Satellites Category 2002 albums Category Boom Boom Satellites albums Japan album stub 2000s electronic album stub ja PHOTON ... more details
In physics, a photon gas is a gas like collection of photon s, which has many of the same properties ... example of a photon gas in equilibrium is black body radiation . A massive ideal gas with only ... body photon gas is zero. The number of state functions needed to describe a black body state is thus reduced from three to two e.g. temperature and volume . Thermodynamics of a black body photon ... other, exchanging energy and momentum in the process. In a photon gas, there will also be an equilibrium ... are absorbed and emitted by the walls of the system containing the photon gas, and the walls are at a particular ... distribution at that temperature. A very important difference between a gas of massive particles and a photon .... A photon may collide with an electron in the wall, exciting it to a higher energy state, removing a photon from the photon gas. This electron may drop back to its lower level in a series of steps, each one of which releases an individual photon back into the photon gas. Although the sum of the energies of the emitted photons are the same as the absorbed photon, the number of emitted photons ... of a black body photon gas may be derived using Gas in a box quantum mechanical arguments ... gives the internal energy of a black body photon gas math U left frac 8 pi 5k 4 15c 3h 3 right V T 4 ... for a black body photon gas. border 1 cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 0 0 1em border color ccc Thermodynamic state functions for a black body photon gas align center align center State ... transformations As an example of a thermodynamic process involving a photon gas, consider a cylinder ... will contain a blackbody distributed photon gas. Unlike a massive gas, this gas will exist without .... The photon gas inside the volume will press against the piston, moving it outward, and in order for the transformation ... temperature until the photon gas is at a volume V sub 0 sub . Integrating the force over the distance x traveled yields the total work done to create this photon gas at this volume math ... more details
Technical date July 2011 Photon sphere definition ref K.S. Virbhadra and G. F.R. Ellis, Schwarzschild black hole lensing, Phys. Rev. D62, 084003 2000 K.S. Virbhadra and G. F.R. Ellis, Gravitational lensing by naked singularities, Phys. Rev. D65, 103004 2002 . ref br A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric Metric tensor metric is a timelike hypersurface math r r ps math if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach math r o math diverges as math r o rightarrow r ps . math For a general static spherically symmetric metric math g beta left r right dt 2 alpha r dr 2 sigma r r 2 d theta 2 sin 2 theta d phi 2 , math the photon sphere equation is math 2 sigma r beta r frac d sigma r dr beta r r frac d beta r dr sigma r 0. math The concept of a photon sphere in a static spherically metric was generalized to a photon surface of any metric. Photon surface definition ref Clarissa Marie Claudel, K.S. Virbhadra, and G.F.R. Ellis, The geometry of photon surfaces, J. Math. Phys. 42, 818 838 2001 . ref br A photon surface of M, g is an immersed, nowhere spacelike hypersurface S of M, g such that, for every point p S and every null vector k T sub p sub S, there exists a null geodesic math gamma math , M of M, g such that math dot gamma math 0 k , S. Both definitions give the same result for a general static spherically symmetric metric ref See in 2 . ref . Theorem ref See in 2 . ref br Subject to an energy condition, a black hole in any spherically symmetric spacetime must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must cover more than a certain amount of matter, a black hole, or a naked singularity . References Reflist Category Black holes Category General relativity ... more details
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