pollination , the pollentube germinates from the pollen grain and grows the entire length through ... tubes were first discovered by Pierre Jean Fran ois Turpin . The pollentube journey File Angiosperm ... of the stigma stimulate pollentube growth for compatible pollen. Plants that are self sterile inhibit ... of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollentube growth in some plants. The vegetative cell then produces the pollentube, a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain, which carries the sperm ... the egg cell. The germinated pollentube must then drill its way through the nutrient rich style and curl to the bottom of the ovary to reach the ovule. Once the pollentube successfully attains an ovule ... at very high rates, providing the pollentube with interesting mechanical properties. ref name Gossot2007 For instance, the pollentube has an unusual kind of growth it extends exclusively .... ref name Messerli2000 Remarkably, the pollentube s journey through the style often results ... interactions that govern the dynamics of pollentube growth are far from being fully understood. Pollentube guidance Extensive work has been dedicated to comprehend how the pollentube responds ... of pollentube growth. The actin filaments in the cytoskeleton, the peculiar cell wall , secretion ... to the internal dynamics of pollentube growth remains limited. For instance, pollen tubes have been ..., it is not clear how electric fields influence pollentube growth. There are also microsystem based assays to assess and quantify pollentube behavior. ref cite journal author AK Yetisen, L ... tubes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this microdevice, the pollentube growth rate, length and ovule ... communication Signal generation and perception during pollentube guidance journal Floriculture and Ornamental ... first Rui title The pollentube a cellular and molecular perspective year 2006 publisher Springer ... increases in cytosolic Ca2 during pollentube growth journal Developmental Biology year 2000 ... more details
nucleus that produces the pollentube and a generative nucleus that divides to form the two sperm .... The outer wall is constructed with a resistant biopolymer called sporopollenin. The pollentube ... beneath and inside the micropyle . A pollentube is produced, which grows into the nucellus to provide ... flagella , and are carried by the pollentube, while those of Cycad ophyta and Ginkgophyta have ..., a pollen grain puts forth a pollentube which grows down the tissue of the style to the ovary plants ... to their destination in the tip of the pollentube. Pollen as a carrier of ecological information in plants ...File Tulip Stamen Tip.jpg thumb Tip of a tulip stamen with many grains of pollen Image Cactus flower ... right 250px Scanning electron microscope image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants sunflower ... . File Apis mellifera flying.jpg thumb Apis mellifera European honey bee carrying pollen in a pollen basket back to the hive Image Bees Collecting Pollen 2004 08 14.jpg thumb 250px Pollen sticking to a bee. Insects involuntarily transporting pollen from flower to flower play an important role in many ... balteatus Marmalade hoverfly , pollen on its face and legs, sucking nectar from a rockrose. Hatnote See also Pollen disambiguation Pollen is a fine to coarse powder containing the Gametophyte microgametophytes of spermatophyta seed plants , which produce the male gamete s sperm cells . Pollen grains ... cone of Pinophyta coniferous plants . When pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone i.e., when pollination has occurred , it germinate s and produces a pollentube that transfers the sperm to the ovule or female gametophyte . Individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The structure and formation of pollen Redirect from microsporogenesis goes to this section, so don t change title without changing the redirect Pollen itself is not the male gamete ... Each pollen grain contains vegetative non reproductive cells only a single cell in most flowering ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Refimprove date December 2009 Image pollen core sampling.jpg right thumbnail 200px Pollen cores being taken at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. A pollen core is a core sample of a medium containing a stratigraphy stratigraphic sequence of pollen . Analysis of the type and frequency of the pollen in each layer is used to study changes in climate or land use using regional vegetation as a proxy. This analysis is conceptually comparable to the study of ice core s. Methods Cores are obtained from deposits where pollen is likely to have been trapped. Cores are generally obtained from Lake lacustrine sediments and peat bog s although soil sediments may also be obtained. Degradation of the pollen exine and bioturbation may reduce the quality of the pollen grains and stratigraphy of the core so researchers frequently select locations where the sediments are under Hypoxia environmental anaerobic conditions. The cores are then subjected to pollen analysis by palynologist s who are able to infer the proportions of major plant types from the concentrations of different pollen types found in the cores. Coring Equipment There are a number of tools used for coring, often with specialized uses Core Samplers Glew Corer A gravity corer used for lake surface sediments to capture the water sediment interface. Similar to the Kajak Brinkhurst sampler. Brown Corer Frozen Finger A tube is placed into the sediment and then filled with liquid nitrogen causing the sediment around the tube to freeze solid, preserving fine scale structure. Livingstone Piston Corer A long metal tube with a piston at the lower end. Once the core tube is at the desired depth the piston is released and the barrel can be pushed downwards into the sediment. Generally used for lake sediments. Russian A chamber corer used to sample peat s. Grab Samplers Ekman Grab Sampler Petersen Grab Ponar Grab DEFAULTSORT Pollen Core Category Pollination Category Palynology it Carota di polline vi M u l i ph n ... more details
Pollen may refer to PollenPollen Island , island in New Zealand Pollen band , a power pop band from Pennsylvania Pollen novel , a 1995 science fiction novel by Jeff Noon Pollen film , a 2011 documentary film by Disneynature Dander , pet pollen , material shed from the body of various animals, similar to dandruff Persons Daniel Pollen , the ninth Premier of New Zealand Arthur Pollen , a writer on naval affairs Pollen Ndlanya , a retired South African football player Ole Petter Pollen , a Norwegian sailor Arabella Rosalind Hungerford Pollen , an English couturier and author Geir Pollen , a Norwegian poet, novelist and translator John Hungerford Pollen senior , an English artist and writer on crafts and furniture Murder of Daniel Pollen , an English university student who was murdered in an unprovoked attack in 2005 Disambiguation de Pollen Begriffskl rung no Pollen andre betydninger ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 A pollen presenter is an area on the tip of the pistil in flowers of plants of the family Proteaceae . In this family, the anthers are difficult of access for potential pollination vectors such as bees, birds and nectariferous mammals. To ensure pollination, anthers release their pollen onto the pollen presenter prior to anthesis . After anthesis, the style sticks out prominently, ensuring the distribution of pollin. The systematic depositing of pollen on the tip of the style means the plants must have some strategy to avoid excessive self pollination. DEFAULTSORT Pollen Presenter Category Plant anatomy Category Flowers Category Proteaceae Pollen presenter Botany stub fr Pr sentoir pollen it Presentatore di polline ... more details
The Pollen Baronetcy , of Redenham in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain . It was created on 15 May 1795 for John Pollen. The family descended from Edward Pollen d. 1636 , a London merchant originally of Lincolnshire . His son, John Pollen I, grandson, John Pollen c. 1642 1719 John Pollen II c. 1642 by Nov 1719 , and great grandson, John Pollen c. 1702 1775 John Pollen III c. 1702 1775 , all represented Andover UK Parliament constituency Andover in the British ... succession to baronetcy link. Pollen Baronets, of Redenham 1795 Sir John Pollen, 1st Baronet c. 1731 1814 , Sir John Pollen, 2nd Baronet Sir John Walter Pollen, 2nd Baronet 1784 1863 , succeeded ... Hungerford Pollen, 3rd Baronet 1815 1881 , whose younger brother John Hungerford Pollen senior John Hungerford Pollen was ancestor of the 7th Baronet, below. Sir Richard Hungerford Pollen, 4th Baronet 1846 1918 Sir Richard Pollen, 5th Baronet 1878 1930 Sir John Lancelot Hungerford Pollen, 6th Baronet 1884 1959 Sir John Michael Hungerford Pollen, 7th Baronet 1919 2003 , ref He was only son of Lt Cdr John Francis Hungerford Pollen, RN, eldest son of Capt Francis Gabriel Hungerford Pollen, CBE, RN 1862 fl 1908 , 4th son of John Hungerford Pollen senior John Hungerford Pollen , younger brother ... thread 769419f452262ffe 58aced451c3a65e1 Sir John Michael Hungerford Pollen 1919 2003 Peerage News. Retrieved 8 August 2009. ref succeeded by only son Sir Richard John Hungerford Pollen, 8th Baronet b. 1946 Descendants John Hungerford Pollen senior 1820 1902 , Catholic convert and father of ten children including eight sons John Hungerford Pollen Jesuit 1858 1925 , eldest son of above his next brother s grandson became 7th Baronet . Arthur Pollen 1866 1937 inventor, 6th son of the first John Hungerford Pollen Clare Asquith b. 1951 , scholar, great granddaughter of above Arabella Rosalind Hungerford Pollen Arabella Pollen b. 1961 knitwear designer, now novelist, granddaughter of Sir Walter Michael ... more details
Pollen count is the measurement of the number of grains of pollen in a cubic meter of air . The higher the number, the more people will suffer if they are allergic to a particular pollen. Usually, the counts are announced for specific plants such as grass, ash or olive. These are tailored to what is usually a common plant in the area being measured. One method of taking the sample uses a silicone grease covered rod that is rotated in the air to collect the pollen. The rod is rotated periodically during the collection period to gather samples through an entire 24 hour day. The rod is then removed and taken to a lab where the collected material is analyzed for the type of pollen and its concentration. In the UK, the public announcement of the pollen count was popularised by Dr William Frankland Immunologist William Frankland , the immunologist. External links http www.pollen.com Daily pollen reports in the US http uk.weather.com activities health allergies Daily pollen reports in the UK Category Air pollution ecology stub climate stub no Pollenvarsel sv Pollenr kning ... more details
File Apis mellifera flying.jpg thumb A European honey bee carries pollen in the pollen basket back to the hive The pollen basket or corbicula is part of the Arthropod leg Hexapoda tibia on the hind legs of the four related lineages of apidae apid bees that used to comprise the family Apidae the honey bee s, bombus bumblebees , stingless bee s, and euglossini orchid bees . ref George Gordh, Gordon Gordh, David Headrick, A Dictionary of Entomology, Science, 2003 1040 pages pg.713 ref ref http www.ars.usda.gov ... concavity surrounded by a fringe of hairs, into which the pollen is placed most other bees ... mass of branched hairs into which pollen is pressed, with pollen grains held in place in the narrow spaces between the hairs. A honey bee moistens the forelegs with a protruding tongue and brushes the pollen that has collected on head, body and forward appendages to the hind legs. The pollen is transferred to the pollen comb on the hind legs and then combed, pressed, compacted, and transferred to the corbicula ..., Springer, 1995 798 pages pg. 79 ref A single hair functions as a pin that secures the middle of the pollen load. Honey and or nectar is used to moisten the dry pollen, producing the product known as bee pollen or bee bread. The mixing of the pollen with nectar or honey changes the color of the pollen. The color of the pollen can identify the pollen source . ref Dorothy Hodges, The Pollen Loads of the Honeybee ... thumb right 250px The pollen basket is part of the Arthropod leg Hexapoda tibia on the hind legs. Image Bombus milkweed corbicula 57061923c.JPG thumb 250px Bumblebee on milkweed with pollen basket on hind leg Pollen Collection Apparently, Karl von Frisch and other bee researchers have observed, individual honey bees vary in their efficiency in packing pollen into the pollen basket, some more ... a pollen load and return to the hive. ref Karl von Frisch Aus dem Leben der Bienen, Springer Verlag 1953 ref See also Pollen source Nectar source Western honey bee References reflist bee stub Category ... more details
Geir Pollen born 4 April 1953 in M lselv is a Norwegian poet, novelist and translator. His literary debut was the poetry collection Posteringar i spr ket from 1982. He was leader of the Norwegian Authors Union from 2001 to 2005. ref name snl cite encyclopedia title Geir Pollen first ystein last Rottem authorlink ystein Rottem encyclopedia Store norske leksikon publisher Kunnskapsforlaget location Oslo url http www.snl.no Geir Pollen language Norwegian accessdate 7 March 2010 ref References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Pollen, Geir ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 4 April 1953 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Pollen, Geir Category 1953 births Category Living people Category People from M lselv Category Norwegian novelists Category Norwegian poets Category Norwegian translators norway writer stub no Geir Pollen nn Geir Pollen ... more details
Forensic science A pollen calendar is used to show the peak pollen times for different types of plant pollens which cause allergic reaction s in certain people. ref http www.foodallergens.info Facts Pollen&Food Calendar.html Food Allergens website . Accessed February 22, 2010. ref ref http www.hon.ch Library Theme Allergy Glossary calendar.html Health on the Net Foundation HON ref ref http www.pollenuk.co.uk aero pm calendar.html National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit of the UK ref In forensics A pollen calendar can be a very useul tool in forensic science , because it can be used to place the month, or week, or date of death . ref E. Montali, A. Mercuri, G. Trevisan Grandi, C. Accorsi, Towards a crime pollen calendar Pollen analysis on corpses throughout one year , Forensic Science International , Volume 163, Issue 3, Pages 211 223, abstract found at http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0379073805006249 Elsevier website . Accessed February 22, 2010. ref ref Ray Palmer, THE FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF FIBRES A Review 2004 to 2007, Interpol paper, p. 80, found at http www.interpol.int .... ref The use of pollen for criminal investigation purposes is called Forensic palynology . ref D.C. ... pollen calendar Pollen analysis on corpses throughout one year ref However, the use of a pollen calendar ... pollen based evidence , but these appear to be of limited use in the forensic context where outcomes ... References reflist External links http www.pollen.com allergy weather forecast.asp United States Pollen calendars http www.worcester.ac.uk businessandresearch specialist 14511.html National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit Pollen calendar for the UK created by the University of Worcester http www.allergy.org.nz about allergies pollen allergy.html New Zealand allergy pages and http www.allergy.org.nz site allergynz files Annual 20Pollen 20Calendar.pdf New Zealand Pollen Calendar printable PDF http www.dar.csiro.au airwatch docs PollenCalendar.pdf Australia Pollen Calendar printable PDF med ... more details
A physical obstacle that hinders the movement of pollen from a field of Genetic engineering genetically modified GM crops to neighbouring non GM crops is called a pollen barrier . Such barriers are erected with the aim of reducing the out crossing of GM plants. In the European Union they may, for example, help keep the GM content of neighbouring non GM fields below the threshold of 0.9 percent allowing conventional farmers to sell their harvest as non GM products. Design of pollen barriers Pollen barriers can be made of any species of hedge, tree or tall plantings which physically limit pollen movement. However, the most efficient pollen barriers are made of non GM crops of the same species as the GM cultivation. This kind of pollen barrier is often called a buffer strip or buffer zone , and is not only a physical hurdle but also obstructs GM pollen by producing its own competitive, GM free pollen which also may fertilise the neighbouring GM free fields. Consequently, however, crops in the buffer zone, although originally non GM plants, also catch a lot of GM pollen, produce a lot of GM fruit and are considered a GM crop when harvested. Pollen barriers versus isolation distances According to recent research, a buffer zone is more efficient than Isolation distance for genetically modified plants isolation distances . A few rows of non GM crops are equivalent to several metres of isolation distance. Detailed recommendations, however, exist only for maize at this time. Since co existence has become a major topic in European agriculture, several research programmes including Co Extra and SIGMEA have emerged to investigate pollen barriers as a tool for the Co existence of genetically ... with large average sizes. Due partly to the longer average distances required for pollen travel, no specific ... and result in a higher admixture of GM and non GM crops through pollen movement. Due to the limited space available on small fields, isolation distances may be inapplicable for co existence. Pollen ... more details
Pollen Island or Motu Manawa is an island in the Waitemata Harbour , very near the northern end of Rosebank, Auckland Rosebank Peninsula , in Auckland , New Zealand . It is one of two islands surrounded by the Motu Manawa Pollen Island Marine Reserve , the other being Traherne Island . The convert 500 ha sqmi marine reserve was established in 1995. The island is named after Daniel Pollen , who bought it in 1855. He later became Prime Minister of New Zealand Premier of New Zealand . The island has been owned and managed by the Department of Conservation New Zealand Department of Conservation DOC since late 2005, when it was acquired from Ports of Auckland . It was gazetted as an open scientific reserve in 2006. It had been leased by Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Forest and Bird from Ports of Auckland between June 1995 to June 2005. During the lease Forest and Bird identified the native plants and animals living there and prepared a management plan. ref cite web url http www.forestandbird.org.nz what we do branches central auckland projects pollen island motu manawa marine reserve title Pollen and Traherne Islands Motu Manawa Marine Reserve publisher Forest and Bird accessdate 17 March 2012 ref References Reflist External links http www.doc.govt.nz conservation marine and coastal marine protected areas marine reserves a z motu manawa pollen island Motu Manawa Pollen Island Marine Reserve and http www.doc.govt.nz upload documents conservation marine and coastal marine protected areas Pollen 20Island 20Marine 20Reserve 201 20April 202006 20ON 20SREEN 20COMPOSITE.pdf fact sheet at the Department of Conservation New Zealand Department of Conservation coord 36.862385 174.669488 display title Category Marine reserves of New Zealand Category Geography of the Auckland Region Category Protected areas established in 1995 Auckland geo stub ... more details
name Daniel Pollen order 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand Premier of New Zealand monarch Queen Victoria Victoria governor George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby George Phipps image Daniel Pollen, ca ... Council member religion Daniel Pollen 2 June 1813 18 May 1896 was the son of Elizabeth n e O Neill and Hugh Pollen and became the List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand ninth Prime Minister of New ... Pollen cite book title An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand year originally published in 1966 publisher Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manat Taonga url http www.teara.govt.nz en 1966 pollen daniel 1 editor A. H. McLintock accessdate 20 January 2011 chapter POLLEN, Daniel 1813 96 date updated 22 Apr 09 ref Early life The son of Hugh Pollen, a dock master, Pollen was born in Ringsend , Dublin. Little ... Canal Company at Ringsend in 1812, ref House of Commons papers, 1812 , p. 181 Hugh Pollen, examined .... Hugh Pollen, Ringsend. ref and died in 1837 to be succeeded as dock master by Thomas Pollen. ref D. Ruth Delany, The Grand Canal of Ireland David & Charles, 1973 Hugh Pollen died in 1837 and was succeeded by Thomas Pollen, who proved very unsatisfactory... ref On some accounts, Pollen s father helped to build the United States Capitol . A doctor, Pollen claimed to hold the Doctor of Medicine MD ... Wagg, Touching on Deaths a medical history of early Auckland 2000 , p. 83 DANIEL POLLEN 1813 1896 Pollen was born in Dublin although it is unknown whether he obtained his MD in Ireland or the USA ..., Pollen married Jane Henderson, the daughter of an officer of the Royal Navy Lieutenant Essex, RN ... Scottish copper mining company. ref name mclintock Entry into politics Pollen spent several years ..., Pollen was made chief clerk in the Auckland Superintendent s office. From there, he rose through the ranks ... Ara Pollen sfn Scholefield 1950 pp 33, 83 In 1870, Daniel Pollen held four positions Receiver of Land ... 1950 pp 35 36 He became Premier on 6 July 1875 and led the Pollen Ministry, 1875 76 Pollen Ministry ... more details
Pollen Ndlanya born 22 May 1970 is a retired South Africa n football player. He played for Kaizer Chiefs , Manning Rangers , Bursaspor , G ztepe A. . G ztepe , ref cite web publisher Turkish Football Federation TFF title POLLEN DUM SAN NDHLANYA url http www.tff.org Default.aspx?pageId 526&kisiId 28197 accessdate 2009 06 09 ref AmaZulu F.C. South Africa AmaZulu F.C. and Orlando Pirates . He played for South Africa national football team at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup . ref FIFA player 157443 Potter Ndlanya ref References reflist External links http www.phbmarketing.co.za index files Page510.htm Pollen Ndlanya biography PSL Player of the Season South Africa Squad 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup South Africa Squad 1998 Africa Cup of Nations South Africa Squad 2000 Africa Cup of Nations Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Ndlanya, Pollen ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Association footballer DATE OF BIRTH 22 May 1970 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ndlanya, Pollen Category 1970 births Category Living people Category South African association football players Category South Africa international football soccer players Category South African expatriate football soccer players Category South African expatriates in Turkey Category 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category 1998 African Cup of Nations players Category 2000 African Cup of Nations players Category Bursaspor footballers Category G ztepe footballers Category Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players Category Orlando Pirates players Category S per Lig players Category AmaZulu F.C. players Category Expatriate footballers in Turkey SouthAfrica footy bio stub it Pollen Ndlanya pl Pollen Ndlanya ru , ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Pollen background group or band alias origin Tempe, Arizona Tempe , Arizona , United States U.S. br Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States U.S. genre Power pop br Indie rock years active 1993 in music 1993 &ndash 2001 in music 2001 label Fueled By Ramen website http www.theataris.com past members Dan Hargest Vocals br Kevin Scanlon Guitar br Chris Serafini Bass br Mike Bennett Guitar br Bob Hoag Drums associated acts The Go Reflex Pollen was a power pop band originally hailing from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They released four albums over their eight years. Band members Dan Hargest, Vocals Kevin Scanlon, Guitar Chris Serafini, Bass Mike Bennett, Guitar Bob Hoag , Drums Discography Albums class wikitable style text align center Album Record Label Release Date Notes Bluette Grass Records 1994 Crescent Grass Records 1995 Peach Tree Wind up Records 1997 Co ed Pollen A Split Recording Cool Guy Records 1999 This was a split LP featuring songs by both Pollen and Co ed. Chip Fueled By Ramen 2000 Compilations Not One Light Red A Modified Document Sunset Alliance , 2000 Track A Clear Complexion External links http www.phoenixnewtimes.com 2001 04 19 music group efforts Group Efforts from the Phoenix Unofficial Sites http www.myspace.com pollenrocks A Pollen Fan Site DEFAULTSORT Pollen Category American indie rock groups Category American power pop groups pt Pollen ... more details
Arthur Joseph Hungerford Pollen 13 September 1866 &ndash 28 January 1937 was a writer on naval affairs ... computer called at the time the Argo Clock . Early life Pollen was born on 13 September 1866, the sixth son and eighth child of eight sons and two daughters born to John Hungerford Pollen senior John Hungerford Pollen and Maria Margaret Pollen. His father being a leading convert to Catholicism along ... Lawrence Pollen 1899 1968 who married 1926 Hon. Daphne Baring, a daughter of Baron Revelstoke ... Pollen. ref In 1898 Pollen was made the managing director of Linotype, which he ran successfully for the next decade. Fire control Through a relative, Commander William Goodenough , Pollen saw a naval ... a mile the big guns could not reliably hit their targets. ref Pollen Gunnery p. 23 ref On the board ... source of the suggested analogue computer. ref Pollen Gunnery p. 35 ref However first accurate data is needed of the target s position and relative motion. Pollen developed a plotting unit or plotter ... reliable correction. ref Pollen Gunnery p. 36 ref Pollen utilised the resources of Linotype for his ... control Pollen set up in 1909 the Argo Company, and in 1911 took a holding in the firm of Thomas Cooke & Sons of York , who had been manufacturing components for his equipment. Early on Pollen was encouraged ... of Pollen s work involved close cooperation with the Navy, and upon Dreyer s appointment as Assistant to the DNO with responsibility for fire control he was invited to view Pollen s Linotype works at Broadheath, Greater Manchester Broadheath , near Altrincham . Pollen had had a long relationship with Dreyer s predecessor, Lieutenant Harding. Pollen continued his work, with tests carried out ... Pollen Aim Correction System. Part I. Technical History and Technical Comparison with Commander F.C. ... the first adopted for service in 1912&mdash the Mark III&mdash did. ref Pollen Aim Correction System ... Pollen Aim Correction System. Part I. Technical History and Technical Comparison with Commander F.C. ... more details
Analysis of the distribution of pollen grains of various species contained in surface layer deposits, especially peat bog s and lake sediment s, from which a record of Paleoclimatology past climate may be inferred. Because the lake sediments accumulate over time, a core of the mud will show that the mud at the bottom will be the oldest and the mud at the top will be the newest. By separating the samples of the core, we can get a record of how the vegetation around that site has changed. This has shown us that the area around the Great Lakes was tundra 11,000 years ago. For more details, please see the Palynology entry. History Modern pollen analysis dates back to Lennart von Post when he presented a paper on fossil pollen grains in Sweden Swedish bogs to the 1916 Scandinavian Scientist Conference in Oslo ref von Post, L 1918 Skogstr dpollen i sydsvenska torvmosslagerf ljder , Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske naturforskeres 16. m te i Kristiania 1916 p. 433 ref . The paper was repeated in the same year in Stockholm but was not fully published until 1918. Antecedents of this work can be traced in the writings of scientists such as Fr h 1885 ref Fr h, J 1885 Kritische Beitr ge zur Kenntnis des Torfes , Jahrb.k.k.Geol.Reichsanstalt 35 ref , who enumerated most of the common tree pollen types, together with a considerable number of spore s and herb pollen grains. In a study of bottom samples from Swedish lakes by Trybom 1888 , ref Trybom, F 1888 Bottenprof fran svenska insj ar , Geol.Foren.Forhandl.10 ref Pinus Pine and Picea Spruce pollen was found in such profusion that he considered them to be serviceable as index fossils . Georg F.L. Sarauw studies fossil pollen of middle Pleistocene age Cromerian from the harbour of Copenhagen ref cite journal last Sarauw first G. F. L ... to undertake percentage frequency calculations. Pollen analysis was refined and developed by Johannes .... 1989 Textbook of pollen analysis . 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 328 p. ref Pollen analysis ... more details
Merge Bee bread date January 2012 expert subject 1 Biology date September 2011 ref improve date September 2011 Pollen balls are masses of pollen and nectar . Incomplete larval development of bees occurs on them. ref name oneill They are found in brood cell s. Brood cells are chambers of wood and mud, and are created by female ground nesting bee s. ref name usda When the pollen ball is complete, a single female lays an egg on top of the pollen ball, and seals the brood cell. ref name vernal The balls are harvested as food for humans, usually called bee pollen or bee bread . References reflist refs ref name usda cite web title Examination of pollen Balls in the Nests of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile Rotundata url https www.ars.usda.gov research publications publications.htm?seq no 115 150465 work United States Department of Agriculture publisher Agricultural Research Service accessdate 10 September 2011 ref ref name vernal cite web last Thorp first Robbin W title Vernal pool flowers and their specialist bee pollinators url http www.vernalpools.org Thorp publisher California Vernal Pools accessdate 11 September 2011 ref ref name oneill cite web last O Neill first Ruth P title Spatial and Temporal Trends in Leafcutting Bee Mortality url http www.entomology.montana.edu AlfalfaSeed Spatial 20and 20temporal 20mortality.html publisher Montana State University author Sue Blodgett ref Biology stub Category Bees Category Pollination Category Insect ecology ... more details
Taxobox name Pollen s Vanga image status NT status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo Passeriformes familia Vangidae genus Xenopirostris species X. polleni binomial Xenopirostris polleni binomial authority Hermann Schlegel Schlegel , 1868 synonyms The Pollen s Vanga Xenopirostris polleni is a species of bird in the Vangidae family. It is Endemism endemic to Madagascar . Its natural habitat s are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest s and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest s. It is threatened by habitat loss . References BirdLife International 2004. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 23119 all Xenopirostris polleni . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 27 July 2007. Vangas Category Xenopirostris Category Birds of Madagascar Vangidae stub fr Vanga de Pollen nl Pollens vanga sv Svartbr stad vanga ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 The Pollen Room German language German Das Bl tenstaubzimmer is the debut novel by Switzerland Swiss author Zo Jenny . Published in 1997, the book was a literary and commercial success in Switzerland and across Europe. The novel was published in Germany by Frankfurter Verlagsanstalt, with an advance of less than 10,000 Deutsche Mark marks . After publication, the novel reached 2 on Switzerland s best sellers list and won several literary prizes in Austria and Germany . The Pollen Room contains some autobiographical elements. In the novel, Jo s parents separate when she is a child, and she lives with her father a publisher until she decides to search for her mother. References Cowell, Alan. http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9405E4DB133CF932A25753C1A961958260 A First Novel s Ambiguities Tantalize the Swiss Literati , The New York Times , October 11, 1997. Retrieved October 22, 2007. DEFAULTSORT Pollen Room Category 1997 novels Category Swiss novels Category Debut novels 1990s novel stub ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Pollen title orig translator image prefer 1st edition image caption author Jeff Noon illustrator cover artist Joe Magee country Great Britain language English language English series Vurt series genre Science fiction publisher Ringpull publisher Ringpull release date 1995 english release date media type Print Paperback pages 327 pp isbn 1 85702 398 6 preceded by Vurt followed by Automated Alice Pollen is a 1995 science fiction novel written by United Kingdom British author Jeff Noon . Plot summary Pollen is the sequel to Vurt and concerns the ongoing struggle between the real world and the virtual world. When concerning the virtual world, some references to Greek mythology are noticeable, including Persephone and Demeter , the river Styx and Charon mythology Charon , and Hades portrayed by the character John Barleycorn . References reflist External links isfdb title id 3025 title Pollen Category Novels by Jeff Noon Category 1995 novels Category 1990s science fiction novels Category British science fiction novels Category Greco Roman mythology in popular culture 1990s sf novel stub ... more details
Infobox film name Pollen image Pollen 2011 film.jpg caption French version of film poster director Louis Schwartzberg producer Grady Candler br Alix Tidmarsh br Jake Eberts executive producer br Elease Lui associate producer writer narrator Melanie Laurent music Jan Holzner cinematography editing Jonathan P. Shaw studio Blacklight Films distributor Disneynature released Film date df y 2011 3 16 runtime 77 minutes country film France br film US language English br French budget gross Pollen known as Hidden Beauty A Love Story That Feeds the Earth in some countries is a 2011 French American nature documentary directed by Louis Schwartzberg and released by Disneynature . It premiered in France on March 16, 2011. Synopsis The film s synopsis states ref Cite web last first url http www.disney.fr disneynature films pollen title Disneynature Presents Pollen publisher date accessdate 2012 01 07 ref cquote A beautiful love story in danger. Our future depends on an amazing love story between the flowers and fauna consisting of bees, butterflies, birds and bats, which allow these species to reproduce. Delicate and graceful, the flowers are not content to be the ultimate symbol of beauty. On the contrary, their vibrant colors and their exotic flavors are so many wonders that attract pollinators and drunk with desire. All these animals are involved in a complex dance of seduction on which one third of our crops, a dance without which we could survive ... POLLEN presents the unsung heroes of the global food chain. Their fantastic worlds are full of stories, drama and beauty. While a fragile and threatened, essential for the balance of the planet, it should now actively protect ... Production Empty section date January 2012 Release The film has yet to be released in North America . References reflist 2 External links http www.disney.fr disneynature films pollen Disneynature France website http www.disney.co.uk disneynature films hidden beauty Disneynature UK website IMDb title 1222816 ... more details
Taxobox name Pollen wasps image Pseudomvespoides.jpg image width 250px image caption Pseudomasaris vespoides regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera subordo Apocrita superfamilia Vespoidea familia Vespidae subfamilia Masarinae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Gayellini br Gayella animal Gayella Paramasaris Masarini br Priscomasarina Priscomasaris Paragiina Metaparagia Paragia Masarina Celonites Ceramiopsis Ceramius Jugurtia Masarina Masaris Pseudomasaris Quartinia Trimeria Pollen wasps are unusual wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae , but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, Masaridae , which also included the subfamily Euparagiinae . It is a small subfamily, unique among wasps in feeding their larva e exclusively with pollen and nectar , in a fashion quite similar to many solitary bees . Most species are black or brown, marked with strikingly contrasting patterns of yellow, white, or red or combinations thereof . They are most diverse and abundant in the desert regions of southern Africa , but also occur in the deserts of North America North and South America . Some species of Pseudomasaris in California , such as Pseudomasaris vespoides , bear a remarkable resemblance to yellowjacket s, but can be recognized by their strongly clubbed antennae, a characteristic feature of the subfamily. Males have the antennae greatly elongated, but still ending in a strong club. They carry pollen in their Crop anatomy crop , and regurgitate it along with nectar when provisioning the cells of their nests, and they lay their eggs in the soupy mass before sealing the cell. The nests are often constructed out of mud, or burrows in the ground, and these can have one to multiple individual cells. The nests ... , London, England, 302 pp. Gess, S.K. 1996. The Pollen Wasps Ecology and Natural History of the Masarinae ... Image Pseudomcoquill.jpg Pseudomasaris coquilletti gallery DEFAULTSORT Pollen Wasp Category Vespidae ... more details
The term pollen source is often used in the context of beekeeping and refers to flowering plants as a source of pollen for bees or other insects. Bees collect pollen as a protein source to raise their brood ... distributes its pollen. Few flowering plants self pollination self pollinate some can provide their own pollen self fertile , but require a pollinator to move the pollen others are dependent on cross pollination from a genetically different source of viable pollen, through the activity ... below is mainly about the pollen source from a beekeeping perspective. The pollen source ... will bloom and produce pollen is a calculation of the growing degree days. Image Bee taking off.jpg thumb 450pix Bee collecting pollen Image Early April Pollen.jpg thumb 450pix Pollen laden bees at hive entrance The color of pollen below indicates the color as it appears when the pollen arrives at the beehive. Bees mix dry pollen with nectar and or honey to compact the pollen in the pollen basket . Dry pollen, is a food source for bees, which contains 16 30 protein, 1 10 fat, 1 7 starch, many ... stage requires approximately 120 to 145 mg of pollen. An average bee colony will collect about 20 to 57 kg 44 to 125 pounds of pollen a year. ref http www.nhb.org download research rvalue.pdf THE R VALUES OF HONEY POLLEN COEFFICIENT accessed Feb 2005 ref ref Reiter, R, http docs.google.com ... AHIEtbQEqaU9wMqN9iyLcVWMGrmNdOakBQ THE COLORATION OF ANTHER AND CORBICULAR POLLEN , THE OHIO JOURNAL ... 350px Bee on plum tree with pollen Spring Trees and shrubs Spring class wikitable sortable Common name Latin name Blooming months Pollen color Availability Source for honeybees Maple Acer spp. Feb Apr ... Feb style background F0DC82 light brown to brown pollen not considered a good pollen source ... feral good Pictures Image Ucan ari1.jpg left thumb floating 300px Flying honeybee with red pollen in pollen basket likely on henbit Image blue2.JPG right thumb floating 400px Bees in April with blue ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Image Helianthus annuus pollen 1.jpg thumb right Helianthus annuus pollenPollen zones are a system of subdividing the last glacial period and Holocene paleoclimate using the data from pollen core s. The sequence provides a global chronological structure to a wide variety of scientists, such as geology geologists , climatology climatologisist s, geography geographists and archaeologist s, who study the physical and cultural environment of the last 15,000 years. History The palynological aspects of the system were first investigated extensively by the Sweden Swedish palynology palynologist Lennart von Post in the years before the World War I First World War . By analysing pollen in core sample s taken from peat bogs, von Post noticed that different plant species were represented in bands through the cores. The differing species and differing quantities of the same species are caused by changes in climate. Von Post was able to confirm the Blytt Sernander climatic sequence showing fluctuations between warmer and colder periods across thousands of years. He used local peat sequences combined with varve dating to produce a regional climatic chronology for Scandinavia . In 1940 Harry Godwin began applying von Post s methods to pollen cores from the British Isles to produce the wider European sequence accepted today. It basically expanded the Blytt Sernander further into the late Pleistocene and refined some of its periods. Following the World War II ... it all the more. Notes on the sequence table At present nine main pollen zones, I IX, are defined ... for the ones listed. In contrast to glacial periods, these pollen zones are being used to apply ... of Antarctica , which has no pollen of its own. A few scientists disapprove of such uses. Sequence table table border 1 cellpadding 2 caption European Pollen Zones caption tr th Zone th th Biostratigraphic ... hannover.de nhdfrvdp vdpost.htm Wansleben Salt Lake DEFAULTSORT Pollen Zone Category Archaeological ... more details
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