D loop replication is a process by which chloroplast s and mitochondria replicate their genetic material. An important component of understanding D loop replication is that many chloroplast s and mitochondria have a single circular chromosome like bacterium bacteria instead of the linear chromosome s found in eukaryote s. However, many cloroplasts s and mitochondria have a linear chromosome, and D loop replication is not important in these organelles. In many organisms, one strand of DNA in the plastid comprises heavier nucleotide s relatively more purine s adenine and guanine . This strand is called the H heavy strand. The L light strand comprises lighter nucleotides pyrimidine s thymine and cytosine . Replication begins with replication of the heavy strand starting at the D loop also known as the control region . An origin of replication opens, and the heavy strand is replicated in one direction. After heavy strand replication has continued for some time, a new light strand is also synthesized, through the opening of another origin of replication. When diagramed, the resulting structure looks like the letter D. The D loop region is important for phylogeography phylogeographic studies. Because the region does not code for any genes, it is free to vary with only a few natural selection selective limitations on size and heavy light strand factors. The mutation rate is among the fastest of anywhere in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes in animals. Mutation s in the D loop can effectively track recent and rapid evolution ary changes such as within species and among very closely related species. See also D loop Mitochondrial DNA useful in organisation of nucleoid of mitochondria Organelle References Russell, P. J. 2002. iGenetics . Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Category DNA Burger, et al. 2003. Unique mitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals . PNAS 100 3 892 897. genetics stub ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Balanus glandula image Balanus glandula01.jpg image caption Balanus glandula with Chthamalus fissus regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Maxillopoda infraclassis Barnacle Cirripedia ordo Sessilia familia Balanidae genus Balanus species B. glandula binomial Balanus glandula binomial authority Charles Darwin Darwin , 1854 Balanus glandula is one of the most common barnacle species on the Pacific Ocean Pacific coast of North America , distributed from the U.S. state of Alaska to Bah a de San Quint n near San Quint n, Baja California . ref name Morris It is commonly found in intertidal waters on mussel s, rocks and pier pilings. ref name Morris cite book author Robert Hugh Morris, Donald Putnam Abbott & Eugene Clinton Haderlie year 1980 title Intertidal Invertebrates of California publisher Stanford University Press location Stanford isbn 9780804710459 chapter Balanus glandula pages 520 521 url http books.google.com books?id NAybxQZvWI0C&pg PA520 ref It is a moderate sized barnacle with a diameter of up to convert 22 mm 1 abbr on . ref name Morris The shell is formed by overlapping plates. It is has more the shape of a cylinder than the shape of a cone. The white Operculum gastropod operculum has heavily ridged walls. ref name Morris It can live up to ten years. ref name Morris It has been intensely studied in recent years as a model species for linking physical oceanography and population genetics or phylogeography surveys. This species was introduced to the shores of Argentina in the 1970s, and has become an invasive species , displacing other barnacles and mussels. ref cite journal author Evangelina Schwindt year 2007 title The invasion of the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula in the south western Atlantic 40 years later journal Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom volume 87 issue 5 pages 1219 1225 doi 10.1017 S0025315407056895 ref References reflist 32em Category Barnacles Ca ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Diadema genus Taxobox name Diadema image Urchin003.jpg image width 250px image caption Diadema antillarum regnum Animal ia phylum Echinodermata classis Echinoidea ordo Diadematoida familia Diadematidae genus Diadema genus authority Humpfreys , 1797 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Diadema palmeri Diadema savignyi Diadema setosum Diadema antillarum Diadema paucispinum Diadema mexicanum Diadema ascensionis Diadema is a genus of sea urchin s of the family biology Family Diadematidae and is one of the most abundant, widespread, and ecologically important shallow water genera of tropical sea urchins. It is found in all tropical oceans, although is ubiquitous in the Indo Pacific region, where it inhabits depths down to 70 m. However each species inhabits roughly separate areas of ocean. File Diadema urchin.jpg thumb float left Long spined urchins Diadema , London Zoo. Speciation within the genus can be difficult to confirm, partly due to Hybrid biology hybridisation , which is at least known to occur between Diadema savignyi and Diadema setosum . The species vary in types of sea bed they inhabit, with Diadema savignyi inhabiting sandy beds and back coral reef reef where damaged while Diadema setosum can also commonly be found among seagrass . The fossil record of Diadema is extremely poor, consisting only of spines that possibly belong to the genus, some of which go back to the Miocene , 5 to 24 million years ago. References Reflist Bibliography Cite journal last Lessios first H. A. coauthors B. D. Kessing and John S. Pearse date 2001 title Population structure and speciation in tropical seas. Global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema journal Evolution volume 55 issue 5 pages 955 975 url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 118969890 abstract doi 10.1554 0014 3820 2001 055 0955 PSASIT 2.0.CO 2 pmid 11430656 year 2001 http www.edge of reef.com Edge of reef DEFAULTSORT Diadema Genus Category Echinoidea ... more details
The Red legged Frog , a threatened native species in Oregon , ref http boskydellnatives.com unheardvoice.html The Unheard Voice , states that The Red Legged Frog is a threatened native species in Oregon. 2009 ref is a common name for a particular kind of frog of the west coast of North America . The Red legged Frog requires stream side, woodland environments for survival. The Red legged Frog is further subdivided into two categories California Red legged Frog , Rana draytonii Northern Red legged Frog , Rana aurora These two have long been thought mere subspecies of Rana aurora , R. a. draytonii and R. a. aurora , respectively, with Red legged Frog accordingly applying to that species as a whole. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b cytochrome b DNA sequence sequence data points to their being two distinct species however. ref Shaffer et al. 2004 ref See also Cryptic species complex gallery Image Rana aurora.jpg California Red legged Frog br R. draytonii Image Ranaaurorawilliamflaxington.jpeg Northern Red legged Frog br R. aurora gallery Footnotes Reflist References aut Shaffer, H. Bradley Fellers, G.M. Voss, Randal Olive, S.J.C. & Pauly, Gregory B. 2004 Species boundaries, phylogeography and conservation genetics of the red legged frog Rana aurora draytonii complex. Molecular Ecology 13 9 2667 2677. small doi 10.1111 j.1365 294X.2004.02285 small DOI does not work 2008 JUL 07 http www.werc.usgs.gov pt reyes pdfs RLF 20taxonomy 20 20Aug 202004.pdf PDF fulltext dab Category Rana ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Paranaja multifasciata regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata subphylum Vertebrate Vertebrata classis Reptile Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Snake Serpentes familia Elapidae subfamilia Elapinae genus Paranaja genus authority Loveridge, 1944 species P. multifasciata binomial Paranaja multifasciata binomial authority Franz Werner Werner , 1902 synonyms Naja multifasciata Paranaja multifasciata is a species of venomous snake venomous elapid snake commonly known as the Many banded Snake or Burrowing Cobra , the only species within the genus Paranaja . The species is found in the Republic of Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon in Africa . Despite the common name, the species is not actually banded, but overall iridescent black , with cream colored blotching on each scale zoology scale . The snakes grow to approximately 600 mm in length. Not much is known about their venom poison venom , but it is likely a neurotoxin , like many other elapid snakes. The genus Paranaja was synonymised with Naja in a recent molecular phylogenetic study, as this species is closely related to the forest cobra Naja melanoleuca ref W ster, W., Crookes, S., Ineich, I., Man , Y., Pook, C.E., Trape, J. F. & Broadley D.G. 2007 The phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras Serpentes Elapidae Naja nigricollis complex . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 437 453. ref Subspecies Paranaja multifasciata anomala R. Sternfeld Sternfeld , 1917 Paranaja multifasciata duttoni George Albert Boulenger Boulenger , 1904 Paranaja multifasciata multifasciata Franz Werner Werner , 1902 References references External links EMBL species genus Paranaja species multifasciata Category Elapidae Category Reptiles of Africa Elapidae stub fr Naja multifasciata zh ... more details
italic title Plasmodium azurophilum is a species of the genus Plasmodium . Like all species in this genus it is a parasite of both vertebrate s and insect s. The vertebrate hosts are lizards of the genus Anolis . Taxobox name Plasmodium azurophilum image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. azurophilum binomial Plasmodium azurophilum Description This species was described by Telford in 1975. It is now recognised to be a species complex or polyphytic with one species infecting red blood cells and the other infecting white blood cells . ref name Perkins2001 Perkins, S. L. 2001 Phylogeography of Caribbean lizard malaria tracing the history of vector borne parasites. J. Evol. Biol. 14 1 34 45 ref . Vectors Empty section date July 2010 Host record Anolis species known to be infected by this parasite include Anolis cristatellus , Anolis evermanni , Anolis gingivinus , Anolis gundlachi ref name Schall2000 Schall J.J., Pearson A.R., Perkins S.L. 2000 Prevalence of malaria parasites Plasmodium floridense and Plasmodium azurophilum infecting a Puerto Rican lizard Anolis gundlachi a nine year study. J. Parasitol. 86 3 511 515 ref , Anolis krugi , Anolis oculatus , Anolis roquet ref name Ayala1981 Ayala, S. C.,Hertz, P. E. 1981 Malaria infection in Anolis lizards on Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Rev. Inst. Med.Trop. Sao Paulo 23, 12 17 ref , Anolis sabanus , Anolis stratulus and Anolis wattsi . Median parasitaemia rates in infections tend to be low 0.5 . ref name Schall2000 Geographic location This parasite is found in the eastern Caribbean . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Azurophilum Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub id Plasmodium azurophilum ... more details
italictitle taxobox image Tristerix corymbosus 2.JPG image caption Tristerix corymbosus regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Core eudicots ordo Santalales familia Loranthaceae genus Tristerix genus authority Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius Mart. subdivision ranks Species subdivision T. aphyllus T. chodatianus T. corymbosus T. grandiflorus T. longebracteatus T. penduliflorus T. peruvianus T. peytonii T. pubescens T. secundus T. tetrandrus T. verticillatus Tristerix is a genus of mistletoe in the Family biology family Loranthaceae , native to the Andes from Colombia to Chile . They are a woody perennial plant perennial usually occurring as an aerial parasite , often pollinated by hummingbirds . Recents phylogenetic studies of the 11 known Tristerix species divides the genus into 2 subgenera Metastachys and Tristerix with 9 and 2 species, respectively though this was not confirmed by Internal transcribed spacer ITS analysis . The species T. aphyllus is a parasite of cacti in Chile . Is is only known to grow on two species of columnar cacti Echinopsis chilensis and Eulychnia acida . Tristerix is sometimes called the cactus mistletoe. It should not be confused with the mistletoe cactus , which is an epiphytic cactus, and not a parasite. Image tristerix45.JPG thumb 190px left flower detail References Guillermo C Amico and Daniel L Nickrent 2009 . http www.amjbot.org cgi content abstract 96 8 1571 Population structure and phylogeography of the mistletoes Tristerix corymbosus and T. aphyllus Loranthaceae using chloroplast DNA sequence variation , American Journal of Botany 96 1571 1580. doi 10.3732 ajb.0800302 Romina Vidal Russell and Daniel L. Nickrent 2007 . http redalyc.uaemex.mx redalyc pdf 669 66909924.pdf The biogeographic history of Loranthaceae , DARWINIANA 45 suplemento 34 54. Category Santalales Category Flora of the Andes pt Tristerix es Tristerix corymbosus ... more details
Taxobox image Cellana ornata.JPG image caption A gastropod shell shell of Cellana ornata regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Patellogastropoda superfamilia Nacelloidea superfamilia authority Johannes Thiele J. Thiele , 1891 familia Nacellidae familia authority Johannes Thiele Thiele , 1891 ref de icon Johannes Thiele Thiele J. 1891. Das Gebiss der Schnecken, zur Begr ndung einer nat rlichen Classification . Nicolai, Berlin, 2 7 249 334. Nacellidae is on the page 327. ref subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text synonyms Bertiniidae Jousseaume, 1883 Nacellidae is a taxonomic family biology family of sea snail s or true limpet s, marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc s in the clade Patellogastropoda . ref cite journal author Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J. P. year 2005 date title Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families journal Malacologia volume 47 issue 1 2 pages doi ref Nacellidae is the only family in the superfamily Nacelloidea . This family has no subfamilies. Taxonomy The following is a cladogram showing the phylogenic relationships of the Patellogastropoda, based on molecular phylogeny research by Nakano & Ozawa 2007 ref name Nakano 2007 Nakano T. & Ozawa T. 2007 . Worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order Patellogastropoda Molecular, morphological and palaeontological evidence . Journal of Molluscan Studies 73 1 79 99. doi 10.1093 mollus eym001 . ref clade label1 Patellogastropoda 1 clade 1 clade 1 clade 1 Lottiidae including Acmaea and Niveotectura 2 clade 1 clade 1 Pectinodontidae 2 Lepetidae 2 Nacellidae 2 Patellidae 2 Eoacmaeidae Genera Genera within the family Nacellidae include Cellana H. Adams, 1869 Macklintockia Gould, 1846 with one species Macklintockia scabra Gould, 1846 Nacella Schumacher, 1817 type genus Naccula Iredale, 1924 ref Iredale T. 1924 . Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 49 182, 238. ref References reflist Category Nacellidae Nacellidae stub ... more details
Taxobox image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Patellogastropoda superfamilia Lottioidea familia Lepetidae familia authority J.E. Gray Gray , 1850 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text Lepetidae is a family biology family of sea snail s or small, deep water true limpet s, marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc s in the clade Patellogastropoda the true limpets. Taxonomy This family consists of the two following subfamilies according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 Lepetinae Gray, 1850 Propilidiinae Johannes Thiele Thiele , 1891 A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of Patellogastropoda based on molecular phylogeny research by Nakano & Ozawa 2007 ref name Nakano 2007 Nakano T. & Ozawa T. 2007 . Worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order Patellogastropoda Molecular, morphological and palaeontological evidence . Journal of Molluscan Studies 73 1 79 99. doi 10.1093 mollus eym001 . ref clade label1 Patellogastropoda 1 clade 1 clade 1 clade 1 Lottiidae including Acmaea and Niveotectura 2 clade 1 clade 1 Pectinodontidae 2 Lepetidae 2 Nacellidae 2 Patellidae 2 Eoacmaeidae Genera Genera in the family Lepetidae include Lepetinae Bathylepeta small Moskalay, 1977 small Cryptobranchia small Middendorff, 1851 small Iothia small Forbes, 1849 small Lepeta small J. E. Gray, 1842 small Limalepeta small Moskalev, 1978 small Maoricrater small Richard Dell Dell , 1956 small Notocrater small Henry Suter Suter , 1908 small Propilidiinae Propilidium small Forbes and Hanley, 1849 small Sagamilepeta small Okutani, 1987 small References reflist External links Reproduction and development of the limpet Limalepeta lima Dall, 1918 Gastropoda Lepetidae from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan . doi 10.1134 S1063074006040110 Lepetidae stub Category Lepetidae nl Lepetidae ... more details
Taxobox name Robertson Dwarf Chameleon image Bradypodion gutturale.jpg image width 240px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Iguania familia Chamaeleonidae genus Bradypodion species B. gutturale binomial Bradypodion gutturale The Robertson Dwarf Chameleon Bradypodion gutturale is a chameleon in the genus Bradypodion . It is endemic to South Africa , found only in a limited range in the south central region of South Africa s Western Cape province. It prefers the fynbos vegetation, unlike some other species of dwarf chameleon that are forest dwellers. DNA evidence suggests that the Robertson may have diverged from the forest dwellers several million years ago, coinciding with the retreat of the forests and the spread of fynbos. Sources Tolley K. and Burger M. 2007. Chameleons of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town Tolley, K.A. et al. 2006. Biogeographic patterns and phylogeography of dwarf chameleons Bradypodion in an African biodiversity hotspot. Molecular Ecology 15 781 793. http wildcliff.org research dwarf chameleon project.html The Dwarf Chameleon Project at Wildcliff Nature Reserve External links http vmus.adu.org.za vm search.php?database sarca&URL http sarca.adu.org.za&Logo images sarca logo.png&Headline Southern 20African 20Reptile 20Conservation 20Assessment&Records per page 25&Use main filter 0&User id &Full name &query id &Vm number &recNo &numRows &start &option sp map Search for Distribution of Bradypodion gutturale Category Bradypodion Category Reptiles of South Africa chameleon stub pt Bradypodion gutturale ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Haida Gwaii Black Bear regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Carnivora familia Bear Ursidae genus Ursus genus Ursus species American Black Bear U. americanus subspecies U. a. carlottae trinomial Ursus americanus carlottae trinomial authority Wilfred Hudson Osgood Osgood , 1901 The Haida Gwaii black bear Ursus americanus carlottae is a Morphology biology morphologically distinct subspecies of the American Black Bear . The most significant morphological differences are its large size, massive cranium, and large molars. This subspecies is Endemism endemic to the Queen Charlotte Islands Haida Gwaii Queen Charlotte Islands ref cite journal author S. A. Byun B. F. Koop T. E. Reimchen title North American Black Bear mtDNA Phylogeography Implications for Morphology and the Haida Gwaii Glacial Refugium Controversy journal Evolution volume 51 pages 1647 1653 month October year 1997 doi 10.2307 2411216 issue 5 publisher Society for the Study of Evolution jstor 2411216 ref and is considered a keystone species because of the bears transportation of salmon remains into surrounding forests of Haida Gwaii. References reflist Category Bears Category Mammals of Canada Category Mammals of North America Category Haida Gwaii ca Ursus americanus carlottae es Ursus americanus carlottae lv Karalienes arlotes melnais l cis hu Queen Charlotte szigeti fekete medve mk Ursus americanus carlottae koi Ursus americanus carlottae ... more details
Taxobox name Kordofan Giraffe status CD status system IUCN2.3 image Giraffa camelopardalis peralta 2.jpg genetic work has shown that all G. c. peralta in European zoos are in fact G. c. antiquorum. For details, see Hassanin et al., 2007 in the reference section image width 250px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla familia Giraffidae genus Giraffa range map Giraffa camelopardalis subspecies map.jpg range map caption Range map in dark bluish green species Giraffa camelopardalis G. camelopardalis subspecies G. c. antiquorum trinomial Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum trinomial authority Swainson, 1835 The Kordofan Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum is a subspecies of giraffe found in northern Cameroon , southern Chad , Central African Republic and possibly western Sudan . ref name range Hassanin, A., A. Ropiquet, A. L. Gourmand, B. Chardonnet and J. Rigoulet 2007 . Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa. C. R. Biologies 330 265 274. ref Historically some confusion has existed over the exact range limit of this subspecies compared to the West African Giraffe , with populations in e.g. northern Cameroon formerly assigned to the latter. ref name range Genetics Genetic work has also revealed that all West African Giraffe in European zoo s are in fact Kordofan Giraffe. ref name range Compared to most other subspecies, the Kordofan Giraffe has relatively small, more irregular spots on the inner legs. References reflist External links Commons category inline Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum Kordofan Giraffes wikispecies inline Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum Category Giraffes Category Fauna of East Africa Category Fauna of Sudan eventoedungulate stub it Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum no Kordofansjiraff pnb sr ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Schistosoma nasale regnum Animal ia phylum Platyhelminthes classis Trematoda subclassis Digenea ordo Strigeidida familia Schistosomatidae genus Schistosoma species S. nasale binomial Schistosoma nasale binomial authority Rao surname Rao , 1933 Schistosoma nasale is a species of Digenea digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae . Schistosoma nasale was identified in 1933 by Dr. M. A. N. Rao at Madras Veterinary College , Tamil Nadu , India , as a casuasative agent for snoring disease in cattle. The most important the first intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus ref name Liu 2010 that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale and other two Schistosoma species on the Indian sub continent. ref name Liu 2010 Other snails are also impolicated in Transmission medicine transmission of Schistosoma nasale as its the first intermediate host and they include Lymnaea luteola and Lymnaea acuminata . ref name Liu 2010 Schistosoma nasale inhabits blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and causes snoring disease in cattle. ref name Liu 2010 The disease affects almost the whole cattle population in the endemic area. Citation needed date July 2010 The clinical symptoms include a cauliflower like growth or granuloma in the nasale cavity, associated with a snoring sound and profuse mucopurulent discharge. Citation needed date July 2010 Anthiomaline was the drug of choice, but this leads to relapse of the symptoms after two months of the treatment. Citation needed date July 2010 Recently, Dr. M. C. Agrawal has successfully treated cases of nasal schistosomiasis by administering triclabendazole at a dosage of 20 mg kg body weight. Citation needed date November 2008 References This article incorporates CC BY 2.0 text from the reference ref name Liu 2010 Liu L. et al. 2010 The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus Gastropoda Planorbidae in Asia . Parasites & Vectors 3 57. doi 10.1186 1756 3305 3 57 . ref . Re ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Mexipyrgus churinceanus image Mexipyrgus churinceanus.jpg image caption A series of gastropod shell shells of Mexipyrgus churinceanus , showing variation in size, shell sculpture, and color regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Littorinimorpha superfamilia Rissooidea familia Hydrobiidae subfamilia genus Mexipyrgus species M. churinceanus binomial Mexipyrgus churinceanus binomial authority Dwight Willard Taylor Taylor , 1966 Mexipyrgus churinceanus is a species of very small freshwater snail , ref name Chaves Campos 2011 Chaves Campos J., Johnson S. G. & Hulsey C. D. 2011 . Spatial Geographic Mosaic in an Aquatic Predator Prey Network . PLoS ONE 6 7 e22472. doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0022472 . ref an Aquatic animal aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae . ref name Chaves Campos 2011 Subspecies Mexipyrgus churinceanus lugoi Mexipyrgus De Lugo Snail Distribution This species is endemic to Cuatro Ci negas valley, in Chihuahuan Desert , List of non marine molluscs of Mexico Mexico . ref name Chaves Campos 2011 Ecology Predators of Mexithauma quadripaludium include the cichlid fish Herichthys minckleyi . ref name Chaves Campos 2011 References reflist Further reading Johnson S. G. 2005 . Age, phylogeography and population structure of the microendemic banded spring snail, Mexipyrgus churinceanus . Molecular Ecology 14 8 2299 2311. doi 10.1111 j.1365 294x.2005.02580.x . Johnson S. G., Hulsey C. D. & Le n F. J. G. de 2007 . Spatial mosaic evolution of snail defensive traits . BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 50. doi 10.1186 1471 2148 7 50 . Category Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae stub vi Mexipyrgus churinceanus ... more details
Taxobox name Lottioidea image Collisella pelta.jpg image caption A live individual of Lottia pelta regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Patellogastropoda superfamilia Lottioidea superfamilia authority John Edward Gray J. E. Gray , 1840 ref John Edward Gray Gray J. E. 1840 . Shells of molluscous animals. In Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum , ed. 42 105 152. Lottiidae is on the page 115. ref subdivision ranks Families subdivision See text Lottioidea is a family biology superfamily of sea snail s or limpets, marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk s in the clade Patellogastropoda , the true limpets . ref cite journal author Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J. P. year 2005 date title Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families journal Malacologia volume 47 issue 1 2 pages issn doi ref 2005 taxonomy There are three families within Lottioidea in the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 Family Lottiidae J. E. Gray , 1840 Family Acmaeidae E. Forbes , 1850 Family Lepetidae J. E. Gray, 1850 2007 taxonomy Based on Patellogastropoda 2007 taxonomy molecular research on the Patellogastropoda by Nakano & Ozawa 2007 ref name Nakano 2007 Nakano T. & Ozawa T. 2007 . Worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order Patellogastropoda Molecular, morphological and palaeontological evidence . Journal of Molluscan Studies 73 1 79 99. doi 10.1093 mollus eym001 . ref there were seven families in Lottioidea superfamily Lottioidea family Nacellidae family Lepetidae family Pectinodontidae family Lottiidae family Neolepetopsidae family Daminilidae family Lepetopsidae References reflist Category Patellogastropoda ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Acmaea mitra image Acmaea mitra.jpg image caption A live individual of Acmaea mitra . The shell is covered in encrusting red coralline algae , which is why it appears to be pink regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusk Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Patellogastropoda superfamilia Patelloidea familia Lottiidae genus Acmaea genus authority Eschscholtz , 1833 species A. mitra binomial Acmaea mitra binomial authority Rathke , 1833 synonyms Acmaea mitra , common name the whitecap limpet , is a species of sea snail or true limpet , a marine ocean marine gastropod mollusc in the family biology family Lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets. Taxonomy Acmaea mitra is the only species in the genus Acmaea . ref name Nakano 2007 Nakano T. & Ozawa T. 2007 . Worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order Patellogastropoda Molecular, morphological and palaeontological evidence . Journal of Molluscan Studies 73 1 79 99. doi 10.1093 mollus eym001 . ref ref Gofas, S. 2009 . Acmaea Eschscholtz, 1833. In Bouchet, P. Gofas, S. Rosenberg, G. 2009 World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 137616 on 2010 03 30 ref Acmaea have been the type genus of the family Acmaeidae according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 . Based on molecular phylogeny research by Nakano & Ozawa 2007 ref name Nakano 2007 is Acmeaidae a synonym for Lottiidae . Description The shell of this species is white. The whitecap limpet is a specialist herbivore , feeding only on certain alga e with its docoglossan radula . See also Acmaea funiculata is a synonym for Niveotectura funiculata Carpenter, 1864 corded white limpet Acmaea tessulata O. F. M ller, 1776 is a synonym for Collisella tessulata O. F. M ller, 1776 References reflist gallery File Acmaea mitra 002.jpg apical view File Acmaea mitra 001.j ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Salvethymus svetovidovi image status VU status system IUCN2.3 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Salmoniformes familia Salmonidae genus Salvethymus genus authority Igor Aleksandrovich Chereshnev Chereshnev & Mikhail Borisovich Skopets Skopets , 1990 species S. svetovidovi binomial Salvethymus svetovidovi binomial authority Igor Aleksandrovich Chereshnev Chereshnev & Mikhail Borisovich Skopets Skopets , 1990 synonyms Salvethymus svetovidovi , also called the long finned charr , is a species of Salmonidae salmonid fish. It is Endemism endemic to Elgygytgyn Lake in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Chukotka , north eastern Russia . ref Fishbase species genus Salvethymus species svetovidovi month February year 2012 ref ref Kottelat, M. 1996. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 19878 all Salvethymus svetovidovi . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 5 August 2007. ref The long finned char is a morphologically aberrant type of Salvelinus char when scientifically first described in 1990, it was placed as the single species in a new monotypic genus Salvethymus . It is closely related to the true chars in the genus Salvelinus , and probably is a sister lineage to the arctic char complex Salvelinus alpinus . ref cite journal last Brunner first Patrick C. coauthors Marlis R. Douglas, Alexander Osinov, Chris C. Wilson, and Louis Bernatchez date 2001 title Holarctic phylogeography of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus L. inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. journal Evolution volume 55 issue 3 pages 573 586 url http www2.bio.ulaval.ca louisbernatchez pdf 075 20Brunner Evol 01.pdf pmid 11327164 ref References reflist Category Salvethymus Category Fish of Russia Category Salmonidae Category Endemic fauna of Russia Category Monotypic fish genera Salmoniformes stub ca Salvethymus svetovidovi es Salvethymus svetovidovi nl Salvethymus svetovidovi pl Salvethymus svetovidovi pt Salvethymus s ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Prunus sect. Prunocerasus taxobox name Prunus sect. Prunocerasus image Canada Plum fruiting spray Keeler.png image caption Prunus nigra regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Rosales familia Rosaceae genus Prunus subgenus Plum Prunus sectio Prunus sect. Prunocerasus binomial authority Koehne Koehne published the section Prunocerasus prune cherry under the subgenus Cerasus of the genus Prunus . ref Koehne, 1893 Deutsche dendrologie pp 302, 305, 310 313. Stuttgart Verlag von Ferdinand Enke. 1893 ref , comprising the North American plums. The section is now generally recognized as belonging to Plum Prunus subg. Prunus . ref Shaw and Small Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and phylogeography of the North American Plums Prunus subgenus Prunus section Prunocerasus , Rosaceae Am. J. of Bot. 92 12 2011 2030. 2005 ref br br Species attributed to this section include Prunus alleghaniensis P. alleghaniensis small Porter small Prunus americana P. americana small Marshall small Prunus angustifolia P. angustifolia small Marshall small Prunus geniculata P. geniculata small R. M. Harper small Prunus gracilis P. gracilis small Engelem. & Gray small Prunus hortulana P. hortulana small L. H. Bailey small Prunus maritima P. maritima small Marshall small Prunus mexicana P. mexicana small S. Watson small Prunus munsoniana P. munsoniana small Wight & Hedrick small Prunus nigra P. nigra small Ait. small Prunus rivularis P. rivularis small small Prunus subcordata P. subcordata small Benth. small Prunus texana P. texana small Dietr. small Prunus umbellata P. umbellata small Elliott small br References reflist Category Prunus sect. Prunocerasus Rosales stub ... more details
Taxobox name Spirorchiidae regnum Animal ia phylum Platyhelminthes classis Trematoda subclassis Digenea ordo familia Spirorchiidae familia authority Rao surname Rao , 1933 Spirorchiidae is a family of Digenea digenetic trematode s. They are parasites of turtles . Disease caused by them is commonly called spirorchiidiosis . Genera Genera in the family Spirorchiidae include Amphiorchis Amphiorchis solus Hapalotrema Hapalotrema postorchis Learedius Learedius learedi Price, 1934 Monticellius Monticellius indicum Mehra, 1939 Neospirorchis Neospirorchis schistosomatoides Price, 1934 Spirhapalum Spirhapalum siamensis Tkach, Snyder & Vaughan, 2009 ref name Tkach 2009 Spirorchis Spirorchis scripta Stunkard, 1923 Hosts Some species of spirochiids are parasites of freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus . ref name Liu 2010 Liu L. et al. 2010 The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus Gastropoda Planorbidae in Asia . Parasites & Vectors 3 57. doi 10.1186 1756 3305 3 57 . ref Cardiovascular parasites Learedius learedi , Hapalotrema postorchis , Monticellius indicum and Amphiorchis solus are parasiting in Caribbean green turtles Chelonia mydas . ref Santoro M., Morales J. A. & Rodr guez Ort z B. 2007 . Spirorchiidiosis Digenea Spirorchiidae and lesions associated with parasites in Caribbean green turtles Chelonia mydas . The Veterinary Record 161 482 486. http veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com cgi content abstract 161 14 482 abstract . PMID 17921440 . ref Spirhapalum siamensis is parasiting in the heart of Malayan box turtle Cuora amboinensis . ref name Tkach 2009 Tkach V. V., Snyder S. D. & Vaughan J. A. 2009 . A new species of blood fluke Digenea Spirorchiidae from the Malayan box turtle, Cuora amboinensis Cryptodira Geomydidae in Thailand . Journal of Parasitology 95 3 743 746. PMID 19093710 . ref References reflist Further reading http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed?term Spirorchiidae&itool QuerySuggestion Category Digenea ... more details
Italic title Taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Branchiopoda ordo Anostraca familia Tanymastigidae genus Tanymastix genus authority Simon, 1886 subdivision ranks Species subdivision nowrap Tanymastix stagnalis small Linnaeus, 1758 small Tanymastix motasi small Orghidan, 1945 small Tanymastix stellae small Cottarelli, 1968 small Tanymastix is a genus of anostraca n crustacean s, characterised by their lenticular lentil shaped eggs. ref name Grillas cite book url http www.tourduvalat.org content download 309 2501 version 2 file Guide gestion vol2.pdf format PDF page 90 92 title Les mares temporaires m diterran ennes chapter Volume 2 fiches esp ces language French editor P. Grillas, P. Gauthier, N. Yavercovski & C. Perennou year 2004 isbn 2 9103 6849 1 publisher Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat author A. Thi ry & T. Calvi re ref It comprises three species. Tanymastix stagnalis has a wide distribution across Europe and North Africa. T. motasi is endemic to Romania and Republic of Macedonia Macedonia , while T. stellae was endemic to Sardinia . ref name Ketmaier cite journal author Valerio Ketmaier, Rita Mandatori, Elvira De Matthaeis & Graziella Mura year 2005 title Molecular systematics and phylogeography in the fairy shrimp Tanymastix stagnalis based on mitochondrial DNA journal Journal of Zoology volume 266 issue 4 pages 401 410 doi 10.1017 S0952836905007041 ref The type locality biology type locality of T. stellae has since been destroyed and the species is believed to be extinction extinct reports of T. stellae surviving on Corsica have not been confirmed, despite repeated attempts. ref name Ketmaier References reflist 32em Category Branchiopoda Category Freshwater crustaceans of Europe crustacean stub ... more details
Taxobox name Arrhopalites regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Hexapoda classis Entognatha subclassis Collembola ordo Symphypleona familia Sminthuridae genus Arrhopalites genus authority Borner, 1906 Arrhopalites is a genus of springtails in the family Sminthuridae . Species Arrhopalites acanthophthalmus ref name Broll Broll, G., Merbach, W., & Pfeiffer, E. M. Wetlands in Central Europe Soil Organisms, Soil Ecological Processes, and Trace Gas Emissions. Berlin Springer, 2002. 45. ref Arrhopalites buekkensis ref name Habel Habel, J.C. Relict Species Phylogeography and Conservation Biology Heidelberg, Germany Springer, 2010. 72. ref Arrhopalites caecus small Tullberg, 1871 small ref name Fjell Fjellberg, Anne. The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona. Leiden, Netherlands Koninklijke Brill, 2007. 188 192. ref Arrhopalites cochlearifer small Gisin, 1947 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites dudichii ref name Habel Arrhopalites hungaricus ref name Habel Arrhopalites ornatus ref name Broll Arrhopalites principalis small Stach, 1945 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites pseudoappendices small Rusek, 1967 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites pygmaeus small Wankel, 1860 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites secundarius small Gisin, 1958 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites sericus small Gisin, 1947 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites spinosus small Rusek, 1967 small ref name Fjell Arrhopalites terricola ref name Broll Arrhopalites tenuis ref name Broll Arrhopalites ulehlovae ref name Broll References reflist Category Collembola ... more details
csb pageincludes 1 http kiwi.cs.dal.ca GenGIS Main Page Nolead date April 2012 Infobox Software name GenGIS logo screenshot File GenGIS 2C GOS biodiversity.png 200px caption developer Donovan Parks, Mike Porter, Timothy Mankowski, Suwen Wang, Robert Beiko latest release version 2.0.0 latest release date 2012 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Windows, Mac OS X platform genre Bioinformatics license GPL v3 website http kiwi.cs.dal.ca GenGIS GenGIS ref name Parks2009 cite journal last Parks first DH coauthors Porter M, Churcher S, Wang S, Blouin C, Whalley J, Brooks S, Beiko RG year 2009 month title GenGIS A geospatial information system for genomic data journal Genome Research volume 19 issue pages 1896 1904 url http genome.cshlp.org content 19 10 1896.abstract?sid 5fcec469 a13c 44f9 9f40 9e913e1c0ddf ref ref name ParksBeiko2009 cite journal last Parks first DH coauthors Beiko RG year 2009 month title Quantitative visualizations of hierarchically organized data in a geographic context journal Geoinformatics, Fairfax, VA volume issue pages 1 6 url http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?isnumber 5292806&arnumber 5293552&count 243&index 6 ref merges geographic, ecological and phylogenetic biodiversity data in a single interactive visualization and analysis environment. See also Phylogeography Bioinformatics References references External links http kiwi.cs.dal.ca GenGIS GenGIS homepage Category Bioinformatics software Category Biogeography Category Genetics Category Molecular biology ... more details
data on the molecular phylogeography of scincid lizards of the genus Mabuya. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 17 1 11 14 Mausfeld, Patrick & Andreas Schmitz 2003 Molecular phylogeography, intraspecific variation ... more details
Taxobox name Corsican Hare ref name MSW3 MSW3 id 13500155 ref status VU status system IUCN3.1 status ref ref name IUCN Angelici, F.M., E. Randi, F. Riga & V. Trocchi 2008 IUCNlink 41305 Lepus corsicanus . In IUCN 2008 http www.iucnredlist.org 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Downloaded on 18 January 2009. ref image regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Lagomorpha familia Leporidae genus Hare Lepus species L. corsicanus binomial Lepus corsicanus binomial authority William Edward de Winton de Winton , 1898 range map Corsican Hare area.png range map caption Corsican Hare range The Corsican Hare Lepus corsicanus , also known as the Apennine Hare or Italian Hare , is a species of hare found in southern and central Italy and Corsica . ref name IUCN Taxonomy It was first described as a species in 1898 by British zoologist William Edward de Winton using specimens from Corsica. ref name Randi Randi, Ettore 2007 Phylogeography of South European Mammals . In Weiss, Steven & Nuno Ferrand 2007 http books.google.co.uk books?id w4oE9LS93lcC&printsec frontcover&dq 22Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia 22 Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia , Springer. ref It was later regarded as a subspecies of the European Hare L. europaeus or both were treated as subspecies of the Cape Hare L. capensis . It is now often treated as a full species as it does not appear to hybrid biology hybridize with the European Hare where their Range biology ranges overlap and studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that it belongs to a distinct lineage evolution lineage which differentiated in isolated refugium population biology refuges during the last glacial period . ref name Randi Description It is similar to the European Hare in appearance, being largely brown with a cream coloured belly. It differs in having grey rather than white bases to the hairs of the underfur . It is smaller on average than the European Hare with a head and body length of 44.1 61.2& ... more details
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