PBB geneid 5340 Plasmin is an important enzyme EC number 3.4.21.7 present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, most notably, fibrin thrombus clots . The degradation of fibrin is termed fibrinolysis . In humans, the plasmin protein is encoded by the PLG gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene plasminogen url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5340 accessdate ref Function Plasmin is a serine protease that acts to dissolve fibrin blood clots. Apart from fibrinolysis, plasmin proteolysis proteolyses proteins in various other systems It activates collagenase s, some mediators of the complement system and weakens the wall of the Graafian follicle leading to ovulation . It cleaves fibrin , fibronectin , thrombospondin , laminin, and von Willebrand factor . Plasmin, like trypsin , belongs to the family of serine protease s. Plasmin is released as a zymogen called plasminogen PLG from the liver into the systemic circulation. Plasminogen is converted into active plasmin by a variety of enzymes , including tissue plasminogen activator ... of plasminogen to plasmin involves the cleavage of the peptide bond between Arg 560 and Val ... N title Plasminogen Tochigi inactive plasmin resulting from replacement of alanine 600 by threonine ... 6 ref Plasmin cleavage produces angiostatin . File Fibrinolysis.png thumb 400px Fibrinolysis simplified . Blue arrows denote stimulation, and red arrows inhibition. Pathology Deficiency in plasmin may ... of the PLG gene and is often manifested by ligneous conjunctivitis . Interactions Plasmin has ... between human alpha 2 antiplasmin and plasmin journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 254 issue 18 pages ...?id S01.233 S01.233 MeshName Plasmin NLM content Beta globulins Coagulation Serine endopeptidases ... cs Plazmin de Plasmin es Plasmin geno fr Plasmine it Plasmina he kk nl Plasmine ja pl Plazmina pt Plasmina ru sv Plasmin ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Fibrinolysis.png thumb 400px Fibrinolysis A plasminogen activator is a serine protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin, thus promoting fibrinolysis . Types include Tissue plasminogen activator Urokinase It is inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 . Serine endopeptidases Antithrombotics Category Hematology DEFAULTSORT Plasminogen Activator blood drug stub pt Ativador do plasminog nio ... more details
Image Electrophoresis.png thumb Schematic representation of a protein electrophoresis gel Beta globulins are a group of globular protein s in blood plasma plasma that are more mobile in alkali ne or electrically charged solutions than gamma globulin s, but less mobile than alpha globulin s. Beta globin is on chromosome 11. Examples of beta globulins include beta 2 microglobulin plasmin ogen angiostatin s properdin sex hormone binding globulin transferrin External links http accstr.ufl.edu electro.htm Examples of Protein Electrophoretograms at ufl.edu MeshName Beta globulins Globulins Category Proteins Cell biology stub es Beta globulina it Betaglobuline ... more details
Staphylokinase SAK is a amino acid enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus . ref Bokarewa MI, Jin T, Tarkowski A. 2006 Staphylococcus aureus Staphylokinase Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38 4 504 9 ref It is positively regulated by the agr gene regulator. It activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digest fibrin clots. This disrupts the fibrin meshwork which can often form to keep an infection localized. Staphylokinase also cleaves IgG and complement component C3b , inhibiting phagocytosis. It is classified under EC number 3.4.99.22 . References reflist Category Staphylococcaceae Category Enzymes enzyme stub Proteases de Staphylokinase zh ... more details
accessdate ref and urokinase are the agents that convert plasminogen to the active plasmin, thus allowing ... activator inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 PAI 1 and PAI 2 . In contrast, plasmin further stimulates plasmin generation by producing more active forms of both tPA and urokinase. Alpha 2 antiplasmin and alpha 2 macroglobulin inactivate plasmin. Plasmin activity is also reduced ... to the tPA mediated plasminogen. Measurement When plasmin breaks down fibrin, a number of soluble ... a role in disease states associated with inflammation. Plasmin , in addition to lysing fibrin ... more details
PBB geneid 5345 Alpha 2 antiplasmin or sub 2 sub antiplasmin or plasmin inhibitor is a serine protease inhibitor serpin responsible for inactivating plasmin , an important enzyme that participates in fibrinolysis and degradation of various other proteins. This protein is encoded by the SERPINF2 gene. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SERPINF2 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade F alpha 2 antiplasmin, pigment epithelium derived factor , member 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5345 accessdate ref Image Fibrinolysis.png thumb Fibrinolysis simplified . Blue arrows denote stimulation, and red arrows inhibition. Role in disease Very few cases 20 of A2AP deficiency have been described. As plasmin degrades blood clots, impaired inhibition of plasmin leads to a bleeding tendency, which was severe in the cases reported. Interactions Alpha 2 antiplasmin has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Plasmin ref name pmid158022 ... of the reaction between human alpha 2 antiplasmin and plasmin journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... of alpha 2 plasmin inhibitor and C1 inactivator by human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase ... alpha2 antiplasmin plasmin interactions journal Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis volume 18 issue ... IY title Fibrinolysis is amplified by converting alpha antiplasmin from a plasmin inhibitor to a substrate ... mediated by the plasminogen activator plasmin system, leading to suppression of progression of oral ... author Shibata N title Association studies between the plasmin genes and late onset Alzhemier s disease ... characterization of the alpha 2 plasmin inhibitor C terminal peptide journal Biochemistry volume 42 ... of the clot dissolving enzyme plasmin journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 36 pages 33068 74 ..., alpha 2 antiplasmin and complexes of plasmin alpha 2 antiplasmin PAP in amniotic fluid and blood ... A, K rp ti L, Muszbek L title alpha 2 plasmin inhibitor is a substrate for tissue transglutaminase ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Theca externa Latin tunica externa thecae folliculi GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12831825 The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi . They contain smooth muscle and abundant collagen . During ovulation, the surge in luteinizing hormone increases cAMP which increases progesterone and PGF2 production. The PGF2 induces the contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the theca externa, increasing intrafollicular pressure. This aids in rupture of the mature oocyte, or immature oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage in the canine, along with plasmin and collagenase degradation of the follicle wall. External links BUHistology 14805loa UCDavisOrganology Reproductive mammal ovary2 ovary5 Mammal, canine ovary LM, High UCDavisOrganology Reproductive mammal ovary5 ovary6 Mammal, bovine ovary LM, Medium UIUCHistologySubject 373 externa AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 13 249 http www.trinity.edu rblyston MicroA Lectures L39 html sld016.htm Slide at trinity.edu Female reproductive system Category Female reproductive system Anatomy stub it Teca esterna ... more details
Image D dimer.png thumb Principles of D dimer testing Fibrin degradation product FDPs , also known as fibrin split products, are components of the blood produced by clot degeneration. ref name pmid7786784 cite journal author Gaffney PJ, Edgell T, Creighton Kempsford LJ, Wheeler S, Tarelli E title Fibrin degradation product FnDP assays analysis of standardization issues and target antigens in plasma journal Br. J. Haematol. volume 90 issue 1 pages 187 94 year 1995 pmid 7786784 doi 10.1111 j.1365 2141.1995.tb03399.x ref These are produced by the action of plasmin on deposited fibrin. The most notable subtype of fibrin degradation products is D dimer . The levels of these FDPs rises after any thrombotic event. It can be used to test for disseminated intravascular coagulation . ref http peir.path.uab.edu coag article 77.shtml Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products Bot generated title ref See also D dimer References references External links MedlinePlus 003655 medicine stub Category Coagulation system nl Fibrinedegradatieproduct sl Razgradni produkt fibrina ... more details
by activating through bond cleavage to produce plasmin . There are three domains to Streptokinase, denoted ... www.youtube.com watch?v IRPX8Th8NGg Youtube Substrate Enzyme Mechanism Movie Plasmin is produced ... clots once they have fulfilled their purpose in stopping bleeding. Extra production of plasmin ... the active protease Plasmin Pm . When SK is present, it binds to Plgn to form a complex SK. Plgn that converts ... X title Crystal Structure of Catalytic Domain of Human Plasmin Complexed with Streptokinase journal ... bond Arg561 Val562. This cleavage activates the conformational change from plasminogen to plasmin ... more details
Neural drug delivery is the next step beyond the basic addition of growth factors to nerve guidance conduits . Drug delivery systems allow the rate of growth factor release to be regulated over time, which is critical for creating an environment more closely representative of in vivo development environments. ref Lavik, E. and R. Langer, Tissue engineering current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 2004. 65 p. 1 8 ref Delivery systems can have many different uses however, the emphasis of the discussion here will be on the need for drug delivery systems in nervous system injuries . First principles A major challenge of delivering growth factors to lesions in the spinal cord is the high clearance and removal due to the high turnover rate of the cerebrospinal fluid . One way to overcome this is to use a drug delivery system that slowly releases the growth factors over a prolonged period of time. ref name taylor Taylor, S.J., J.W. McDonald, and S.E. Sakiyama Elbert, Controlled release of neurotrophin 3 from fibrin gels from spinal cord injury. Journal of Controlled Release, 2004. 98 p. 281 294. ref One previously developed affinity based drug delivery system regulates the slow release of growth factors by binding them to heparin in fibrin gels. In addition to the fibrin gel there are three main components to the heparin based delivery system HBDS a synthetic linker peptide, the polysulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin, and the growth factors being delivered. ref name taylor The synthetic linker peptide is covalently crosslinked to the fibrin gels and is noncovalently linked to heparin, which noncovalently links the desired growth factor to be delivered. The release of the growth factor from heparin is mediated by cell activated plasmin degradation. When axons extend into the gel, they activate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating plasmin degradation of the fibrin gel and release of a growth factor such as NT 3 . This drug d ... more details
Antifibrinolytics , such as aminocaproic acid aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are used as inhibitors of fibrinolysis ref DorlandsDict one 000006033 antifibrinolytic ref . These lysine like drugs interfere with the formation of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin from its precursor plasminogen by plasminogen activators primarily t PA and u PA which takes place mainly in lysine rich areas on the surface of fibrin. These drugs block the binding sites of the enzymes or plasminogen respectively and thus stop plasmin formation. They are used in menorrhagia and bleeding tendency due to various causes. Their application may be beneficial in patients with hyperfibrinolysis because they arrest bleeding rapidly if the other components of the haemostatic system are not severely affected. This may help to avoid the use of blood products such as fresh frozen plasma FFP with its associated risks of infections or anaphylactic reactions. In 2010, the CRASH 2 trial showed that the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid safely reduces mortality in bleeding trauma patients ref cite journal author The CRASH 2 Collaborators http download.thelancet.com flatcontentassets pdfs S0140673610608355.pdf Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage CRASH 2 a randomised, placebo controlled trial journal Lancet volume 376 issue 9734 pages 23 32 year 2010 pmid 20554319 doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 10 60835 5 ref . The antifibrinolytic drug aprotinin was abandoned after identification of major side effects, especially on kidney. The indication for use of antifibrinolytic drugs is made with various methods. The most rapid and suitable one is thromboelastometry TEM in whole blood, which is even possible in patients on heparin . With various assays, an enhanced fibrinolysis becomes visible in the curve signature TEMogram and from the calculated values, e.g. the maximum lysis parameter. A special test for the identifica ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 404200034 Name Eckol ImageFile Eckol.PNG ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of eckol ImageAlt Chemical structure of eckol IUPACName 4 3,5 dihydroxyphenoxy dibenzo p dioxin 1,3,6,8 tetrol OtherNames br Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 88798 74 7 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASOther ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 471187 PubChem 145937 SMILES C1 C C C C C1O OC2 C C C C3 C2OC4 C C C C C4O3 O O O O O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 18 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 9 sub MolarMass 372.28 g mol ExactMass 372.048132 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Eckol is a phlorotannin isolated from brown algae Ecklonia species ref name Moon http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1002 ptr.2298 abstract Protective effect of phlorotannin components phloroglucinol and eckol on radiation induced intestinal injury in mice. Changjong Moon, Sung Ho Kim, Jong Choon Kim, Jin Won Hyun, Nam Ho Lee, Jae Woo Park and Taekyun Shin, Phytotherapy Research, Volume 22, Issue 2, pages 238 242, February 2008 ref . The molecule possesses a dibenzo p dioxin skeleton and a phloroglucinol component. The molecule can also be viewed as a phloroglucinol trimer chemistry trimer ref Inhibitory activity of brown algal phlorotannins against hyaluronidase. Toshiyuki Shibata, Ken Fujimoto, Kohki Nagayama, Kuniko Yamaguchi and Takashi Nakamura, International Journal of Food Science & Technology, Volume 37, Issue 6, pp. 703 709, August 2002, doi 10.1046 j.1365 2621.2002.00603.x ref . It exhibits an antiplasmin anti plasmin inhibitory effect and a radioprotective effect in mice ref name Moon ref http www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp english jnlabstract en.php?cdjournal bbb1961&cdvol 53&noissue 11&startpage 3025 An Anti plasmin Inhibitor, Eckol, Isolated from the Brown Alga Ecklonia kurome OKAMURA. Yasuo Nakayama, Masayuki Takahashi, Yoshiyasu Fukuyama and Zyunei Kinzyo, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Vol.53 , No.11 19 ... more details
Merge from Thrombolytic drug discuss Talk Thrombolysis Merger proposal date April 2009 Refimprove date January 2009 Thrombolysis is the breakdown lysis of thrombosis blood clots ref DorlandsDict eight 000108543 thrombolysis ref by pharmacology pharmacological means. It is colloquially referred to as clot busting for this reason. It works by stimulating fibrinolysis by plasmin through infusion of analogs of tissue plasminogen activator tPA , the protein that normally activates plasmin. Agents Thrombolysis suggests the use of thrombolytic drug s, which are either derived from Streptococcus species, or, more recently, using Recombinant DNA recombinant Biotechnology Pharmaceutical products biotechnology whereby tPA is manufactured by bacteria , resulting in a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or rtPA. Some commonly used thrombolytics are streptokinase urokinase Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator s alteplase rtPA reteplase tenecteplase Principles Formation of blood clots lies at the basis of a number of serious diseases see below . By breaking down the clot, the disease process can be arrested, or the complications reduced. While other anticoagulant s such as heparin decrease the growth of a clot, thrombolytic agents actively reduce the size of the clot. Most thrombolytic agents work by activating the enzyme plasminogen , which clears the cross linked fibrin mesh the backbone of a clot . This makes the clot soluble and subject to further proteolysis by other enzymes, and restores blood flow over occluded blood vessel s. Uses Diseases where thrombolysis is used Myocardial infarction Stroke ischemic stroke ref name pmid12917889 cite journal author Wardlaw JM, Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T, Berge E editor1 last Wardlaw editor1 first Joanna M title Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke journal Cochrane database of systematic reviews Online volume issue 3 pages CD000213 year 2003 pmid 12917889 doi 10.1002 14651858.CD000213 ref Massive pulmonary embolism Acute limb ischa ... more details
mergefrom PLAU date January 2010 Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 409091966 IUPAC name Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com monograph urokinase pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 9039 53 6 ATC prefix B01 ATC suffix AD04 ATC supplemental PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank BTD00030 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 83G67E21XI KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D03341 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1201420 Chemical data C 1376 H 2145 N 383 O 406 S 18 molecular weight 31126.5 g mol protein Name plasminogen activator, urokinase caption PLAU image width HGNCid 9052 Symbol PLAU AltSymbols EntrezGene 5328 OMIM 191840 RefSeq NM 002658 UniProt P00749 PDB ECnumber 3.4.21.31 Chromosome 10 Arm q Band 24 LocusSupplementaryData Urokinase trade name Abbokinase , also called urokinase type plasminogen activator uPA , is a serine protease EC number 3.4.21.73 . Urokinase was originally isolated from human urine , but is present in several physiological locations, such as blood stream and the extracellular matrix . The primary physiological substrate is plasminogen , which is an inactive zymogen form of the serine protease plasmin . Activation of plasmin triggers a proteolysis cascade that, depending on the physiological environment, participates in thrombolysis or extracellular matrix degradation. This links urokinase to vascular diseases and cancer. Molecular characteristics Urokinase is a 411 residue chemistry residue protein , consisting of three Domain biology domains the serine protease domain, the kringle domain , and the growth factor domain . Urokinase is synthesized as a zymogen form prourokinase or single chain urokinase , and is activated by proteolytic cleavage between L158 and I159. The two resulting chains are kept together by a disulfide bond. Interaction par ... more details
polymerization and inhibit platelet aggregation. Moreover, plasmin which is formed in excess in hyperfibrinolysis ... of plasmin and alpha 2 antiplasmin PAP . However, the sensitivity and specificity of these methods ... more details
Desmoteplase is a novel, highly fibrin specific thrombolytic agent in phase III of clinical development. In 2009, two large trials DIAS 3 and DIAS 4 were started, and the results of these studies will determine whether desmoteplase will gain marketing authorization as a safe and effective treatment for patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Filing with health authorities is estimated in the second quarter of 2012. The Denmark Danish pharmaceutical company, H. Lundbeck A S commonly known as Lundbeck , owns the worldwide rights to desmoteplase. Mode of action Desmoteplase, a chemical found in the saliva of vampire bat s, has the effect of catalysing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin blood clots. Discovery of desmoteplase As early as in 1932, the saliva of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus was known to lead to interference with the haemostatic mechanism of the host animal. ref cite web title Hawkey C. Inhibitor of platelet aggregation present in saliva of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. Br J Haematol.1967 13 6 1014 20. ref In 1991, the DNA coding of four plasminogen activators present in the saliva of the vampire bat was completed. Of the four, recombinant D. rotundus salivary plasminogen activator alpha 1 rDSPA 1 desmoteplase was investigated further. ref cite web title Schleuning WD. Vampire Bat plasminogen activator DSPA alpha 1 desmoteplase a thrombolytic drug optimized by natural selection. Haemostasis. 2001 31 3 6 118 122. ref Chemical structure The structure of desmoteplase is similar to rtPA alteplase , but it does not contain the plasmin sensitive cleavage site and the lysine binding Kringle 2 domain. As a result, desmoteplase, in comparison to rtPA, has high fibrin selectivity 100,000 v. 550 fold increase in catalytic activity , an absence of neurotoxicity , and no apparent negative effect on the blood brain barrier. Desmoteplase also has a half life of about four hours ref cite web title Paci ... more details
mergeto Urokinase discussion Talk Urokinase date January 2010 PBB geneid 5328 Urokinase type plasminogen activator is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLAU gene . ref name pmid2415429 cite journal author Nagai M, Hiramatsu R, Kaneda T, Hayasuke N, Arimura H, Nishida M, Suyama T title Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for human preprourokinase journal Gene volume 36 issue 1 2 pages 183 8 year 1985 month Dec pmid 2415429 pmc doi 10.1016 0378 1119 85 90084 8 ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a serine protease involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and possibly tumor cell migration and proliferation. A specific polymorphism in this gene may be associated with late onset Alzheimer disease and also with decreased affinity for fibrin binding. The protein encoded by this gene converts plasminogen to plasmin by specific cleavage of an Arg Val bond in plasminogen. This gene s proprotein is cleaved at a Lys Ile bond by plasmin to form a two chain derivative in which a single disulfide bond connects the amino terminal A chain to the catalytically active, carboxy terminal B chain. This two chain derivative is also called HMW uPA high molecular weight uPA . HMW uPA can be further processed into LMW uPA low molecular weight uPA by cleavage of chain A into a short chain A A1 and an amino terminal fragment. LMW uPA is proteolytically active but does not bind to the uPA receptor. ref cite web title Entrez Gene PLAU plasminogen activator, urokinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5328 accessdate ref Interactions PLAU has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Protein C inhibitor . ref name pmid2752144 cite journal last Geiger first M authorlink coauthors Huber K, Wojta J, Stingl L, Espana F, Griffin J H, Binder B R year 1989 month Aug. title Complex format ... more details
. Activation of the fibrinolytic system generates plasmin in the presence of thrombin , which is responsible ..., the presence of plasmin is critical, as it is the central proteolytic enzyme of coagulation and is also ..., excess circulating thrombin assists in the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, resulting in fibrinolysis ... properties, contributing to hemorrhage. The excess plasmin also activates the complement and kinin ... more details
An oligopeptide oligo , few consists of between 2 and 20 amino acids and includes dipeptide s, tripeptide s, tetrapeptide s, pentapeptide s, etc. Examples of oligopeptides include Amanitins Cyclic peptides taken from carpophores of several different mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerase s in most eukaryotic species, the prevent the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanita phalloides , poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. Antipain An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor. Ceruletide A specific decapeptide found in the skin of Hyla caerulea , the Australian Green Tree Frog Australian green tree frog . Ceruletide has very much in common with regards to action and composition to cholecystokinin . It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion and certain smooth muscle . It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models. Glutathione A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. Leupeptin s A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin , plasmin , kallikrein s, papain and the cathepsin s. Netropsin A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis . It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research. Pepstatin s N acylated oligopeptides isolated from culture filtrates of Actinomycetes, which act specifically to inhibit acid proteases such as pepsin and renin. Peptide T N N N 2 N N N N small D small Alanyl small L small seryl small L small threonyl small L small threonyl small L small threonyl small L small asparaginyl small L small tyros ... more details
Angiostatin is a naturally occurring protein found in several animal species, including humans. It is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor i.e., it blocks the growth of new blood vessel s , and it is currently undergoing clinical trial s for its use in anticancer therapy. ref http www.clinicaltrials.gov ct gui show NCT00049790 jsessionid 91EE48B7C2F7D935B96F12E31D5609E3?order 1. Safety and Efficacy Study of rhAngiostatin Administered in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin to Patients With Non Small Cell Lung Cancer Full Text View ClinicalTrials.gov Bot generated title ref Structure Angiostatin is a 38 kDa fragment of a larger protein, plasmin itself a fragment of plasminogen enclosing three to five contiguous Kringle modules. Each module contains two small beta sheet s and three disulfide bond s. ref cite journal author Cao Y, Ji RW, Davidson D, et al. title Kringle domains of human angiostatin. Characterization of the anti proliferative activity on endothelial cells journal The Journal of Biological Chemistry volume 271 issue 46 pages 29461 7 year 1996 month November pmid 8910613 url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8910613 accessdate 2009 06 18 doi 10.1074 jbc.271.46.29461 ref ref cite journal author O Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, et al. title Angiostatin a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma journal Cell volume 79 issue 2 pages 315 28 year 1994 month October pmid 7525077 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 94 90200 3 ref Generation Angiostatin is produced, for example, by autoproteolytic cleavage of plasminogen, involving extracellular disulfide bond Redox reduction by phosphoglycerate kinase . Furthermore, angiostatin can be cleaved from plasminogen by different metalloproteinase s MMPs , elastase , prostate specific antigen PSA , 13 KD serine protease , or 24KD endopeptidase . Biological activity Angiostatin is known to bind many proteins, especially to angiomotin and endothelial cell sur ... more details
Image HepG2.jpg thumb 250px right Hep G2 Cells Hep G2 is a human liver carcinoma cell line . Technical reference ATCC No. HB 8065 Hep G2 Hepatocellular carcinoma , human br Hep G2 is a Biological immortality perpetual cell line which was derived from the liver tissue of a 15 year old Caucasian American male with a well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. These cells are epithelium epithelial in morphology, have a model Ploidy chromosome number of 55 and are not tumorigenic in nude mice. Citation needed date September 2011 The cells secrete a variety of major plasma proteins e.g., albumin , transferrin and the acute phase proteins fibrinogen , alpha 2 Macroglobulin alpha 2 macroglobulin , alpha 1 antitrypsin , transferrin and Plasmin plasminogen . They have been grown successfully in large scale cultivation systems. Hepatitis B virus surface antigens have not been detected. Hep G2 cells have been shown to be G418 resistant 400 g mL . The cells will respond to stimulation with human growth hormone . HepG2 cells are a suitable in vitro model system for the study of polarized human hepatocytes. Another well characterized polarized hepatocyte cell lines includes the rat hepatoma derived hybrid cell line WIF B Ihrke et al., 1993 . With the proper culture conditions, HepG2 cells display robust morphological and functional differentiation with a controllable formation of apical and basolateral cell surface domains van IJzendoorn et al., 1997 2000, etc. that resemble the bile canalicular BC and sinusoidal domains, respectively, in vivo . Because of their high degree of morphological and functional differentiation in vitro , HepG2 cells are a suitable model to study the intracellular trafficking and dynamics of bile canalicular and sinusoidal membrane proteins and lipids in human hepatocytes in vitro . This can be important for the study of human liver diseases that are caused by an incorrect subcellular distribution of cell surface proteins, e.g. hepatocanalicular tran ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 476999776 IUPAC name 6 aminohexanoic acid image 6 Aminocaproic acid.png Clinical data tradename Amicar Drugs.com drugs.com monograph aminocaproic acid MedlinePlus a608023 pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism Renal elimination half life 2 hours Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 60 32 2 ATC prefix B02 ATC suffix AA01 ATC supplemental PubChem 564 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite changed drugbank DrugBank APRD00791 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 548 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII U6F3787206 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D00160 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 16586 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 1046 Chemical data C 6 H 13 N 1 O 2 molecular weight 131.173 g mol smiles O C O C N CCCC InChI 1 C6H13NO2 c1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 h5H,2 4,7H2,1H3, H,8,9 InChIKey LRQKBLKVPFOOQJ UHFFFAOYAT StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H13NO2 c7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 9 h1 5,7H2, H,8,9 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey SLXKOJJOQWFEFD UHFFFAOYSA N Aminocaproic acid also known as Amicar, aminocaproic acid, Ahx, or 6 aminohexanoic acid is a derivative and analogue of the amino acid lysine , which makes it an effective enzyme inhibitor inhibitor for enzyme s that bind that particular residue. Such enzymes include proteolytic enzymes like plasmin , the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis . For this reason it is effective in treatment of certain coagulopathy bleeding disorders , and it is marketed as Amicar. Aminocaproic acid is also an intermediate in the polymerization of Nylon 6, where it is formed by ring opening hydrolysis of caprolactam . Clinical use Aminocaproic acid is used to treat excessive postoperative bleeding, especially after procedures in which a great amount of bleeding is indicated, such as cardiac surgery. It can be g ... more details
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