pp semi small yes Wiktionarypar polarization TOCright Polarization or polarisation can refer to In the physical sciences Polarization waves , the orientation of oscillations in the plane perpendicular to a transverse wave s direction of travel which may include Polarization antenna , the orientation of electromagnetic waves from e.g. a radio antenna Dielectric polarization, charge separation in insulating materials Polarization density , volume dielectric polarization Dipolar polarization , orientation of permanent dipoles Ionic polarization , displacement of ions in a crystal Maxwell Wagner Sillars polarization , slow long distance charge separation in dielectric spectroscopy on inhomogeneous soft matter Polarization electrochemistry , a change in the equilibrium potential of an electrochemical reaction Spin polarization , the degree by which the spin of elementary particles is aligned to a given ... property of subatomic particles Polarization function , a feature of some molecular modelling methods Photon polarization , the mathematical link between wave polarization and spin polarization Vacuum polarization , a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron ... pole In mathematics Polarization of an Abelian variety , in the mathematics of complex manifolds Polarization of an algebraic form , a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables Polarization identity expresses an inner product in terms of its associated norm In the social sciences Polarization politics , the process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes Polarization psychology , the process whereby a social or political group is divided into opposing sub groups Social polarization Group polarization Attitude polarization Racial polarization , the process whereby a population with varyingly diverse ancestry is divided into distinct, homogenous racial groups See also Polarity disambiguation Polarization, in many ... more details
Polarization scrambling is the process of rapidly varying the Polarization waves polarization of light within a system using a polarization controller so that the average polarization over time is effectively randomized. Polarization scrambling can be used in scientific experiments to cancel out errors caused by polatization effects. Polarization scrambling is also used on long distance fibre optic transmission systems with optical amplifier s, in order to avoid polarization hole burning . Polarization scramblers usually vary the Jones vector of the polarization state over the entire Poincar sphere . External links cite web url http www.generalphotonics.com Old Website pdf Polarization 20Scrambler 20Application 20Note.pdf title Polarization Scrambler Application Note publisher General Photonics Category Polarization optics stub ... more details
File PolControl.png thumb Polarization Controller Symbol A polarization controller is an optical device which allows one to modify the polarization waves polarization state of light . ref E. Collett, Polarized light in fiber optics ,SPIE Press, p. 540 2003 ref Types and operation Polarization controllers ... a generator, or with automatic feedback. The latter allows for fast polarization tracking. A polarization controller can have the task of transforming a fixed, known polarization into an arbitrary one. Since polarization states are defined by two Degrees of freedom mechanics degrees of freedom , for example azimuth angle and ellipticity angle of the polarization state, such a polarization controller needs two degrees of freedom. The same holds for the task of transforming an arbitrary polarization into a fixed, known one. More general is the transformation of an arbitrary polarization into another arbitrary polarization. This needs three degrees of freedom. Such a polarization controller can ... quarterwave plate , which is oriented to transform the incident elliptical polarization into linear polarization, a halfwave plate , which transforms this linear polarization into another linear polarization, and a second quarterwave plate, which transforms the other linear polarization into the desired elliptical output polarization. Polarization controllers can be implemented with free space ... through the three waveplates, that can be freely rotated to allow polarization adjustment and then enters back into the fiber. Polarization controllers can also be implemented in an all fiber solution. In that case, the polarization of light is changed through the application of a controlled stress to the fiber itself. For polarization controllers with automatic feedback, integrated optical lithium niobate LiNbO sub 3 sub devices are very suitable. Polarization controllers with tracking speeds ... . References Reflist See also Polarization scrambling Fiber squeezer External links http www.thorlabs.com ... more details
Degree of polarization DOP is a quantity used to describe the portion of an electromagnetic wave which is Polarization waves polarized . A perfectly polarized wave has a DOP of 100 , whereas an unpolarized wave has a DOP of 0 . A wave which is partially polarized, and therefore can be represented by a superposition of a polarized and unpolarized component, will have a DOP somewhere in between 0 and 100 . DOP is calculated as the fraction of the total power that is carried by the polarised component of the wave. DOP can be used to map the Strain materials science strain field in materials when considering the DOP of the photoluminescence . The polarization of the photoluminescence is related to the strain in a material by way of the given material s photoelasticity tensor . DOP is also visualized using the Polarization waves Parameterization Poincar sphere representation of a polarized beam. In this representation, DOP is equal to the length of the Vector geometric vector measured from the center of the sphere. See also Linear polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization Stokes parameters Category Polarization ... more details
Light Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy . The polarization of star Radiation starlight was first observed by the astronomer s William Hiltner and John S. Hall in 1949. Subsequently, Jesse Greenstein and Leverett Davis, Jr. developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace interstellar magnetic fields. Though the integrated thermal radiation of star s is not usually appreciably polarized at source, scattering by interstellar dust can impose polarization on starlight over long distances. Net polarization at the source can occur if the photosphere itself is asymmetric, due to limb polarization . Plane polarization of starlight generated at the star itself is observed ... eas0928.html Both circular polarization circular and linear polarization of light from the Sun has been measured. Circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the Sun s surface. Another mechanism that gives rise to circular polarization ... locations across the face of the Sun limb polarization though taken as a whole, this polarization cancels. Linear polarization in spectral lines is usually created by anisotropic scattering of photons ... spectrum of the Sun is often called the second solar spectrum . Atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the Hanle effect . As a result, polarization of the scattered photons ... Landi cite book author Egidio Landi Degl Innocenti title Polarization in Spectral Lines publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers location Dordrecht year 2004 isbn 1402024142 ref Polarization is also present ... providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization also probes the interstellar .... The polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation cosmic microwave background ... ref See also Reflection polarization This article hasn t been written yet Transmission polarization ... Discovery by Hiltner and Hall, analysis by Greenstein Category Polarization Category Astrophysics ... more details
Other uses Polarization disambiguation Unreferenced date October 2008 Confusing date February 2008 In communication s and psychology , polarization is the process whereby a social or political group is divided into two opposing sub groups with fewer and fewer members of the group remaining neutral or holding an intermediate position. When polarization occurs, there is a tendency for the opposing sides of an Logical argument argument to make increasingly disagreeable statements, via the pendulum effect . Thus, it is commonly observed in polarized groups, that judgments made after group discussion will be more extreme on a given subject than the average of individual judgments made prior to discussion. Also called group polarization used to be called the risky shift phenomenon , with particular reference to jury decision making. Polarization is also a term used in Biological Psychology to describe the process of a neuronal membrane accumulating ions of opposing polarity. seealso Paul Watzlawick Richard Schwartz See also Polarization politics Group polarization Risky shift Category Sociological terms psych stub socio stub ... more details
Technical date February 2010 In electrodynamics , elliptical polarization is the Polarization waves polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector geometry vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and Surface normal normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linear polarization linearly polarized wave s in Quadrature phase phase quadrature , with their polarization planes at right angles to each other. Since the electric field can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as it propagates, elliptically polarized waves exhibit chirality physics chirality . Other forms of polarization, such as circular polarization circular and linear polarization , can be considered to be special cases of elliptical polarization. Image Elliptical polarization schematic.png right Elliptical polarization diagram Mathematical description of elliptical polarization The Classical physics classical sinusoidal plane wave solution of the electromagnetic wave equation for the Electric field electric and Magnetic field magnetic fields is Centimeter gram second system of units cgs units math mathbf E mathbf r , t mid mathbf E mid mathrm Re left psi rangle exp left i left kz omega t right right right math math mathbf B mathbf r , t hat mathbf z times mathbf E mathbf r , t math for the magnetic field ... 2008 If math alpha x math and math alpha y math are equal the wave is linear polarization linearly polarized . If they differ by math pi 2 , math the wave is circular polarization circularly polarized . See also Sinusoidal plane wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation Photon polarization ... Polarization on YouTube http www.youtube.com watch?v Q0qrU4nprB0 Comparison of Elliptical Polarization with Linear and Circular Polarizations YouTube Animation DEFAULTSORT Elliptical Polarization Category Polarization ja ... more details
A polarization rotator is an optical device that rotates the polarization waves polarization axis of a Linear polarization linearly polarized light beam by an angle of choice. These rotators are either based on the principle of birefringence or on total internal reflection . Half wave plate s and quarter wave plate s these rotators work due to the principle of birefringence . Their performance is wavelength specific a fact that may be a limitation. Switchable wave plates can also be manufactured out of liquid crystals or ferro electric liquid crystals . These devices can be used to rapidly change the angle of polarization in response to an electric signal. Double Fresnel rhomb rotates the linear polarization axis by 90 degrees. Works on total internal reflection and it uses four internal reflections. A disadvantage may be a low ratio of useful optical aperture to length. ref Jean M. Bennett J. M. Bennett and H. E. Bennett, Polarization, in Handbook of Optics , W. G. Driscoll and W. Vaughan, Eds. McGraw Hill, New York, 1978 Chapter 10. ref Broadband prismatic rotator rotates the linear polarization by 90 degrees. Works on total internal reflection and it uses seven internal reflections to induce collinear rotation. ref http www.patentgenius.com patent 4822150.html F. J. Duarte, Optical device for rotating the polarization of a light beam, US Patent 4822150 18th of April, 1989 . ref These rotators are reported to have transmission efficiencies better than 94 . ref name TLO F. J. Duarte , Tunable Laser Optics Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003 Chapter 5. ref The term broadband indicates that the rotation is independent of wavelength, or achromatic. ref name TLO Rotators of linearly ... polarized and it is often necessary to rotate the original polarization to its orthogonal ... opticspatents.htm Schematics of broadband prismatic polarization rotator Category Optics Category Polarization optics stub ... more details
Rotary polarization is an optical phenomenon occurring in certain crystalline materials. The Polarization waves vibrational direction of light passing through such a crystal or sometimes liquids is rotated so that it varies in a circular manner. The amount of polarization rotation depends on the thickness of the crystal. The rotation may be either to the right dextrorotary d rotary or left levorotary l rotary depending, for example, in quartz on the spiral structure of linked silicon oxygen tetrahedra. Sucrose and camphor are d rotary whereas cholesterol is l rotary. Rotary polarization occurs in molecules and crystals that have no Crystallography crystallographic mirror planes or inversion centers. Such crystals are enantiomorphous the existence of two chemically identical crystal forms as mirror images of each other . Crystalline quartz SiO sub 2 sub exhibits rotary polarization whereas the amorphous forms of silica do not. Quartz plates are used in optical crystallographic microscopy. Fran ois Arago is credited with the discovery of rotary polarization of quartz in 1811. See also Optical rotation Specific rotation References http fluffah.phy.uncwil.edu phy black AdvancedLab lab400 f2004 opticalactivity.pdf Timothy C. Black, 2004, Polarization Phenomenon http capsicum.me.utexas.edu ChE386K html rotary polarization.htm The University of Texas Rotary Polarization http www.thespectroscopynet.com Educational Fraunhofer.htm Jean Charles Lefebvre, et al., 1999, The Spectroscopy Net, Early 19th Century http www.rockhounds.com rockshop quartz3.html Smokey quartz Rockhounds.com Category Optics ... more details
Polarization spectroscopy comprises a set of spectroscopic techniques based on polarization properties of light not necessarily visible one Ultraviolet UV , X ray , infrared , or in any other frequency range of the electromagnetic radiation . By analyzing the polarization properties of light, decisions can be made about the media that emitted the light or the media the light passes scatters through . Alternatively, a source of polarized light may be used to probe a media in this case, the changes in the light polarization comparing to the incidental one allow to infer the media properties. In general, any kind of anisotropy in the media results in some sort of light polarization. Such an anisotropy can be either inherent to the media e.g., in the case of a crystal substance , or imposed externally e.g., in the presence of magnetic field in plasma physics plasma . See also Zeeman effect Faraday effect Stark effect Plasma diagnostics References reflist physics stub Category Spectroscopy ... more details
A beam of light has radial polarization if at every position in the beam the polarization waves electric field vector points towards the centre of the beam. In practice, an array of waveplate s may be used to provide an approximation to a radially polarized beam. In this case the beam is divided into segments eight, for example , and the average polarization vector of each segment is directed towards the beam centre. ref name Saito cite journal title z Polarization sensitive detection in micro Raman spectroscopy by radially polarized incident light first Y. last Saito coauthors Kobayashi, M. Hiraga, D. Fujita, K. Kawano, S. Smith, N. I. Inouye, Y. Kawata, S. journal Journal of Raman Spectroscopy month March year 2008 doi 10.1002 jrs.1953 volume 39 pages 1643 bibcode 2008JRSp...39.1643S ref File Radial and Azimuthal Polarisation.svg thumb 180px right Alt Azimuthal polarisation vector is tangential to the beam, radial points towards the beam centre Azimuthal upper and Radial lower polarised laser beams Radial polarization can be produced in a variety of ways. It is possible to use a liquid crystal device to convert the polarization of a beam to a radial state, ref name Arcoptix cite web url http www.arcoptix.com radial polarization converter.htm title Radial Azimuthal Polarization Converter accessdate 2008 09 30 ref or a radially polarized beam can be produced by a laser in which the Brewster window is replaced by a cone at Brewster s angle . ref name Kozawa cite journal title Generation of a radially polarized laser beam by use of a conical Brewster prism first Yuichi last Kozawa ... planes. A spatial filter can be used to select the polarization of interest ref name Erdelyi cite ... polarized beam ref name Quabis Cite book title Radial polarization minimizes focal spot ... Rayleigh particles with radial polarization, author Qiwen Zhan journal Optics Express volume 12 issue ... ref See also Polarization waves Axial polarisation References reflist Category Polarization Optics ... more details
Social polarization is associated with the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high income to low income. One of the earlier stimulating research works on social polarization is from R.E. Pahl on Isle of Sheppey , ref R. E. Pahl, Divisions of Labour, Oxford Blackwell, 1984, ISBN 0 631 13273 2 ref wherein he provides a comparison between the Pre capitalist society and capitalist society . More recently, a number of research projects have been increasingly addressing the issues of social polarization within the developed economies. ref Frank Moulaert , Erik Swyngedouw and Arantxa Rodriguez. The Globalized City Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities . Oxford University Press , 2003, ISBN 978 0199260409 ref See also Balkanization Sectarian violence Social exclusion Protracted social conflict Pakistanism Notes reflist Category Civil society Category Social issues Category Sociological terms ko pl Polaryzacja spo eczna ... more details
In electrochemistry , polarization is an effect that counteracts and lowers the efficiency of electrochemical processes. The mechanism is typically depletion of reagent s causing concentration gradient s in boundary layer s or the formation of compounds partly passivation passivating the electrode surfaces and having the effect depending on conditions of decreasing the output voltage of batteries, increasing the voltage required by electrolysis cells or lowering electric current current s. It is a type of electrochemical kinetics kinetic deviation from equilibrium conditions. It is usually distinguished from overpotential . As an electrochemical phenomenon it is of importance for corrosion , typically lowering corrosion rates. Polarization in corrosion protection systems can increase corrosion, however. DEFAULTSORT Polarization Corrosion Category Electrochemistry chemistry stub ca Polaritzaci electroqu mica es Polarizaci n electroqu mica fa it Polarizzazione elettrochimica ja ... more details
Image Linear polarization schematic.png 162px thumb right Diagram of the electric field of a light wave blue , linear polarized along a plane purple line , and consisting of two orthogonal, in phase components red and green waves In electrodynamics , linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. See Polarization waves polarization for more information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. ref name Shapira, cite book last Shapira first Joseph authorlink coauthors Shmuel Y. Miller title CDMA radio with repeaters publisher Springer date 2007 location pages 73 url http books.google.com books?id Yd56YZY1RpAC&pg PA73&dq 5Bpolarization of radio waves 5D&hl en&sa X&ei ZQx ... polarization The Classical physics classical sinusoidal plane wave solution of the electromagnetic ... vectors for linear polarization in x or y are special cases of this state vector. If unit vectors ... y rangle stackrel mathrm def begin pmatrix 0 1 end pmatrix math then the polarization state can ... left i alpha right y rangle psi x x rangle psi y y rangle math . Applications of linear polarization A research group at the MIT Media Lab has reported the use of polarization field synthesis to create ... as polarization rotators, enclosed by a pair of crossed linear polarizers. A Four dimensional light ... Hirsch, Wolfgang Heidrich, Ramesh Raskar title Polarization fields dynamic light field display using ... External links http www.youtube.com watch?v oDwqUgDFe94 Animation of Linear Polarization on YouTube http www.youtube.com watch?v Q0qrU4nprB0 Comparison of Linear Polarization with Circular and Elliptical ... wave equation Polarization waves Polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization Photon polarization FS1037C Category Polarization ja ar ... more details
In quantum field theory , and specifically quantum electrodynamics , vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual particle virtual electron &ndash positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self energy of the gauge boson photon . The effects of vacuum polarization were observed experimentally in 1997 using the TRISTAN particle accelerator in Japan. ref cite journal last Levine first I. coauthors TOPAZ Collaboration title Measurement of the Electromagnetic Coupling at Large Momentum Transfer journal Physical Review Letters year 1997 volume 78 pages 424 427 doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.78.424 bibcode 1997PhRvL..78..424L issue 3 ref Explanation According to quantum field theory , the ground state of a system with interacting particles is not simply empty space. Rather, it contains short lived virtual particle virtual particle&ndash antiparticle pairs which are created out of the vacuum and then annihilate each other. Some of these particle&ndash antiparticle pairs are charged e.g., virtual electron&ndash positron pairs. Such charged pairs act as an electric dipole . In the presence of an electric field, e.g., the electromagnetic ... of the short lived particle antiparticle pairs is referred to as vacuum polarization . The one loop contribution of a fermion&ndash antifermion pair to the vacuum polarization is represented by the following diagram Image Vacuum polarization.svg Vacuum polarization tensor The vacuum polarization is quantified by the vacuum polarization tensor sup sup p which describes the dielectric effect as a function of the four momentum p carried by the photon. Thus the vacuum polarization depends on the momentum ... sup p is fixed by the Ward identity . Note Vacuum polarization affecting spin interactions has also ... Further reading For a derivation of the vacuum polarization in QED, see section 7.5 of M.E. Peskin and D.V. ... more details
Overview In social psychology , group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions ... Group polarization is the phenomenon that when placed in group situations, people will make decisions ... such discussion. ref name Isenberg group polarization cite journal last Isenberg first D.J. title Group Polarization A Critical Review and Meta Analysis journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ... of Personality and Social Psychology, 20 3 , 339 360 ref The importance of group polarization is significant ... include public policy , terrorism , college life, and violence. For instance, group polarization ... prior to deliberation. ref name Isenberg group polarization The studies indicated that when the jurors ... and decisions of mock juries Evidence of jury bias and group polarization journal Journal of Personality ... to observe group polarization and compile new research. Psychologists have found that social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter demonstrate that group polarization can occur even when ... opinion on the topic and a consistent dialogue is kept going, group polarization can be observed ... polarization over time on Twitter journal Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society year 2010 volume 30 series 5 ref History and origins The study of group polarization can be traced back to an unpublished ... and Zavalloni to term the overall phenomenon group polarization . ref cite journal last Moscovici ... Subsequently, a decade long period of examination of the applicability of group polarization to a number ... demonstrating the phenomenon of group polarization. Group polarization has been widely considered ... as soon as the phenomenon of group polarization was discovered, a number of theories were offered to help ... used to explain group polarization. According to the social comparison interpretation, group polarization ... 23 cite journal last Van Swol first Lyn M. title Extreme members and group polarization journal Social ... polarization Informational influence Informational influence, or persuasive arguments theory, has ... more details
Polarization American and British English spelling differences also polarisation is a property of certain ... , and gravitational waves exhibit polarization acoustic waves sound waves in a gas or liquid do not have polarization because the direction of vibration and direction of propagation are the same. PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE UNTIL READING THE DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE. POLARIZATION DOES NOT ALWAYS HAVE TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION By convention, the polarization of light ... wave the polarization is perpendicular to the wave s direction of travel. In this case, the electric field may be oriented in a single direction linear polarization , or it may rotate as the wave travels circular polarization circular or elliptical polarization . In the latter cases, the oscillations ... or handedness. In general the polarization of an electromagnetic EM wave is a complex issue. For instance ... 2003PhRvL..91w3901D ref the description of the wave s polarization is more complicated, as the fields ... is by definition along the direction of travel, so there is no polarization. In a solid medium, however, sound waves can be transverse. In this case, the polarization is associated with the direction ... in seismology . Polarization is significant in areas of science and technology dealing with wave propagation , such as optics , seismology , telecommunications and radar science. The polarization of light can be measured with a polarimeter . A polarizer is a device that affects polarization. Theory This section is linked from Birefringence Basics plane waves The simplest manifestation of polarization ... other. Conventionally, when considering polarization, the electric field vector geometry vector ... and math phi math is the relative phase between the two components. Polarization state The shape ... curve Lissajous figure is a description of the polarization state . The following figures show some ... Linear .svg center 180px Linear polarization diagram center Linear center div div style float left ... more details
, circular polarization ref Polarization is also spelt http en.wiktionary.org wiki polarization polarisation with an s talk circular polarization British spelling of polarization British spelling of polarization discussion . ref of an electromagnetic wave is a Polarization waves polarization ... field vector of the wave describes a helix along the direction of propagation. Circular polarization is a limiting case of the more general condition of elliptical polarization . The other special case is the easier to understand linear polarization . General description multiple image direction ... polarization is often encountered in the field of optics and in this section, the electromagnetic wave will be simply referred to as light . The nature of circular polarization and its relationship to other .... Circular polarization may be referred to as right handed or left handed, and clockwise or counter ..., polarization is defined from the point of view of the source. When using this convention, left ... 10.1109 IEEESTD.1979.120310 , sec. 11.1, p. 61. the sense of polarization, or handedness ... is called ... hand circular polarization. ... Our convention for labeling left hand and right hand circular polarization ... polarization e.g., electrons . However, in some books on optics the opposite conventions are used ... 2.2 Pg32 ...the polarization of a beam of light is exactly the same kind of thing as the spin of a beam ... of discovery. ref Many radio astronomers also use this convention. ref name Polarization in Spectral Lines Section 1.2 From the point of view of the receiver In this alternative convention, polarization ... rotation. Many optics textbooks use this second convention. ref name Polarization in Spectral Lines Section 1.2 Polarization in Spectral Lines. 2004 E. Landi Degl innocenti , M Landolfi Section 1.2 When ... source, ... it will be considered ... positive or righthanded circular polarization , Our convention ... polarization conventions v onepage&q circular 20polarization 20conventions&f false ref ref HANDBOOK ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Polarization Type Album Artist Julian Priester and Marine Intrusion Cover Polarization album .jpg Released 1977 Recorded January 1977 Genre Jazz Length 37 54 Label ECM Records ECM Producer Manfred Eicher Chronology Julian Priester Last album Love, Love br 1973 This album Polarization br 1977 Next album Hints on Light and Shadow br 1996 Polarization is an album by American jazz trombonist and composer Julian Priester recorded in 1977 and released on the ECM Records ECM label. ref name ECM discography http www.ecmrecords.com Catalogue ECM 1000 1098.php? ECM discography accessed September 9, 2011 ref Reception The Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars stating This is an often engaging record from a trombonist too seldom heard as a leader . ref name Allmusic Ginell, R. S. http www.allmusic.com album polarization r145890 Allmusic Review accessed September 9, 2011 ref Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score rating 4 5 ref name Allmusic Track listing All compositions by Julian Priester Polarization 4 31 Rhythm Magnet 7 08 Wind Dolphin 10 18 Coincidence 3 34 Scorpio Blue 8 27 Anatomy of Longing 9 29 Recorded at Tonstudio Bauer in Ludwigsburg, West Germany in January 1977 Personnel Julian Priester trombone , ARP String Ensemble Ron Stallings tenor saxophone , soprano saxophone Ray Obiedo electric guitar , acoustic guitar Curtis Clark piano Heshima Mark Williams electric bass Augusta Lee Collins drum kit drums References reflist Category ECM Records albums Category Julian Priester albums Category 1977 albums Category Albums produced by Manfred Eicher ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Spin polarization is the degree to which the spin physics spin , i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. ref name Kessler cite book author J. Kessler title Polarized Electrons publisher Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg year 1976 pages 7 19 isbn 0387076786 ref This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment , of conduction electrons in ferromagnet ic metals , such as iron , giving rise to spin polarized current electricity currents . It may refer to static spin waves , preferential correlation of spin orientation with ordered lattices semiconductors or insulators . It may also pertain to beams of particles, produced for particular aims, such as polarized neutron scattering or muon spin spectroscopy . Spin polarization of electrons or of nuclei, often called simply magnetization , is also produced by the application of a magnetic field . Curie law is used to produce an induction signal in Electron spin resonance ESR or EPR and in Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR . Spin polarization is also important for spintronics , a branch of electronics . Magnetic semiconductor s are being researched as possible spintronic materials. The spin of free electrons is measured either by a Low energy electron diffraction LEED image from a clean Tungsten wolfram crystal SPLEED ref name SPLEED Ki cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.42.1008 author J. Kirschner and R. Feder title Spin Polarization .... Riddle, F. B. Dunning, and G. K. Walters title Electron spin polarization in low energy electron diffraction ... author R. Feder title Spin Polarization in Low Energy Electron Diffraction from W 001 journal Physical ... to spin orbit coupling. The circular polarization of electromagnetic fields is due to spin polarization of their constituent photons . In the most generic context, spin polarization is any alignment of the components ... with the differential operators of vector analysis. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Spin Polarization ... more details
electromagnetism cTopic Electrostatics In classical electromagnetism , polarization density or electric polarization , or simply polarization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent ... polarization of the dielectric. ref Introduction to Electrodynamics 3rd Edition , D.J. Griffiths ... of Physics 2nd Edition , C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0 07 051400 3 ref Polarization density also describes ... to an magnetic field in magnetism . The SI unit of measure is coulomb s per square metre, and polarization ... , C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0 07 051400 3 ref Definition The polarization density P is defined as the average ... aligned the dipoles are in a region of the material. Polarization density in Maxwell s equations ... J are described by Maxwell s equations . The role of the polarization density P is described below. Relations between E, D and P The polarization density P defines the electric displacement field ..., 2007, ISBN 81 7758 293 3 ref Bound charge Electric polarization corresponds to a rearrangement of the bound ... is the only bound charge. When the polarization density changes with time, the time dependent bound charge density creates a polarization current density of math mathbf J p frac partial mathbf P partial ... than outside. In a homogeneity physics homogeneous linear and isotropic dielectric medium, the polarization ... constant , and is the electric susceptibility of the medium. In an anisotropic material, the polarization ... of the polarization is related to the j sup th sup component of the electric field according to ref ... and polarization density by the Clausius Mossotti relation . In general, the susceptibility ... of time t , the polarization is a convolution of the continuous Fourier transform Fourier transform ... to the applied field, and causality considerations lead to the Kramers Kronig relation s. If the polarization ... between P and E at all because of hysteresis . Polarization ambiguity File BulkPolarizationIsAmbiguous.svg thumb 200px Example of how the polarization density in a bulk crystal is ambiguous. a A solid ... more details
more footnotes date March 2012 Refimprove date March 2012 In politics , polarization or polarisation ... often lose power and influence as a consequence. Definitions of polarization The term polarization ... Voter Polarization at the Congressional District Level publisher University of Wisconsin Madison Epstein ... Polarization and the Electoral Effects of Media Bias work CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1798 publisher ... , negative ads can lead to attitude polarization among voters. Political scientists principally measure polarization in two ways. ref Jacobson, A Divider, Not a Uniter , pp. 35 36. ref One is plain or generic polarization, often referred to as popular polarization , ref name heth paper which ... scientists use several kinds of metrics to measure popular polarization, such as the American ... scientists examine is partisan polarization , which happens when support for a political figure or position ... and uses of polarization tend to be looser. Polarization by country United States In recent times ... polarization in the Politics of the United States U.S. political system . Some point to Jim Jeffords ... Party believes in polarization. Others, such as Constitution Party United States Constitution ... discussion in the literature about the nature and cause of polarization in the US electorate. ref ... that polarization is almost purely an elite, or top down driven. ref name fiorina book cite journal ... September title Polarization in the American Public Misconceptions and Misreadings url http www.accessmylibrary.com ... Kyle L. Saunders year 2008 month September title Is Polarization a Myth? journal Journal of Politics ... title The Disappearing Center Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy publisher Yale University Press year 2010 isbn 9780300141627 ref Canada Polarization has had drastic consequences ... years. Polarization in other national politics Expand section date December 2009 An example of polarization ... Two party system References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Polarization Politics Category Political terms ... more details
Attitude polarization , also known as belief polarization , is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of confirmation bias the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes. ref Reference idFine2006a Fine 2006a ref When people encounter ambiguous evidence, this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes, widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them. ref name ReferenceB Reference idLord1979 Lord, et al. 1979 ref The effect is observed with issues that activate ... 5853 ref For most issues, new evidence does not produce a polarization effect. ref name kuhn lao cite ... 1996 title Effects of Evidence on Attitudes Is Polarization the Norm? journal Psychological Science ... polarization is found, mere thinking about the issue, without contemplating new evidence, produces ... Gliner year 1995 title The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group ... polarization. The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence In 1979, Charles Lord , Lee Ross and Mark Lepper carried out an important piece of research on attitude polarization ... idLord1979 Lord, et al. 1979 , pp. 2105 6. ref Role of group membership See Group polarization ... 2008 see also Philosophy of war The tendency for attitude polarization to affect people s decisions ... papers 2006 07.html Dynamics of Political Polarization . Working Paper No. 2006 07. ISERP, Columbia ... Disagreement, Dogmatism, and Belief Polarization , forthcoming in The Journal ... 20& 20lepper 20 1979 .pdf Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization The Effects of Prior Theories .... wikicite id idMackie1984 reference Mackie, D.M. and Cooper, J. 1984 . Group polarization The effects ... reference Sunstein, Cass 2002 . The Law of Group Polarization , The Journal of Political ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 wikify date March 2012 Gender polarization is a concept that what is femininity feminine cannot be masculinity masculine and what is masculine cannot be feminine. It is expected of men and women to display stereotypic gender roles. It utilizes the differences between the two groups of male and female to designate particular characteristics to group members of one group and not the other. Sandra Bem describes the relationship between men and women as a division of social responsibilities. Women are seen suitable for private concerns, such as familial issues, and men as the public representatives, or professional individuals. Women should know just enough about professional business that allows her to empathize with her husband when needed and is denied access to power through other political and professional aspects. ref Bem, S. 1995 . Dismantling Gender Polarization and Compulsory Heterosexuality Should We Turn the Volume Down or Up?. Journal of Sex Research, 32 4 , 329 334. ref In her book, The Lenses of Gender, Bem mentions that there is still hope for the dismantling of gender polarization. By dissolving the use of gender polarization the distinction between male and female would no longer be the dimension around which culture is organized. She recommended that a social revolution as well as a psychological revolution would need to take place in order to widen the viewpoint of a person s sex being completely given by nature. The Lenses of Gender In Sandra Lipsitz Bem s book, gender polarization is believed to operate in two related ways 1. It defines mutually exclusive scripts for being male and female. 2. It defines any person or behavior that deviates from these scripts as problematic. Problems, in this case, are defined as immoral acts that defy religious perspectives or which are psychologically pathological. These two processes create an effect ... case of gender polarization. ref Bem, S. 1993 . Gender polarization. The lenses of gender transforming ... more details
Photon polarization is the Quantum mechanics quantum mechanical description of the Classical physics ... polarized. Their polarization state can be Linear polarization linear or Circular polarization circular , or it can be Elliptical polarization elliptical , which is anywhere in between of linear and circular polarization. The description contains many of the physical concepts and much of the mathematical ... from the classical Maxwell s equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector , usually used to describe the polarization ... of energy of a classical wave propagating through media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization ... momentum called Spin physics spin , as well as energy, with the photon. Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves Main Sinusoidal plane wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation Polarization states Linear polarization Main Linear polarization Image Mudflats polariser.jpg right thumb ... sin theta end pmatrix exp left i alpha right . math The state vectors for linear polarization in x ... 0 1 end pmatrix math then the linearly polarized polarization state can written in the x y basis ... psi x x rangle psi y y rangle. math Circular polarization Main Circular polarization If the phase ... equals the y amplitude the wave is Circular polarization circularly polarized . The Jones vector ... math where the plus sign indicates right circular polarization and the minus sign indicates left circular polarization. In the case of circular polarization, the electric field vector of constant magnitude ... 2 begin pmatrix 1 i end pmatrix math then an arbitrary polarization state can written in the R L ... R 2 psi L 2 . math Elliptical polarization Main Elliptical polarization The general case in which the electric field rotates in the x y plane and has variable magnitude is called elliptical polarization ... more details
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