Pluralvoting is the practice whereby one person might be able to vote multiple times in an election . It is not to be confused with a plurality voting system which does not necessarily involve pluralvoting. Weighted voting is a generalisation of pluralvoting. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , for example, up to 1948, people affiliated with a university were allowed vote in both a university constituency and their home constituency, and property owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. Some university educated property owners could even vote in three different constituencies. These practices were abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948 , which was first applied in the 1950 General Election. Belgium In Belgium, pluralvoting was introduced in 1893 and applied for elections from 1894 to 1919 as a way to limit the impact of universal suffrage . Every male citizen over 25 got one vote for legislative elections, but some electors got up to 2 supplementary votes according to some criteria ref http www.belgium.be eportal application?languageRedirected yes&docId 3448&pageid contentPage&languageParameter nl L volution du droit de vote , Belgium.be official Belgian Portal ref ref http books.google.com books?id keh JJginLwC&pg PA118&lpg PA118&dq belgique 22vote plural 22&source web&ots 40axcnLqSN&sig cYup8 MEjI5WDhKGBaQdOH8XHcs Marie Th r se Bitsch, Histoire de la Belgique de l Antiquit nos jours , Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 2004, ISBN 2804800237 ref holder of a school diploma family head over 30, paying a poll tax of at least 5 francs holder of a savings account of at least 2,000 francs, or beneficiary of a life annuity of at least 100 francs. For municipal elections, a fourth ... income was at least of 150 francs. New Zealand Pluralvoting, also referred to as Dual Voting , was abolished ... Reflist Category Voting systems fr Vote plural ... more details
Refimprove date January 2012 Wiktionary plural In linguistics , plurality or a plural is a concept of quantity ... to the plural morpheme the value more than one yet that is a mistake. Consider the form of the noun ... value of the so called plural is, then, other than one . Typically applied to noun s, a plural ... such as stress or implicit markers context. In the English language , singular and plural are the only .... A plural is commonly abbreviated pl. in dictionaries. In part of speech tagging it has other notation ... main English plural In English, the plural is usually formed with the addition of s e.g., one ... plural forms require more noticeable changes in word structure. Most words ending in a y preceded ... . A small class of words have identical singular and plural forms e.g., one sheep , two sheep one aircraft , two aircraft . See English plural Irregular plurals for more examples of irregular pluralisation ... . In languages with dual, trial, or paucal numbers, plural refers to numbers higher than those. However, numbers besides singular, plural, and to a lesser extent dual are extremely rare. Languages with measure ... grammatical number at all, though they are likely to have plural personal pronoun s. Some languages like Mele Fila language Mele Fila distinguish between a plural and a greater plural. A greater plural ... between the paucal, the plural, and the greater plural is often relative to the type ..., paucal, greater paucal, and plural. Such languages as these have the most complex grammatical ..., Polish language Polish has singular and plural, and a special form paucal for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14 . Russian uses plural form of words ending ... and genitive plural form of words for all other numbers. In addition, Slovene language Slovene ... to the paucal for numbers 2 4 , several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural the latter being treated as a collective noun . For example, there are two ways to say ... more details
A double plural is a plural form to which an extra suffix has been added, mainly because the original plural suffix had become improductive and therefore irregular. So the form as a whole was no longer seen as a plural this is an instance of morphological leveling . Examples of this can be seen in the history of English language English and Dutch language Dutch . Historically, the general English plural markers were not only s or en but also in certain specific declensions ra ru which is still rather general today in German language German under the form er . The ancient plural of child was cildra cildru , to which an en suffix was later added when the ra ru became unproductive the Dutch plural form kind er en and the corresponding Zeelandic form kind er s are also double plurals which were formed in the same way as the English double plurals, while for example German and Limburgian have historically conservative single plurals such as Kind er . wikt double plural See also Reduplicated plural Category Grammatical number Category Historical linguistics ling morph stub nl Stapelmeervoud ... more details
A plural district was a district in the United States House of Representatives that was represented by more than one member. States using this method elected multiple members from some of their geographically defined districts, either on a single ballot plurality at large voting block voting or on separate concurrent ballots for each seat conducting multiple plurality voting system plurality elections . This method was used to give more populous counties additional representation without dividing them into multiple districts voters were instead allowed to either vote in several elections or to vote for a slate of candidates. It was a system used mostly in Maryland , New York and Pennsylvania until prohibited by the 1842 Apportionment Bill and subsequent legislation. TOCright Plural district usage This is a table of every instance of the use of plural districts in the United States Congress class wikitable Congress State & Number of Representatives br District numbers 3rd United States Congress 3rd MA 13 1,2,3,4 4th United States Congress 4th PA 2 4 5th United States Congress 5th PA 2 4 6th United States Congress 6th PA 2 4 7th United States Congress 7th PA 2 4 8th United States Congress 8th MD 2 5 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 9th United States Congress 9th MD 2 5 , NY 2 2,3 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 10th United States Congress 10th MD 2 5 , NY 2 2,3 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 11th United States Congress 11th MD 2 5 , NY 4 2,6 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 12th United States Congress 12th MD 2 5 , NY 4 2,6 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 13th United States Congress 13th MD 2 5 , NJ 6 1,2,3 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 14th United States Congress 14th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 15th United States Congress 15th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 16th United States Congress 16th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 17th United States Congress 17th MD 2 5 , NY 10 1,2,12,15,20 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 18th United States Congress 18th MD 2 5 , NY 7 3,20,26 , PA 14 4,7,8,9,11,16 ... more details
A reduplicated plural is a grammatical form achieved by the superfluous use of a second plural ending. Example In English language English the plural is usually formed with the addition of s e.g. one cat, two cats one chair, two chairs. In the Sussex dialect , however, until relatively recently there existed a reduplicated plural e.g. one ghost, two ghostes ghostesses one post, two postes postesses note that here the Sussex pluralisation instead of adding just s after st , adds either es as its usual plural, or a reduplicated esses . ref http google.com search?q cache GItjg1mDV2EJ www.sussexhistory.co.uk sussex dialect sussex dialect 2520 25200113.htm 22reduplicated plural 22 sussex&cd 3&hl en&ct clnk&gl uk&client firefox a A Dictionary Of The Sussex Dialect ref Kipling in Puck of Pook s Hill uses the Sussex reduplicated plural, employing for example pharisee s for fairies . ref http www.kipling.org.uk rg dymchurch1.htm Dymchurch Flit , Donald Mackenzie ref For the case when two different plural endings have historically been added on to a word but one of them is no longer synchronically felt to have to have plural force, or even to be a distinct morpheme , see Double plural . References Reflist Category Grammatical number Category Sussex language stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Partitive plural is a grammatical number that is used to modify a noun which represents a part of some whole amount, as opposed to the comprehensive plural , used when the noun represents the total amount of something. This plural form is used in the Finnish language , and its use in this language influenced J.R.R. Tolkien in inventing his constructed language fictional language Quenya . It refers to more than one object that is nevertheless only part of a larger number for example, three out of four of something. It is one of four grammatical numbers in Quenya, the others being singular grammatical number singular , dual grammatical number dual , and plural . As for the Finnish partitive case partitive plural, it is really a regular grammatical case case form in the plural grammatical number number , but which is used in the singular as well, denoting an abstract, unknown identity or result. See also Partitive DEFAULTSORT Partitive Plural Ling stub Conlang stub Category Grammar ... more details
Multiple issues wikify January 2012 orphan January 2012 unreferenced January 2012 An uncertain plural occurs when a writer does not know in advance whether a word should be written in the Grammatical number singular or plural . For English language English nouns, this may be demonstrated by enclosing the trailing s in parentheses, such as book s . In the case of articles, they or their may be used to include a single individual, when uncertain. fr They singulier no They som entall See also Singular they Gender neutral pronoun language stub Category Language ... more details
singular or plural . This article discusses the variety of ways in which English plurals are formed ... provided in this article are for Received Pronunciation and General American . Regular plurals The plural ... in a sibilant sound IPA s , IPA z , IPA , IPA , IPA t or IPA d the plural is formed by adding ... other than a sibilant IPA p , IPA t , IPA k , IPA f or IPA the plural is formed by adding IPA ... plural adds IPA z , represented orthography orthographically by s style margin left 2em text align left border collapse separate border spacing 10px 0px Plural form is plataPOO boy boys IPA b z girl ... ref http www2.gsu.edu wwwesl egw crump.htm English Irregular Plural Nouns ref ref http hopelive.hope.ac.uk ..., but money can also form its plural regularly. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse money Entry ... ref In some words this voicing survives in the modern English plural. In the case of IPA f changing ... ref fn 2 2 knives IPA na v z life lives In addition, there is one word where IPA s is voiced in the plural ... diphthong IPA a or IPA a . note fn 3 Note 3 For dwarf , the common form of the plural was dwarfs as, for example ... st f or IPA st f in the sense of a body of employees , the plural is always staff otherwise, both ... of a barrel or cask is a back formation from staves , which is its plural. See the Plural to singular by back formation Plural to singular by back formation section below. Irregular plurals There are many ... foreign borrowings. Nouns with identical singular and plural Some nouns spell their singular and plural ... buffalo deer moose sheep bison salmon pike trout fish swine The plural deers is listed in some ... rule, game or other animals are often referred to in the singular for the plural in a sporting ... context such as zoology or tourism the regular plural would be used. Similarly, nearly all kinds of fish have no separate plural form though there are exceptions such as rays, sharks or lampreys . And the word fish itself is also troublesome, being generally used as a plural when in the context ... more details
A plural society is defined by Fredrik Barth as a society combining Ethnicity ethnic contrasts the Economics economic interdependence of those groups, and the Ecology ecological specialization i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group . The ecological interdependence, or the lack of competition, between ethnic groups may be based on the different activities in the same region or on long term occupation of different regions in the same nation state. In Barth s view, ethnic ..., but only in the marketplace in buy ing and sell ing. There is a plural society, with different sections of the community living side by side, within the same Politics political unit. Plural Societies and Democratic Regimes During research about plural societies, Asim Ejaz, Student of M.phil Political ... of Arend Lijphart, democracy in plural societies that it is so much difficult to achieve and stable democratic government in plural society. As Aristotle says about stable governing system that, a state ... impossible to achieve and maintain stable democratic government in plural societies. Consociational .... For the successful democratic regimes in the third world, due to plural societies, Consociational democracy is based, also on normative model. A Plural society is a society, divided by segmental ... due to plural societies within European countries. According to Geberial Almond, Separation of power ... have created homogeneity among their plural societies, as like idealize British society. But Geberial ... Democracy and the Segments of Plural Society As Arend Lijhpart argue that there is constitutionalization for the segments of plural societies, and its better solution is consociational or semi ... countries in the list of Consociational and Semi consociational Democracy regarding study of plural .... Segments of plural Society can represent their self within that political party and can create ... Plural Society Category Cultural concepts Category Sociological terms ms Masyarakat majmuk nl ... more details
Infobox Political Party party name Concertaci n Plural colorcode blue party logo leader Cristina Fern ndez de Kirchner foundation 2006 ideology Peronism , Social democracy , Centre left , Democratic socialism , Political radicalism Radicalism and Christian democracy headquarters Buenos Aires , Argentina international colours Blue , White website Plural Consensus lang es Concertaci n Plural is an Kirchnerism Kirchnerist electoral alliance in Argentina acting as a political bloc in the Argentine Senate and elsewhere. The coalition is largely made up of members of the Radical Civic Union , a group of smaller parties and dissident Socialist Party Argentina Socialist Party members who support the governing Peronist s led by President of Argentina President Cristina Fern ndez de Kirchner . Former President N stor Kirchner proposed the coalition as a new centre left force in Argentine politics. http www.clarin.com diario 2006 12 18 um m 01330273.htm The smaller parties originally included the Broad Front , the Party of Victory , the Intransigent Party and the Christian Democratic Party Argentina Christian Democratic Party . The leading former Radical supporting the Kirchners was Julio Cobos , who was elected Vice President. Having been expelled from the Radicals, he set up his own party, which eventually settled on the name ConFe Federal Consensus . Formally, the bloc s two senators are Senator Dora S nchez of Corrientes Province and Pablo Verani of R o Negro Province , both former Radicals. Other leading members of the concertation, often termed Radicales K , are governors Miguel Saiz , Gerardo Zamora and Arturo Colombi and deputies such as Hugo Nelson Prieto . In the Argentine ... de la Concertaci n exists, led by Prieto. The Plural Consensus tag has been widely used in the media ... Coalitions of parties in Argentina Argentina party stub es Concertaci n Plural it Concertaci n Plural ... more details
In linguistics , a broken plural or internal plural is an irregular plural form of a noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic languages such as Berber languages Berber . Broken plurals are formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form. They contrast with sound plurals or external plurals , which are formed by adding a suffix . While the phenomenon is known from several Semitic languages, nowhere has it become as productive as in Arabic language Arabic . Arabic In Arabic language Arabic , the regular way of making a plural for a masculine noun is adding the suffix n for the nominative or n for the accusative and genitive at the end. For feminine nouns, the regular way is to add the suffix t . However, not all plurals follow these simple rules. One class of nouns in both spoken and written Arabic produce plurals by changing the pattern of vowels inside the word, sometimes also with the addition of a prefix or suffix. This system is not fully regular, and it is used mainly for masculine non human nouns. Human nouns are pluralized regularly or irregularly. Broken plurals are known as jam taks r , literally plural ..., for instance Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Urdu. In Persian this kind of plural is called jameh mokassar , literally broken plural Full knowledge of these plurals can come ... wikitable bgcolor silver width 12 center Singular br form center width 8 center plural br Form center center Example center center Transliteration center center Plural center center Transliteration ... , though all plurals must take either the sound masculine im or feminine ot plural suffixes ... in the singular and CVCaC in the plural have often been compared to broken plural forms in other ... in the plural. ref Ge ez Axum by Gene Gragg in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient ... other cases where historical sound changes have resulted in stem allomorphy between singular and plural ... more details
ideas for a semantics of plurals. Plural quantification Standard first order logic has difficulties ... be systematically interpreted in terms of plural quantification, and that, therefore, 2nd order monadic ... account of plural terms that allows for both distributive and non distributive satisfaction ... are predicates of sets of individuals or of mereological sums . Several writers have suggested that plural ... compete against each other e.g. as teams in an online game , while Nicolas 2008 has argued that plural ..., that plural expressions in ordinary language are manifestly and obviously free of existential commitment ... logical difference, since in the first case the plural is distributive, in the second, it is collective ... Unum Plural Logic and Set Theory, Philosophia Mathematica 12 3 193&ndash 221. Cameron, J. R., 1999, Plural Reference, Ratio . Cite journal doi 10.1023 A 1015190829525 last1 Cocchiarella first1 Nino ... issue 3 pages 186 97 citation last McKay first Thomas J. author link Thomas J. McKay title Plural ... 9033 2 last1 Nicolas first1 David year 2008 title Mass nouns and plural logic url http d.a.nicolas.free.fr Nicolas Mass nouns and plural logic Revised 2.pdf journal Linguistics and Philosophy volume ... , 1982, Plural Reference and Set Theory, in Barry Smith , ed., Parts and Moments Studies in Logic and Formal ... last1 Uzquiano first1 Gabriel year 2003 title Plural Quantification and Classes url journal Philosophia ... sep entry plural quant Plural quantification ystein Linnebo Web pages of some people important in the field ... David Nicholas. Category Quantification es Cuantificaci n plural ... more details
distinguish Pluralist Left refimprove date August 2007 The Gauche Plurielle French for Plural Left was a left wing coalition in France, composed of the Socialist Party France Socialist Party Parti socialiste or PS , the French Communist Party Parti communiste fran ais or PCF , the The Greens France Greens , the Left Radical Party Parti radical de gauche or PRG , and the Citizens Movement France Citizens Movement Mouvement des citoyens or MDC . Succeeding Alain Jupp s conservative government, the Plural Left governed France from 1997 to 2002. It was another case of cohabitation government cohabitation between rival parties at the head of the state and of the government Jacques Chirac as President and Lionel Jospin as Prime minister . Following the failure of the left at the French legislative election, 2002 2002 legislative election , it was replaced by another conservative government, this time headed by Jean Pierre Raffarin . The Plural Left government initiated several reforms, including the Couverture maladie universelle CMU social welfare program for indigents, the Pacte civil de solidarit PACS civil union law, the 35 hours workweek , the creation of the FNAEG DNA database and several privatization s France T l com , Groupe des Assurances Nationales GAN , Thomson Multim dia , Air France , Eramet , A rospatiale , Autoroutes du sud de la France . It also passed the SRU Law forcing each commune to have a 20 quota of housing project s, the 15 June 2000 Elisabeth Guigou Guigou law on presumption of innocence , the Christiane Taubira Taubira Law recognizing slavery as a crime against humanity, and the La Securite Quotidienne LSQ law concerning security. Furthermore, Jospin s government carried out a partial Immigration in France regularization of illegal aliens ref http ... result. The 5 left wing parties formed a coalition called the Plural Left . The name was founded ... was divided about this problem and had not a clear policy. Finally, those who were disappointed by the Plural ... more details
wiktionarypar block vote bloc vote Block voting and Bloc voting may refer to Plurality at large voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a checkbox ballot Preferential block voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a preferential ballot General ticket , a voting system with connected multiple winners The act of multiple voters forming a voting bloc disambig ... more details
to stay upon joining a coalition. References references See also Pluralvoting Prussian three ...Weight function Weighted voting systems are voting system s based on the idea that not all voters are equal ... , which assumes that each member s vote carries equal weight. This type of voting system is used ... assemblies provided for weighted voting after the person s tribal affiliation and social class i.e. ..., such as Sweden pre unitary Germany weighted voting preceded equal and universal suffrage , as well ... house Andra kammaren was introduced by Arvid Lindman s first cabinet, while voting for city and county ... strength of its owners. Weighted voting was abolished in Nils Eden s reforms of 1918 19, when ... Rhodesia provided for a special form of weighted voting called cross voting. Essentially ..., cross voting was abolished altogether in favor of a de jure racial segregation segregationist weighted voting system, in which the A roll electing 50 seats was reserved for Europeans, Coloureds ... voting systems A weighted voting system is characterized by three things &mdash the players, the weights ... number of votes. Each weighted voting system can be described using the generic form q w sub ..., all reasonable voting methods will have the same outcome as majority rules. Thus, the mathematics of weighted voting systems looks at the notion of power who has it and how much do they have? ref name Bowen Bowen, Larry. Weighted Voting Systems. Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics . 1 Jan ... decisions. ref Daubechies, Ingrid. Weighted Voting Systems. Voting and Social Choice . 26 Jan. 2002. Math Alive , Princeton University. http www.math.princeton.edu matalive Voting VotingLab2 Weighted.html . ref Consider the voting system 6 5, 3, 2 . Notice that a motion can only be passed with the support ... voting system 10 11, 6, 3 . With 11 votes, P sub 1 sub is called a dictator. A player is typically ... the weighted voting system 8 4, 4, 2, 1 . In this voting system, the voter with weight 2 seems ... more details
Runoff voting can refer to Two round system , a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round Instant runoff voting , an electoral system whereby voters rank the candidates in order of preference Contingent vote , a two round system of instant runoff voting. Exhaustive ballot , a reiterative voting system whereby rounds of voting continue with or without elimination until one candidate achieves a majority, also called repeated balloting Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Voting Image 1900 New York polling place.jpg thumb left New York polling place circa 1900, showing voting booths on the left. Image Booths.gif thumb left Voting booths used for L Ordre des Avocats de Paris Paris Bar Association 2007 election. A voting booth or polling booth is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the Secret ballot secrecy of the ballot . Commonly the entrance to the voting booth is a retractable curtain. Usually access to the voting booth is restricted to a single person, with exceptions for voters requiring assistance. Commonly voting machine s use either a voting booth or some other form of privacy cover to obscure the voting screen from the view of others. See also Wiktionary Polling station DEFAULTSORT Voting Booth Election stub Category Political terms de Wahlkabine es Cuarto oscuro elecciones fr Isoloir ru ... more details
merge first past the post discuss Talk Alternative voting Merger proposal date November 2010 In jurisdictions that use first past the post voting systems, other systems can be considered alternatives Condorcet method Instant runoff voting disambig Category Electoral systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Bullet voting is a tactic in which the voter only selects one candidate, despite the option to indicate a preference for other candidates. They might do this either because it is easier than evaluating all the candidates, or depending on the voting system in use as a form of tactical voting . If enough voters bullet vote , almost any voting system functions like a plurality voting system . This is generally considered a poor result, as many voting systems are intended as reforms or improvements that avoid or minimize some alleged disadvantages of plurality aka first past the post . However, if voters bullet vote as a conscious strategy to express their meta preference that candidates with strong support are preferable to compromise candidates with broad support, it may not be a problem. This tactic is possible in any voting system that does not require ranking all candidates. In practice, this is the majority of voting systems as actually implemented as opposed to in theory , since to reject ballots that do not rank all candidates risk an excessive number of spoilt vote spoiled ballots . However, it is mainly an issue in voting systems that reward this tactic&mdash primarily approval voting , and to a lesser extent range voting &mdash and in those that do not significantly penalize it&mdash primarily instant runoff voting and a non standard form of Borda count . Candidates may seek to encourage bullet voting in certain situations. One example is where there is a Plurality at large voting Bloc voting election for two seats of the same office, and there are several candidates say A, B, and C . Voters in such a situation typically have two votes. Candidate A encourages his voters to vote only for him and not use their second vote. If the second vote is cast for B or C, it helps A s opponents. The situation is most pronounced where A is of one .... Category Voting systems ... more details
citations needed date December 2007 Calculus of voting refers to any mathematical model which predicts voting behaviour by an electorate, including such features as participation rate. A calculus of voting represents an hypothesized decision making process. These models are used in political science in an attempt to capture the relative importance of various factors influencing an elector to vote or not vote in a particular way. Example One such model was proposed by Anthony Downs 1957 and is adapted by William H. Riker and Peter Ordeshook , in A Theory of the Calculus of Voting Riker and Ordeshook 1968 R pB &minus C D where R the reward gained from voting in a given election R, then, is a proxy for the probability that the voter will turn out p probability of vote mattering B utility benefit of voting differential benefit of one candidate winning over the other C costs of voting time effort spent D citizen duty, goodwill feeling, psychological and civic benefit of voting this term is not included in Downs s original model A political science model based on rational choice used to explain why citizens do or do not vote. References Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York Harper & Row. Riker, William and Peter Ordeshook. 1968. A Theory of the Calculus of Voting. American Political Science Review 62 1 25 42. Category Voting theory Category Mathematical modeling ... more details
A voting trust is a trust whereby the stock shares in a company law company of one or more stockholder shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee , usually for a specified period of time the trust period . In some voting trusts, the trustee may also be granted additional powers such as to sell or redeem the shares . At the end of the trust period, the shares would ordinarily be re transferred to the beneficiary trust beneficiary ies , although in practice many voting trusts contain provisions for them to re vested on the voting trusts with identical terms. Voting trusts were made popular in Delaware corporate law , but they have since been adopted widely by other states in the U.S.A. They have also been extensively adopted in Offshore Financial Centre offshore jurisdictions . Purposes There are several reasons why shareholders may wish to put a voting trust arrangement in place. Several shareholders may wish to create a unified block of votes, which together gives them more power than the collective sum of their fragmented interests. In many countries, in order to call general meeting s, shareholders need to hold a certain percentage of the issued shares of the company. By aggregating their shares, the shareholders can confer this power on themselves collectively where they might not have it individually. Locking shares up in voting trusts can in some countries help deter a hostile takeover . Voting trusts are also sometimes used to resolve conflict of interest conflicts of interest . By putting the shares in a trustee who can vote ... all blind trusts are necessarily voting trusts, not all voting trusts are blind trusts . Shares are sometimes aggregated into a voting trust to facilitate a corporate reorganisation. Promoters of companies sometimes aggregate their shares in a voting trust to safeguard control of the company. Sample http contracts.onecle.com talk aol.vote.1997.02.22.shtml Sample Voting trust agreement Category Business ... more details
A voting plan or voting rights plan is one of five main types of poison pill s that a target company law firm can issue against hostile takeover attempts. These plans are implemented when a company charters preferred stock with superior voting rights to common shareholders. If an unfriendly bidder acquired a substantial quantity of the target firm s voting common stock, it would not be able to exercise control over its purchase. For example, ASARCO established a voting plan in which 99 of the company s common stock would only harness 16.5 of the total voting power. ref Paul H. Malatesta University of Washington and Ralph A. Walking Ohio State University , Poison Pill Securities Stockholder Wealth, Profitability, and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20, January March 1988, p. 355. ref See also Economics Industrial organization Japan Mergers and acquisitions Microeconomics Takeover Notes reflist References http www.lens library.com power chapter2.html fnref39 Asarco voting rights plan Category Mergers and acquisitions ... more details
Voting basis refers to what number or percentage of votes are required for a proposal to be adopted, or for a candidate to be elected. Two elements make up a voting basis the proportion that must agree majority, two thirds, three quarters, etc. and the set of members to which the proportion applies e.g. the members present and voting the members present the entire membership of the organization the entire electorate etc. ref cite parl title RONR pages 389 ref Voting bases include Plurality voting system simple majority or first past the post the largest number of votes, even if less than fifty percent , absolute majority over fifty percent , and supermajority the proportion required is greater than fifty percent, e.g. two thirds . References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
Primary sources date November 2007 File Completed Score Voting Ballot version2.png thumb right On a Range ballot, the voter scores all the candidates Electoral systems Range voting also called ratings summation , average voting , cardinal ratings , score voting , 0 99 voting , the score system , or the point system is a voting system for one seat elections under which voters score each candidate, the scores are added up, and the candidate with the highest score wins. A form of range voting ref James ... cite web url http rangevoting.org BPSparta.html title Ancient Sparta used range voting... sort of ref ... and the judging processes of some athletic competitions. Approval voting can be considered to be range voting with only two levels approved 1 and disapproved 0 . Voting system Range voting uses a ratings ... to 99 or 1 to 5. All candidates should be rated, unlike cumulative voting where voters are not permitted ... scores. For example, range voting with truncated means is used in figure skating competitions ... name Balinski Laraki In conventional range voting, these ties would be extremely rare. Another consequence ... a disadvantage. Range voting in which only two different votes may be submitted 0 and 1, for example is equivalent to approval voting . As with approval voting, range voters must weigh the adverse ... voting concept has been used in non political contexts also. Sports such as gymnastics rate competitors ... to engage in blatant tactical voting . Range voting is common for things where there is no single .... Range voting has been used informally by various amateur clubs to make decisions such as meeting dates, event themes or what books to read. Citation needed date February 2011 Example Tenn voting example ... of tactical voting. Such tactical voting would be less effective if the ballots were counted using median scores. Properties Range voting allows voters to express preferences of varying strengths. Range voting satisfies the monotonicity criterion , i.e. raising your vote s score for a candidate can ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 In economics , dollar voting is an analogy used to explain how the purchasing choices of consumer s affect which good accounting products will continue to be produced and supplied to the market . Every dollar paid for a particular product may be considered a dollar vote for that product, such that the products with the largest number of dollar votes generate the most Profit economics profit and will therefore continue to be produced. A boycott would be a vote against a product. The reference to dollar is just an example the principle holds for any currency . The expressions vote with your wallet and vote with your dollar refer to dollar voting. Dollar voting is similar in theory to Foot voting . Criticism Some economists, like Amartya Sen , have argued that dollar voting requires near perfect knowledge about any product that one wishes to buy. It is sometimes impossible to know whether a product was made by child labour, for example. See Also Tax choice microeconomics stub Category Voting theory Category Economics terminology Category Microeconomics vi T n nhi m s n ph m ... more details
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