pilus of Escherichia coli , encoded by the F plasmid or fertility factor . A pilus is typically 6 to 7 nanometer nm in diameter. During conjugation, a pilus emerging from donor bacterium ensnares the recipient ... the surface to which the bacteria are attached or to other bacteria, and when the pilus contracts, it pulls ... is a short pilus that is used to attach the bacterium to a surface. Fimbriae are either located ... References Reflist External links MeshName Sex Pilus MeshName Bacterial Pilus Bacteria Category Organelles Category Bacteria Category Microbiology ar cs Pilus de Pilus es Pilus eu Pilus fr Pilus hr Pilus id Pilus it Pilo biologia nl Pilus ja pl Pile pt Pilus ru sv Pilus tr Pilus uk zh ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Pilus image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Vetigastropoda superfamilia Lepetelloidea familia Pseudococculinidae subfamilia genus Pilus genus authority War n, 1991 ref War n 1991 . Sarsia 76 1 2 80. ref synonyms ref synonyms Pilus is a genus of sea snail s, marine gastropod mollusk s in the family biology family Pseudococculinidae . ref name WoRMS WRMS species 138393 Pilus Waren, 1991 11 April 2010 ref Species Species within the genus Pilus include Pilus conicus Verrill, 1884 ref WRMS species 140879 Pilus conicus Verrill, 1884 11 April 2010 ref References reflist External links Category Pseudococculinidae Category Gastropod genera with single species Pseudococculinidae stub vi Pilus gastropod ... more details
Onesource date January 2009 RomanMilitary The Primus pilus was the senior centurion of a Roman legion . Historical role In the late Roman republic , the cohort military unit cohort of which there were between six and ten , became the basic tactical unit of the legions. The cohort was composed of five to eight centuries each led by a centurion assisted by an optio , a soldier who could read and write. The senior centurion of the legion and commander of the first cohort was called the lang la primus pilus first file formation file , a career soldier and advisor to the Legatus legate . While every normal cohort was composed of 5 to 8 centuries normally 6 in secondus to decius cohorts , the one that was led by the primus pilus the first had about 10 centuries, or 800 men. It also had extra men, who were cooks, clerks, etc. who did not fight. The primus pilus was so called because his own century was in the first file pilus of the first cohort primus . Only eight officers in a fully officered legion outranked the primus pilus The legate legatus legionis l g tus legi nis , commanding the legion the senior tribune tribunus laticlavus the Camp Prefect praefectus castrorum and the five junior tribunes trib n angusticl vi . In contrast to a modern military organization, a centurion is analogous to a whole range of modern ranks. Ordinary century commanders would be equivalent to a modern ... pilus with his senior staff role might be considered equivalent to a modern Lt Colonel again gaining his promotion through the ranks . Etymology Due to similarity between Latin words lang la pilus ... Portal Military of ancient Rome DEFAULTSORT Pilus, Primus Category Ancient Roman titles Category Military ranks of ancient Rome Category Ancient Roman soldiers mil rank stub de Primus Pilus el Primus Pilus es Primus pilus it Primus pilus lt Primipilas nl Primus pilus ja no Primus pilus pl Primus pilus pt Primus pilus ru tr Primus pilus uk ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Pilus conicus image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Vetigastropoda superfamilia Lepetelloidea familia Pseudococculinidae subfamilia genus Pilus gastropod Pilus species P. conicus binomial Pilus conicus binomial authority Addison Emery Verrill Verrill , 1884 synonyms ref synonyms Pilus conicus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Pseudococculinidae . ref name WoRMS WRMS species 140879 Pilus conicus Verrill, 1884 9 April 2010 ref Distribution Empty section date April 2010 Description The maximum recorded gastropod shell shell length is 1 mm. ref name Welch 2010 Welch J. J. 2010 . The Island Rule and Deep Sea Gastropods Re Examining the Evidence . PLoS ONE 5 1 e8776. doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0008776 . ref Habitat Minimum recorded depth is 913 m. ref name Welch 2010 Maximum recorded depth is 913 m. ref name Welch 2010 References reflist External links Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Pilus Conicus Category Pseudococculinidae Pseudococculinidae stub vi Pilus conicus ... more details
Taxobox name Pseudococculinidae image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Vetigastropoda superfamilia Lepetelloidea familia Pseudococculinidae familia authority Hickman surname Hickman , 1983 subdivision ranks subdivision Pseudococculinidae is a family biology family of gastropod s in the clade Vetigastropoda according Taxonomy of the Gastropoda Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 . This family has no subfamilies. Genera Amphiplica Haszprunar, 1988 ref name Haszprunar 1988 Haszprunar 1988 . Zool. Ser. 17 2 177. ref Amphiplica plutonica Leal & Harasewych, 1999 ref name Leal 1999 Leal J. H. & Harasewych M. G. 1999 Deepest Atlantic Molluscs Hadal Limpets Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cocculiniformia from the Northern Boundary of the Caribbean Plate . Invertebrate Biology 118 2 116 136. http www.jstor.org stable 3227054 abstract . ref Copulabyssia Haszprunar, 1988 ref name Haszprunar 1988 Copulabyssia colombia Ardila & Harasewych, 2005 ref name Ardila 2005 Ardila N. E. & Harasewych M. G. June 2005 . Cocculinid and pseudococculinid limpets Gastropoda Cocculiniformia from off the Caribbean coast of Colombia . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118 2 344 366. doi 10.2988 0006 324X 2005 118 344 CAPLGC 2.0.CO 2 . ref Pilus gastropod Pilus Waren, 1991 ref WRMS species 138393 Pilus Waren, 1991 11 April 2010 ref Pilus conicus Verrill, 1884 ref WRMS species 140879 Pilus conicus Verrill, 1884 11 April 2010 ref References reflist Vetigastropoda stub Category Pseudococculinidae vi Pseudococculinidae ... more details
by a Pilus Type IV Type IV pilus that extrudes through the pole of the cell. The pilus is extended by the addition of pilin monomers at the base of the pilus. The tip of the pilus binding to a substrate in the biofilm sends a signal for the pilus to retract by the removal of pilin subunits. The shortening of the pilus leads to the cell being dragged along the surface towards the tip of the pilus. The mechanism of the Type IV pilus has been likened to a grappling hook . The pilus apparatus is only ... chemotactic signals. In addition to Pilus Type IV Type IV pilus mediated group motility, M. xanthus ... more details
Pili may refer to Common names Pilus plural pili is a cellular organelle Pili, a Philippine Tree that is a source of the Pili nut Pili grass is a Hawaiian grass used to thatch structures Proper names Pili kaaiea is a Hawaiian chief, a founder of the Ulu line Pili, Camarines Sur is a municipality in the Philippines Pili, barangay in Danao City Pili TV series is a puppet show from Taiwan disambig de Pili fr Pili homonymie it Pili fi Pili t smennyssivu ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Merozygote is a state when a cell, usually bacterial, is temporarily diploid as result of DNA transfer processes like bacterial conjugation conjugation . One example of how merozygotes can be formed is the transfer of genetic material during an HFR transformation. In HFR transformation, an F prokaryote transfers its F factor into an Hfr cell . This F factor plasmid is incorporated into Hfr DNA. When Hfr mates with an F cell, the chromosome acts as a rolling circle transferring information across a Pilus sex pilus . The F factor is the last thing on the circle and often isn t transferred to the F cell, so it remains an F cell, but has all the extra DNA sequence genetic information from the transferred Hfr chromosome. This temporary partial diploid of the DNA may lead to recombination between the corresponding portions of the DNA, so that the genetic material of the donor may be incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient, thereby altering the genotype of the recipient. However, if no recombination occurs, the linear fragment of donor DNA in the recipient cytoplasm will be lost after one cycle. These merozygotes help to study dominance variation and mutation can be known. biology stub Category Cells ... more details
Prosthecate bacteria are a non phylogenetically related group of Gram negative bacteria that possess appendages , termed prosthecae . These cellular appendages are neither Pilus pili nor flagella , as they are extensions of the cellular membrane and contain cytosol . ref name Brock cite book author Madigan, Michael T., Martinko, John M. title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th ed. publisher Pearson Prentice Hall year 2006 id ISBN 0 13 196893 9 ref One notable group of prosthecates is the genus Caulobacter . Metabolism Prosthecates are generally chemoorganotroph ic aerobe s that can grow in nutrient poor habitats, being able to survive at nutrient levels on the order of parts per million for which reason they are often found in aquatic habitats. These bacteria will attach to surfaces with their prosthecae, allowing a greater surface area with which to take up nutrients and release waste products . ref name Brock cite book author Madigan, Michael T., Martinko, John M. title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th ed. publisher Pearson Prentice Hall year 2006 id ISBN 0 13 196893 9 ref Some prosthecates will grow in nutrient poor soils as aerobic heterotrophs . See also Caulobacter br Oligotroph ic br Flagella br Pilus br External links Poindexter, Jeanne S. Dimorphic Prosthecate Bacteria The Genera Caulobacter , Asticcacaulis , Hyphomicrobium , Pedomicrobium , Hyphomonas and Thiodendron . http www.springerlink.com content r73l62t7uhl27485 fulltext.pdf References reflist bacteria stub Category Microbiology ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 Cleanup date May 2008 An Hfr cell also called an Hfr strain is a bacterium with a bacterial conjugation conjugative plasmid often the fertility factor F factor integrated into its genome genomic DNA. Hfr is the abbreviation for high frequency recombination , which was first characterized by Luca Cavalli Sforza . Unlike a normal F sup sup cell, hfr strains will, upon conjugation with a F sup sup cell, attempt to transfer their entire DNA through the mating bridge , not to be confused with the pilus . This occurs because the F factor has integrated itself via an insertion point in the bacterial chromosome. Due to the F factor s inherent nature to transfer itself during conjugation, the rest of the bacterial genome is dragged along with it, thus making such cells very useful and interesting in terms of studying gene linkage and recombination. Because the genome s rate of transfer through the mating bridge is constant, molecular biologists and geneticists can use Hfr strain of bacteria often E. coli to study genetic linkage and map the chromosome. The procedure commonly used for this is called interrupted mating . A bacterium may undergo Bacterial conjugation conjugation . During this process, genetic material is transferred to another bacterium through the mating bridge. It is yet undetermined if the Pilus Pili transfer DNA or if these structures are simply used to bring mating bacteria close enough to form a mating bridge. ref Langmuir. 2008 Jun 1 24 13 6796 802. Epub 2008 Jun 4. Evidence of DNA transfer through F pilus channels during Escherichia coli conjugation. Shu AC, Wu CC, Chen YY, Peng HL, Chang HY, Yew TR. ref To form pili, an F plasmid F plasmid is required. The F plasmid consists of 28 genes which are mostly required for the production of the pilus. F sup sup denotes cells that contain the F plasmid, while F sup sup cells do not. The F plasmid is considered to be an episome which may become integrated into the main chr ... more details
The gens Balventia was a Ancient Rome Roman family during the late Roman Republic Republic . It is known chiefly from a single individual, Titus Balventius, a primus pilus in the command of Quintus Titurius Sabinus in Gaul . He was severely wounded in the attack made by Ambiorix in 54 B.C. ref Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar , Commentarii de Bello Gallico , v. 35. ref ref Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , William Smith lexicographer William Smith , Editor. ref See also List of Roman gentes Footnotes reflist SmithDGRBM Ancient Rome bio stub Category Roman gentes Category Ancient Roman families Category Prosopography of Ancient Rome bg no Balventia gens ... more details
Cassius Scaevus was a centurion of Caesar s 8th legion. Scaevus fought in his battle of Dyrrachium in his fort, his cohort s senior centurions were injured, he took command. He fought back and drove the attacking Pompeian cohort s back to the city.When Caesar arrived, he awarded Scaevus Primus Pilus status, was given triple his pay in denarii and was recorded to have over 200 Pompeian arrows in his scutum . Caesar was so impressed, he promoted Scaevus to his Legio X Fretensis and continued to serve after the death of the tenth s Primus Pilius, Gaius Crastinus, at Pharsulus. Category Ancient Roman soldiers ... more details
Taxobox color violet virus group IV familia Leviviridae genus Allolevivirus species Bacteriophage Q Bacteriophage Q is an icosahedral virus with a diameter of 25 nm. Its host is Escherichia coli . Q enters its host cell through the side of the F pilus . Genetics The genome of Q is 4218 nucleotides long. The genome has three open reading frame s and encodes four protein s A1, A2, CP and q replicase . The genome is highly structured, which regulates gene expression and protects the genome from host RNase s. Protein A2 A2 is called the maturation protein due to its lysis activity. One copy of A2 is present per virion. The mechanism of lysis is similar to that of penicillin A2 inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan by inhibiting the enzyme UDP N acetylglucosamine 1 carboxyvinyltransferase MurA , which catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan synthesis. A2 also functions in host cell recognition and cell entry. When A2 binds to the sex pilus of the bacterium, A2 cleaves and forms a pore into the host. RNA Polymerase The RNA polymerase that replicates both the plus and minus RNA strands is a complex of four proteins the beta subunit replicase is encoded by the phage, while the other three subunits are encoded by the bacterial genome alpha subunit ribosomal protein S1 , gamma subunit EF Tu , and delta subunit EF Ts . ref name van Duin van Duin J, Tsareva N. Single stranded RNA phages. Chapter 15 pp. 175 196 in Calendar RL ed. , The Bacteriophages Second Edition . Oxford University Press, 2006. ref References references DEFAULTSORT Bacteriophage Q Category Bacteriophages es Bacteri fago Q ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Other uses Pellicle disambiguation The pellicle is a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa , protecting them and allowing them to retain their shape, especially during locomotion, allowing the organism to be more hydrodynamic . They vary from flexible and elastic to rigid. Although stiff, the pellicle is flexible and allows the protist to fit into tighter spaces. In ciliate s and Apicomplexa , it is formed from closely packed vesicles called alveoli . In euglenid s, it is formed from protein strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Examples of protists with a pellicle are the euglenoids and the paramecium , a ciliate. The pellicle consists of many bacteria that adhere to the surface by their attachment Pilus pili . Thus, attachment pili allow the organisms to remain in the broth, from which they take nutrients, while they congregate near air, where the oxygen concentration is greatest. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pellicle Biology Category Cell biology Category Cell anatomy Biology stub cs Pelikula pl Pellikula ru sr uk ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 RomanMilitary The praefectus castrorum camp prefect was, in the Roman army of the early Roman Empire Empire , the third most senior commander of the Roman legion , after the legate legatus and the senior military tribune tribunus laticlavius . His responsibility was looking after equipment and building works but could command the legion when his seniors were absent. The post was usually held by men coming from the ranks of the centurion ate, having already served as chief centurions primus pilus of a legion, and was therefore open to ordinary citizens. A camp prefect s job was to maintain and update the equipment, organize the legion, and make sure that the soldiers were properly trained. See also Praefectus Stratopedarches Portal Military of ancient Rome Category Military ranks of ancient Rome Ancient Rome mil stub mil rank stub bs Praefectus castrorum de Praefectus Castrorum es Praefectus castrorum lt Praefectus Castrorum nl Praefectus castrorum pt Praefectus castrorum ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Aril br Khairil Azam Pilus image alt caption image size background solo singer birth name Khairil Azam Pilus alias Aril birth date Birth date and age 1985 11 15 birth place Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia instrument genre pop music Pop , dance music dance occupation Singer , actor , dancer , TV host years active 2009 present label Maestro Talents Sdn. Bhd associated acts website notable instruments Khairil Azam Pilus born November 15, 1985 , is a Malaysia n singer , actor , dancer and TV host , also known by his stage name of Aril. Career Akademi Fantasia Pilus joined and became 1st runner up of the Akademi Fantasia, Season 7 seventh season of Akademi Fantasia , receiving 22 percent of over 4.2 million votes although he was eliminated on the 7th week of the competition, ref name utusan2 ref name utusan3 but he was voted back in by the competition by AFMASUK of the voters, ref name utusan4 ref name newstraitstimes1 ref name utusan1 ref name malaysiastar1 and was eliminated in the season 7 final round in May 2009. ref name malaysiastar2 Actor & host Pilus is also an actor, ref name newstraitstimes3 starring alongside another Akademi Fantasia, Season 7 seventh season , student, Akim and past Akademi Fantasia, Season 5 fifth season winner, Mila Jirin in TV show called Kau dan Aku . He also has a lead role in telemovie call Shuffle Milikku which recently premiered in Astro . Aril is also the new TV host for Trek Selebriti. ref name murai In his singing career, he recently has two released singles Toksik and Menatap Matamu . Along with show alums Mawi, Mila, Stacy, Hafiz, Akim, Isma and Yazid, Pilus now has his chart topping songs released in a compilation album by Era FM . ref name newstraitstimes2 Songs performed on Akademi Fantasia class wikitable Week Instructed Songs Original Artist Result Week 1 Rahsia Perempuan align center Ari Lasso align center 4 ... Fantasia Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Khairil Azam Pilus ALTERNATIVE NAMES ... more details
for 3O0P Pilus related Sortase C of Group B Streptococcus format work accessdate Pfam PF04203 InterPro ... prokaryotic enzyme s which catalyze the assembly of pilin s into Pilus pili , and the anchoring ... pilus journal J. Bacteriol. volume 190 issue 17 pages 6002 6013 year 2008 month September ... Asn . Sortase performs two main tasks that are involved with pilus assembly. They consist of some ..., a Streptococcus pyogenes class B sortase involved in pilus assembly journal PLoS ONE volume 6 ... Hofmann editor1 first Andreas ref To determine the role in pilus assembly, pilus expression and cell ... the pilus polymerization was not affected, but pilus expression and cell wall anchoring was reduced ... T, Job V, Di Guilmi AM, Dessen A title Sortase activity is controlled by a flexible lid in the pilus ... A, Dum nil G, Caliot E, Trieu Cuot P, Dramsi S title Dual role for pilus in adherence to epithelial ... analysis and site directed mutagenesis of defined key residues and motives for pilus related sortase ... structures of pneumococcal pilus sortase C provide novel insights into catalysis and substrate ... Sillanp J title A collagen binding adhesin, Acb, and ten other putative MSCRAMM and pilus family ... pmc 2720338 cite journal author Guttilla IK title Acyl enzyme intermediates in sortase catalyzed pilus ... FW, Schmidt FR title The high biofilm encoding Bee locus a second pilus gene cluster in Enterococcus ... DG, Scott JR title Linkage of T3 and Cpa pilins in the Streptococcus pyogenes M3 pilus journal Molecular ... mediated pilus fiber biogenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae journal Structure volume 16 issue 12 pages ... anchoring step of pilus assembly in gram positive bacteria journal Proceedings of the National Academy ... Bagnoli F title A second pilus type in Streptococcus pneumoniae is prevalent in emerging serotypes and mediates ... journal author Z hner D, Scott JR title SipA is required for pilus formation in Streptococcus pyogenes ... of pilus polymers in Corynebacterium diphtheriae journal Molecular Microbiology volume 66 issue ... more details
also fill several other specialized roles on an ad hoc basis. Pilus Prior The commander of the first century of each cohort. Pilus Posterior Deputy to the pilus prior Praefectus Castrorum camp prefect .... Usually a former primus pilus . Primus Pilus literally first file , not spear the commanding centurion ... strength centuria . The centurion of its first centuria, the Primus Pilus , commanded the first cohort ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Usher Name Fimbrial Usher protein image PDB 1zdv EBI.jpg width caption Structure of the type 1 pilus assembly platform FimD 25 139 . ref name pmid15920478 cite journal author Nishiyama M, Horst R, Eidam O, et al. title Structural basis of chaperone subunit complex recognition by the type 1 pilus assembly platform FimD journal EMBO J. volume 24 issue 12 pages 2075 86 year 2005 month June pmid 15920478 pmc 1150887 doi 10.1038 sj.emboj.7600693 url ref Pfam PF00577 InterPro IPR000015 SMART PROSITE PDOC00886 SCOP TCDB 1.B.11 OPM family 208 OPM protein 2vqi PDB PDB3 1ze3 D 47 170 PDB3 1zdv A 70 184 PDB3 1zdx A 70 170 The fimbrial usher protein is involved in biogenesis of the pilus in Gram negative bacteria . The biogenesis of fimbriae or pili requires a two component assembly and transport system which is composed of a periplasmic chaperone and an outer membrane protein which has been termed a molecular usher . ref name PUB00002841 cite journal author Hultgren SJ, Jacob Dubuisson F, Striker R title Chaperone assisted self assembly of pili independent of cellular energy journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 269 issue 17 pages 12447 12455 year 1994 pmid 7909802 ref ref name PUB00002237 cite journal author Schifferli DM, Alrutz MA title Permissive linker insertion sites in the outer membrane protein of 987P fimbriae of Escherichia coli journal J. Bacteriol. volume 176 issue 4 pages 1099 1110 year 1994 pmid 7906265 pmc 205162 ref ref name PUB00005083 cite journal author Saier Jr MH, Van Rosmalen M title Structural and evolutionary relationships between two families of bacterial extracytoplasmic chaperone proteins which function cooperatively in fimbrial assembly journal Res. Microbiol. volume 144 issue 7 pages 507 527 year 1993 pmid 7906046 doi 10.1016 0923 2508 93 90001 I ref The usher protein has a molecular weight ranging from 86 to 100 kDa and is composed of a membrane spanning 24 stranded beta barrel domain, reminiscent of porin s, and of four periplasmic solubl ... more details
TOCRight TCP may stand for Computing Transmission Control Protocol , one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite Telephony control protocol , protocol included in the Bluetooth protocol stack Text Creation Partnership , an archival digitzation effort at the University of Michigan Medicine and drugs TCP antiseptic , the brand name of an antiseptic formerly containing Trichlorophenylmethyliodosalicyl, a germicide Tenocyclidine , a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects Toxin coregulated pilus, a prophage encoded protein synthesized at the same time as cholera toxin that allows Vibrio cholera to adhere to enterocytes Chemical compounds Tocopherol , a variety of naturally occurring, fat soluble alcohol which partially constitutes vitamin E Tricresyl phosphate , an organophosphate compound derived from cresol and phosphoric acid 1,2,3 trichloropropane , a suspected human carcinogen and a groundwater contaminant Politics Two candidate preferred vote in the Australian electoral system Trading Corporation of Pakistan Other Thermal conversion process , depolymerization process for reducing complex organic materials into light crude oil Taba International Airport IATA code , near Taba, Egypt Three card poker , a card game disambig de TCP es TCP eo TCP apartigilo fa TCP fr TCP ko TCP it TCP ja TCP pl TCP ro TCP zh TCP ... more details
RomanMilitary A cohort from the Latin cohors , plural cohortes was the basic tactical unit of a Roman legion following the Marian reforms reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC. Legionary cohort Immediately after the Marian reforms, a Roman legion comprised ten cohorts, known simply as The first cohort , The second cohort etc. The first cohort was considered to be the most senior and prestigious, and the tenth the least. A cohort consisted of six centuries or centuria Military centuria of 80 men, each commanded by a centurion assisted by junior officers. At various times prior to the reforms, a century might have meant a unit of 60, 80 or 100 men. It is almost certain that the most senior centurion of the six would have commanded the entire cohort. In order of seniority, the six centurions were titled hastatus posterior , hastatus prior , princeps posterior , princeps prior , pilus posterior and pilus prior most senior . This followed the order of seniority in the earlier legions, where the youngest and least experienced units were termed hastati , next principes , and the oldest and most experienced triarii pilus was an alternative name for triarius , the singular of triarii . During the first century AD, the command structure and make up of the legions was formally laid down, in a form that would endure for centuries. The first cohort was now made up of five double strength centuries totalling 800 men, the centurion of its first century automatically being the most senior in the legion. This century was known as the primus pilus first file , and its centurion was known as the primus pilum first spear . The legion at this time numbered about 5,400 men, including officers, engineers and usually a small unit of cavalry equites 120 men and horses . ref Goldsworthy, Adrian 2003 . The Complete Roman Army . London Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0500051240. ref Types of cohort Auxiliary cohorts could be quingenaria nominally 500 strong or milliaria 1000 strong . Cohors alaria allie ... more details
In textile s, pile is the raised surface or nap textile nap of a fabric , which is made of upright loops or strands of yarn . ref name OED Pile. The Oxford English Dictionay . 2nd ed. 1989. ref Examples of pile textiles are carpet s, corduroy , velvet , plush , and Turkish towel s. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse pile pile , Dictionary.com Unabridged v 1.1 . Random House, Inc. Retrieved 10 September 2007. ref . The word is derived from Latin pilus for hair ref http dictionary.reference.com browse pile Pile , Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. retrieved from dictionary.com 10 September 2007. ref The surface and the yarn in these fabrics also called pile . In particular pile length or pile depth refer to the length of the yarn strands half length of the loops . The types of pile include loop pile Tyson Tbag SICK LAD uncut pile cut pile knotted pile tufted pile woven pile cord pile twist pile See also Carpet pile Pile weave Pile knit References references fabric Category Textiles nl Pool textiel ja ... more details
pilus and can inject the DNA into the host cell. Life cycle Adsorption and Infection Ff phages need the host cell to be Hfr or F . When a virion binds to the sex pilus of a host by protein 3 in its beaded end, the pilus retracts and the virus fuses with the host membrane. Several host proteins are involved ... more details
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