Pleistocene The Pleistocene IPAc en icon p l a s t s i n symbol P sub S sub ref cite web url http ... Pleistocene is derived from the Greek lang grc pleistos most and lang grc kainos new . The Pleistocene epoch follows the Pliocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene Geologic time scale epoch . The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary period geology Period or sixth ... people gibbard GTS2004Quat.pdf Gibbard, P. and van Kolfschoten, T. 2004 The Pleistocene and Holocene ..., ISBN 0521781426 ref The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period ... Classification for Standards ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stage stratigraphy stages or age geology ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian stage Calabrian , Middle Pleistocene Ionian ... by the International Union of Geological Sciences , the boundary between the Pleistocene and the preceding ... years may use either definition of the period. Dating The Pleistocene has been dated from ... Union of Geological Sciences IUGS confirmed a change in time period for the Pleistocene ... as the base of the Pleistocene, namely the base of the Monte San Nicola GSSP. ref Riccardi, Alberto ... ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary ... Boundary Stratotype Section and Point GSSP , for the upper Pleistocene Holocene boundary i.e. the upper ... of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined Magnetostratigraphy magnetostratigraphically as the base ... unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale Episodes 21 pp. 82 87 ref The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio Pleistocene has in the past been used ... of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma, results in the inclusion of all the recent repeated glaciations within the Pleistocene. Paleogeography and climate Image Pleistocene north ice map.jpg thumb The maximum extent of ice age glacial ice in the north polar area during the Pleistocene period. The modern continent ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2012 Quaternary The Early Pleistocene also known as the Lower Pleistocene is a epoch geology subepoch in the international geologic timescale or a series stratigraphy subseries in chronostratigraphy , being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period system and Pleistocene epoch series. It spans the time between 2.588 0.005 annum Ma million years ago and 0.781 0.005 Ma. The Early Pleistocene consists of the Gelasian and the Calabrian stage Calabrian age geology ages . Notes references Geological history p c Category Pleistocene geochronology stub de Altpleistoz n fa it Pleistocene inferiore nl Vroeg Pleistoceen nn Tidleg pleistocen nds Ooltpleistoz n pt Pleistoceno Inferior sh Donji pleistocen vi Pleistocen s m ... more details
The term Plio Pleistocene refers to the geological period more recent than circa 5 million years Ma ago, incorporating both the formally defined Epoch geology epochs of the Pliocene and the Pleistocene . Strictly, this would exclude the Holocene the last 12 thousand years but informally most Earth Scientists would probably consider the term to incorporate this period. ref e.g., Anderson, R.S., Molnar, P. and Kessler, M.A., 2006, Features of glacial valley profiles simply explained, J. Geophys. Res., v. 111, F01004, doi 10.1029 2005JF000344. ref The term is particularly useful since the Plio Pleistocene covers a period of gradual but prolonged long term atmospheric cooling from generally warmer temperatures in the earlier Neogene towards Late Pleistocene or indeed modern, if the present Holocene interglacial is considered as superimposed on the longer trend conditions. ref Lisiecki, L.E., and Raymo, M.E., 2005, A Plio Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records, Paleoceanography, v. 20, PA1003, doi 10.1029 2004PA001071. ref The mid Pliocene saw the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at around 3 Ma, ref Bartoli, G. et al., 2005, Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 237, 3344. ref and many authors may informally use Plio Pleistocene as a synonym for the period in which the Northern Hemisphere has been glaciated. In a specifically archaeology archaeological context, Plio Pleistocene has been used to describe a long and continuous run of dated sedimentary layers in Jakarta, East Africa Citation needed date February 2007 . This archaeological pseudo period dates from about 2.5 annum Ma to 1.5 Ma, straddling the boundary between the Pliocene and Pleistocene . The contents of its layers give a clear view of the continuous development of recent vertebrates , especially hominin s. References Reflist Category Pliocene Category Pleistocene ... more details
Quaternary The Middle Pleistocene , more specifically referred to as the Ionian stage , is a period of geologic time from ca. 781 to 126 thousand years ago. The base of the Ionian Stage succeeds the Calabrian Stage the beginning of the Brunhes Matuyama reversal and precedes the Tyrrhenian Stage or Upper Pleistocene , which in turn spans from the beginning of the last interglacial Marine isotopic stage 5 to the base of the Holocene 10.5 ka . Although experts are not yet in agreement on how to subdivide the stages of the Pleistocene epoch, a possible international consensus on one subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch called the Ionian Stage exists. The Ionian stage includes all of the European Sicilian Stage and the first part of the Tyrrhenian Stage . Origin Suitable sections for defining the base of the Ionian Stage are located in southern Italy. During Lower and Middle Pleistocene the Adriatic Ionian sea Ionian margin was characterized by high sedimentation rates, in response to intense differential tectonic subsidence and massive sedimentary yield. Specifically, candidate sections are the Montalbano Jonico Section Bradanic Trough, Basilicata Region and the Valle di Manche Nord Section San Mauro Marchesato , Crotone Basin, Calabria Region . In the former, a spectacular succession .... Presently, the Montalbano Ionico section is possibly the main candidate for defining the Lower Pleistocene Lower Middle Pleistocene boundary, when a reliable magnetostratigraphic record is found. Faunal stages North American land mammal ages within the Middle Pleistocene South American land mammal ages within the Middle Pleistocene Asian land mammal ages within the Middle Pleistocene European land mammal ages within the Middle Pleistocene References http www.stratigraphy.org geowhen stages Middle Pleistocene.html GeoWhen Database Middle Pleistocene Quaternary Footer Geological history p c Category Pleistocene de Mittelpleistoz n es Ioniano it Ioniano nl Midden Pleistoceen nn Mellompleistocen ... more details
Quaternary The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene epoch geology Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian Stage stratigraphy stage Pleistocence Series stratigraphy series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 5,000 years ago. The end of the age is defined as 11,700 calendar years b2 k before AD 2000 ref name Walker 2009a Walker, M., S. Johnsen, S.O. Rasmussen, T. Popp, J. P. Steffensen, P. Gibbard, W. Hoek, J. Lowe, A. John, B. John, S. Bj rck, L.C. Cwynar, K. Hughen, K. Konrad, K. Peter, B. Kromer, T. Litt, D.J. Lowe, T. Nakagawa, R. Newnham, and J. Schwander 2008 https engineering.purdue.edu Stratigraphy references HoloceneGSSP JQuatSci090.pdf Formal definition and dating of the GSSP Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 1 3 17. ref The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch. Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia . Many megafauna became extinct over this age, a trend that continued into the Holocene. Also, Homo genus human species other than human modern humans died out during the Pleistocene. Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene. References Reflist Paleoclimatology stages Younger Dryas Aller d oscillation Aller d Older Dryas B lling oscillation B lling Oldest Dryas North American Land Mammal Ages within the Late Pleistocene Rancholabrean age 0.3 Ma. Upper boundary 0.011 Ma. Further reading ... Footer Geological history p c Category Pleistocene geochronology stub de Jungpleistoz n es Tarantiano gl Pleistoceno Superior ko it Pleistocene superiore nl Laat Pleistoceen nn Sein ... more details
Ant n.jpg thumb 450px Pleistocene Park lang ru is a nature reserve at the Kolyma ... during the last ice age . ref name natgeo2005 Citation title Pleistocene Park Underway Home for Reborn ... Pleistocene Park. ... ref Goals The effort is being led by Russia n researcher Sergey Zimov ..., who hopes to recreate a mammoth steppe in north east Siberia, part of a Pleistocene Park. Work on the project ... change, destroyed the wildlife. The aim of Pleistocene Park is to recreate the ancient taiga ... conservation biology rewilding Pleistocene Park s landscape with megafauna that was previously ... was enlarged. ref name meyer2005 In company of the horses are other forms of Pleistocene survivors ... their ancient ecological niches in Siberia and regenerate the Pleistocene terrain with its different ... to recreate the extensive grasslands that covered the Beringia region in the late Pleistocene. This form ... and medium herbivores. Back in the Pleistocene the area was populated by many species of grazers which ... predation browsers of the Pleistocene. This group of megafauna included Woolly rhinoceros , Moose , Elk ... species of mountain going animals like the Snow sheep . Back in the Pleistocene there was also ... the Pleistocene in this region but which are now faced with possible extinction in their remaining ... , red fox and Eurasian brown bear . However there have been suggestions for the rewilding of more Pleistocene ... are situated very close to the location of Pleistocene Park. Evidence points out that these populations ... Pleistocene Park is a 160 km sup 2 sup scientific nature reserve zakaznik , owned and administered by a non profit corporation, Pleistocene Park Association, consisting of the ecologist ... , proposed Pleistocene rewilding on the North America n great plains in 50 years. Proposed species ... into order, but it is possible as Europe had large amounts of megafauna during the Pleistocene. Creatures ..., along with expanding populations of musk oxen , reindeer , bison , and brown bear . See also Pleistocene ... more details
See also Rewilding Institute Pleistocene Rewilding promotes the reintroduction of descendants of Pleistocene ... Rubenstein first D.R. coauthors D.I. Rubenstein, P.W. Sherman, T.A. Gavin title Pleistocene Park ... 2008 07 28 ref Toward the end of the Pleistocene era roughly 13,000 to 10,000 years ago , nearly all megafauna of South, Central, North America and Europe dwindled toward Pleistocene extinction extinction ... S. Martin originator of the Pleistocene rewilding theory states that present Ecosystem ecological ... a pivotal role in conservation efforts. Communities where species evolved in response to Pleistocene ... Galetti first M. title Parks of the Pleistocene Recreating the cerrado and the Pantanal with megafauna ... journal last Donlan first C.J. coauthors et al. title Pleistocene Rewilding An Optimistic Agenda for Twenty ... they occupy, which supports the idea that communities evolved in response to large mammals. Pleistocene ... preserve current megafauna, while filling ecological niches that have been vacant since the Pleistocene ... The Pleistocene rewilding project aims at the promotion of extant fauna and the reintroduction .... The Bolson tortoise was widespread during the Pleistocene era, and continued to be common ... step to recreate the soil humidity present in the Pleistocene, which would support grassland ... the Pleistocene era, until European settlers drove them to near extinction in the late 19th century ... peccary , a species of New World wild pig which was abundant in the Pleistocene. Although this species ... alongside the mammoth and ground sloth . The Pleistocene grasslands of North America were the birthplace ... World the dromedary and Bactrian camel . Pleistocene rewilding suggests that the closest relatives ... . During the Pleistocene there existed two species of tapir in North America the California and Florida tapirs. They became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene era, but their relatives survive in South ... the Pleistocene large populations of Proboscidea ns lived in North America, such as the Columbian ... more details
Pleistocene megafauna is the set of species of large animals &mdash mammal s, bird s and reptile s &mdash that lived on Earth during the Pleistocene epoch geology epoch and became extinct in a Quaternary extinction event . These species appear to have died off as human s expanded out of Africa and southern Asia , the only continents that still retain a diversity of megafauna comparable to what was lost. The Americas, northern Eurasia, Australia and many larger islands lost the vast majority of their larger and all of their largest mammals. Four theory theories have been given for these extinctions hunting by the spreading humans, ref Marc A. Carrasco, Anthony D. Barnosky, Russell W. Graham http www.plosone.org article info 3Adoi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pone.0008331 Quantifying the Extent of North American Mammal Extinction Relative to the Pre Anthropogenic Baseline plosone.org December 16, 2009 ref Climate change climatic change , spreading disease , and an impact from an asteroid or comet, ref name Globe9 25 07pA2 Citation last Nickerson first Colin title Cosmic blast may have killed off megafauna Scientists say early humans doomed, too url http www.boston.com news nation articles 2007 09 25 cosmic blast may have killed off megafauna page A2. publisher The Boston Globe location Boston ... thumb 200px Sir Richard Owen and a Dinornis Moa skeleton. Pleistocene fauna animals fauna ... wildlife in the Pleistocene varied greatly, an example is the giant ground sloth , Megatherium . ref ... s and monitors and numerous large flightless birds. Pleistocene Australia supported large Procoptodon ... past aDNA.html Extinct dwarf elephants from the Mediterranean islands ref Cultural depictions The Pleistocene ... s Journey of the BBC s documentary Walking with Beasts has realistic recreations of Pleistocene ... http www.pbs.org wgbh nova stoneage mega list.html title The Extinct Late Pleistocene Mammals of North ... Prehistoric mammals Category Pleistocene animals Category Pleistocene extinctions Link FA hu hu Pleisztoc n ... more details
Throughout the State of Michigan in the USA , many people have found the remains of Pleistocene mammal s, almost exclusively mammoth s and mastodon s. Most of these fossils are found by farmers or construction workers, but most are now in the collection of the University of Michigan . The finding of vertebrate fossil s in Michigan is quite rare, so it is best to turn over any specimens to a university or museum for proper cleaning and documentation. Many of these mastodon fossils are found in Southern Michigan, mostly around Ann Arbor . Most mammoth sites are in Northern Michigan. Pleistocene mammals of Michigan Jefferson Mammoths, Mammuthus jeffersoni This species of Mammoth has been found throughout Michigan, and is believed to have eaten mostly grass based on the characteristics of its teeth. These animals were much like the horse, chewing their food from side to side. Specimens of this animal have been found with marks on their bones from what is believed to have been stone tool s, which suggests that ancient indigenous people hunted and butchered these huge animals. American Mastodons, Mammut americanum The American Mastodon is not only a spectacular fossil found in southern Michigan, but is Michigan s state fossil. It is believed that these animals feed on trees, and lived in herds, much like modern elephant s. Along with mammoths, specimens of mastodons with marks from stone tools have been found, which means that they were probably hunted. Giant Beaver, Castoroides ohioensis This was by far the largest beaver ever to live, growing up to 7 feet long. Only five sites have ever been recovered, and most of what has been found is parts of the skull and lower jaw . Scott s Moose, Cervalces scotti Only one specimen of this animal has been found in Michigan, an antler that was found in Berrien County, Michigan Berrien County . Woodland Musk Ox, Symbos cavifrons There are seven ... Category Pleistocene mammals Category Megafauna of North America ... more details
File Florida 2.5mya.png thumb 175px right Pleistocene Florida during glacial advancement approximately 2.5 million years ago. Leon County Pleistocene coastal terraces and shorelines were the geologic result of warming and cooling periods in what is now Leon County, Florida during the Pleistocene epoch . Overview Repeated growth and retreat of the Wisconsinian glaciation North American glacial sheet resulted in fluctuations of sea level over several thousand years. Florida submerged and emerged several times leaving behind established terrace geology terraces assigned by mineral deposits and maximum sea level relative to the current mean sea level . These marine terrace s and shorelines were named by various geologists, verified and mapped by the USGS . Each glacial retreat caused sea level to rise less than the previous warming event, giving an extremely accurate depiction of the appearance of Florida. Leon County was studied in detail by C. W. Hendry and C. Sproul in 1966. Hazelhurst File Coharie Leon County Florida01.png thumb right 175px Map depicting Leon County and the Coharie terrace and shorelines of 6 islands. The Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline formerly the Brandywine was assigned by C. W. Cooke ref Cooke, C. W., Seven coastal terraces in the Southeastern states, Washington ... . During the interstadial period of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epoch, the Hazelhurst terrace ... the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat and left behind dry land in the form of six distinct islands ... during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Okefenokee is defined by sediments at 52 to 30.5 ... become Lake Lafayette is a Pleistocene river delta with the lake s eastern section accessing the sea ... and 125,000 years ago. ref Kurt n, Bjorn, Anderson, Elaine. Pleistocene mammals of North America ... Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Wicomico is defined by sediments located at 30.5 to 21 meters 100 ... USGS Terrace and shoreline map of Florida. Category Natural history of Florida Category Pleistocene ... more details
Moscovian , deriving from Moscow , the capital of Russia , can have the following meanings An inhabitant of Moscow. In stratigraphy Moscovian Carboniferous , an ICS stage in the Carboniferous Moscovian Pleistocene , a regional stage in the Pleistocene. disambig ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 italictitle Taxobox name Habanocnus image Habanocnus.JPG image caption Habanocnus hoffstetteri fossil range Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Xenarthra familia Megalonychidae genus extinction Habanocnus subdivision ranks Species subdivision H. hoffstetteri H. paulacouto they Habanocnus Havana sloth is an extinct genus of ground sloth indigenous to Late Pleistocene Cuba . It was related to the genus Megalocnus paleo mammal stub Category Prehistoric sloths Category Pleistocene extinctions es Habanocnus ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Taxobox fossil range Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Primates familia Cercopithecidae subfamilia Cercopithecinae genus Macaque Macaca species M. majori binomial Macaca majori binomial authority Schaub and Azzaroli, 1946 Macaca majori was a prehistoric Macaque from the Pleistocene of Sardinia , Italy Category Fossil taxa described in 1946 Category Cercopithecine monkeys Category Prehistoric monkeys Category Prehistoric mammals of Europe Category Pleistocene mammals oldworld monkey stub ... more details
Backstairs Passage is a body of water lying between Cape Jervis on the Australia n mainland and Kangaroo Island in South Australia . It disappeared under the rising sea around 13,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene Pleistocene era . coord 35.6908 138.0686 display title region AU SA type waterbody SouthAustralia geo stub Category Straits of Australia ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Pleistocene name Speothos pacivorus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Carnivora familia Canidae genus Speothos species Extinction S. pacivorus binomial Speothos pacivorus binomial authority Peter Wilhelm Lund Lund , 1839 Speothos pacivorus is an extinct relative of the Bush Dog whose fossils date from the late Pleistocene . When compared to the Bush Dog, S. pacivorus had an overall larger body size and a double rooted second lower Molar tooth molar . References cite journal last Berta first Annalisa title The Pleistocene Bush Dog Speothos pacivorus Canidae from the Lagoa Santa Caves, Brazil journal Journal of Mammalogy year 1984 month November volume 65 issue 4 pages 549 559 jstor 1380837 Category Prehistoric canines Category Pleistocene extinctions Category Pleistocene mammals paleo carnivora stub ca Speothos pacivorus fr Speothos pacivorus lv Speothos pacivorus pl Speothos pacivorus ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 Meninatherium is an extinct genus of the Asia n rhinoceros . Meninatherium had one horn anatomy horn on its snout and was covered in fur. It lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. It was a prototype Vague date February 2009 of the woolly rhinoceros . Category Prehistoric rhinoceroses Category Pliocene mammals Category Pleistocene mammals Category Prehistoric mammals of Asia paleo oddtoedungulate stub fr Meninatherium telleri ... more details
The Ensenadan age is a period of geologic time 1.2 0.8 Mya unit Ma within the Early Pleistocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages . It follows the Uquian and precedes the Lujanian age. ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action displayInterval&interval no 719 Paleo Database Ensenadan ref References reflist Category Pleistocene Neogene Footer geochronology stub ... more details
The Shungura Formation is a paleontology palaeontological formation located in Ethiopia . It dates to the Pliocene Lower Pleistocene period. See also List of fossil sites References Geobios15 505. aut Vickers Rich, Patricia & Rich, Thomas Hewett 1993 Wildlife of Gondwana . Reed. ISBN 0 7301 0315 3 Category Pleistocene paleontological sites of Africa Category Geology of Ethiopia Category Pliocene paleontological sites of Africa Ethiopia stub geologic formation stub ... more details
The Usno Formation is a paleontology palaeontological formation located in Ethiopia . It dates to the Pliocene Lower Pleistocene period. See also List of fossil sites References Geobios15 505. aut Vickers Rich, Patricia & Rich, Thomas Hewett 1993 Wildlife of Gondwana . Reed. ISBN 0 7301 0315 3 Category Pleistocene paleontological sites of Africa Category Geology of Ethiopia Category Pliocene paleontological sites of Africa Ethiopia stub geologic formation stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Hypolagus fossil range Early Miocene to Middle Pleistocene image Hypolagus.jpg image width 250px image caption Restoration regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Lagomorpha familia Leporidae genus Hypolagus genus authority Dice, 1917 Hypolagus is an extinct genus of Lagomorpha , first recorded in the Hemingfordian early to middle Miocene of North America . It enters Asia during the early Turolian and spreads to Europe not much later, where it survives until the Middle Pleistocene . Though unknown in the Iberian Peninsula , fossil s of this genus have been found in the Balearic Islands , suggesting an eastern migration during the dry period in the Mediterranean region known as the Messinian Salinity Crisis . ref Quintana et al. 2010 Presence of Hypolagus Dice, 1917 Mammalia, Lagomorpha in the Neogene of the Balearic Islands Western Mediterranean Description of Hypolagus balearicus nov. sp. . Geobios 43, 555 567 ref Species H. balearicus Early Pliocene, Mallorca and possibly Ibiza H. beremendensis Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Europe H. brachygnathus Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, Europe H. gromovi Late Turolian to Early Ruscinian , Caucasus region H. multiplicatus Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Baikal region H. peregrinus Early Pleistocene, Sicily H. schreuderae Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, China H. transbaicalicus Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Baikal region H. vetus Late Miocene, North America ref William W. Korth Donald D. De Blieux. 2010 . Rodents and Lagomorphs Mammalia from the Hemphillian Late Miocene of Utah . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 1 226 235. ref References Reflist Category Prehistoric lagomorphs Lagomorph stub ru ... more details
The Jaramillo normal event is a period of normal polarity of Earth s magnetic field during the Matumaya Reversed Epoch . ref cite book last Glen first William title The Road to Jaramillo date 1982 publisher Stanford University Press ref The Jaramillo normal event is dated to 1.06 to 0.9 million years ago in the stratigraphy stratigraphic record of Pleistocene Epoch geology epoch rocks found near Jaramillo Creek in the Valles Caldera of New Mexico . References reflist Category Pleistocene ... more details
Infobox mountain name Spanish Bonk photo photo caption elevation m 1770 elevation ref prominence location British Columbia British Columbia, Canada range Quesnel Highland coordinates coord 52 13 N 120 37 W type mountain region CA topo type Volcanic plug age Pleistocene last eruption Pleistocene first ascent easiest route Spanish Bonk is a volcanic plug located in the Quesnel Highland of the Wells Gray Clearwater volcanic field in southeastern British Columbia , Canada . Spanish Bonk last erupted during the Pleistocene . See also List of volcanoes in Canada External links http gsc.nrcan.gc.ca volcanoes cat belt wells e.php National Resources Canada Category Volcanic plugs of British Columbia Category Mountains of British Columbia Category Wells Gray Clearwater Category Pleistocene volcanoes BritishColumbiaInterior geo stub ... more details
Taxobox name Parmularius status Fossil fossil range Pliocene Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla familia Bovidae subfamilia Alcelaphinae tribus Alcelaphini genus Parmularius subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. pachyceras P. ambiquus P. pandatus P. atlanticus P. rugosus P. altidens P. angusticornis Parmularius is a genus of large extinct African Alcelaphinae alcelaphines from the Pliocene and Pleistocene . It is a close relative of topi and hartebeest . One species is noticeable by its long, weakly curved Horn anatomy horns . ref citation title The Hunters Or the Hunted? Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy author Charles Kimberlin Brain year 1981 publisher University of Chicago Press url http books.google.com ?id E4JyZgr8y50C&pg PA170&dq Parmularius isbn 9780226070896 ref References reflist Category Alcelaphinae Category Prehistoric bovids Category Pliocene mammals Category Pleistocene mammals Category Pleistocene extinctions paleo eventoedungulate stub es Parmularius fr Parmularius genre ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 Querandiornis was a prehistoric bird from the Pleistocene epoch . It lived about 6 million years ago. Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages Category Genera of birds paleo bird stub hr Querandiornis ... more details
The Rancholabrean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology NALMA , typically set from less than 240,000 years to 11,000 years Before Present BP , a period of Mya 0.3 0.011 million years ref name Sandersetal2009 aut Sanders, A.E., R.E. Weems, and L.B. Albright III 2009 Formalization of the mid Pleistocene Ten Mile Hill beds in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian Rancholabrean boundary, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 64 369 375 ref . It is usually considered to overlap the Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene epochs. The Rancholabrean is preceded by the Irvingtonian NALMA stage. The Rancholabrean can be further divided into the substages of Sheridanian Upper boundary source of the base of the Holocene approximate ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action displayInterval&interval no 239 Paleobiology Database, Sheridanian substage ref The Rancholabrean shares this time period with the Oldenburgian of European Land Mammal Ages . Neogene Footer Quaternary Footer References reflist Category Pleistocene fr Rancholabr en ... more details
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