Distinguish polyurea SignSymptom infobox Name Polyuria Image ADH3.svg Caption Regulation of urine production by ADH and aldosterone ICD10 ICD10 R 35 r 30 ICD9 ICD9 788.42 MeshID D011141 Polyuria is a condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production or passage ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com polyuria thefreedictionary.com polyuria . Citing Excessive passage The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007 Excessive production Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008 the formation and excretion Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007 ref of urine at least 2.5 ref http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003146.htm Last Editorial Review 9 30 2009 ref or 3 ref name merck http www.merck.com mmpe sec17 ch226 ch226i.html merck.com Polyuria A Merck Manual of Patient Symptoms podcast. Last full review revision September 2009 by Seyed Ali Sadjadi, MD ref L over 24 hours in adults . Frequent urination is sometimes included by definition, ref http www.patient.co.uk doctor Polyuria.htm Acknowledgements patient.co.uk Polyuria By Dr Colin Tidy. Document ID 2632. Document Version 21. Document Reference bgp113. Last Updated 6 Jul 2009 ref but is nonetheless usually an accompanying symptom. Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis . ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 21221 MedicineNet.com Definition of Diuresis Last Editorial Review 8 20 2002 ref ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com diuresis thefreedictionary.com diuresis Retrieved on June 13, 2010 ref Polyuria ... without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Psychogenic polydipsia may lead to polyuria. Polyuria is physiologically normal in some circumstances, such as cold wikt diuresis diuresis , altitude diuresis , and after drinking large amounts of fluids. Causes The most common cause of polyuria ... merck Polyuria may also be due to various chemical substances diuretic s, caffeine , alcohol . It may ... more details
Frequent urination , or urinary frequency , is the need to urinate more often than usual. ref name medlineplus http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003140.htm MedlinePlus Frequent or urgent urination Updated by Scott M. Gilbert. Update Date 5 22 2008 ref It is often, though not necessarily, associated with urinary incontinence and polyuria . A frequent need to urinate at night is called nocturia . ref name medlineplus Frequent urination is strongly associated with frequent incidences of urinary urgency . Causes Frequent urination is a classic sign of urinary tract infection , where inflammation reduces the bladder s capacity to hold urine. ref name medlineplus Other common causes are Diabetes mellitus , ref name medlineplus causing increased urine production polyuria Prostate problems, ref name medlineplus causing disturbance along the urinary tract Pregnancy ref name medlineplus potentially causing both Other causes of polyuria may, less commonly, cause frequent urination. Other causes of frequent urination by disturbance along the urinary tract include Interstitial cystitis Overactive bladder Prostatitis Stroke and other neurological diseases Less common causes include ref name medlineplus Bladder cancer Bladder dysfunction Radiation therapy References reflist Urinary system symptoms and signs Category Incontinence Category Symptoms and signs Urinary system zh ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name Urgency of urination ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 788.63 Urinary urgency is a sudden, compelling urge to urinate. It is often, though not necessarily, associated with urinary incontinence , polyuria , nocturia , and interstitial cystitis . It tends to increase with age. When uncontrollable, it causes urge incontinence . Urinary urgency and interstitial cystitis Urinary urgency often occurs as a result of irritation and or inflammation of the bladder wall urothelium . In interstitial cystitis, urinary frequency and urgency are the hallmark symptoms, in addition to nocturia and dyspareunia. In many cases, however, these symptoms are often exacerbated by the consumption of certain foods and or beverages caffeine, particularly coffee, regular tea, green tea, soda, diet soda and fruit juice. Cranberry juice, for example, often causes extreme urgency in patients. Intervention Behavioural Techniques Anti Cholinergic See also Urination Polyuria http www.webmd.com content article 108 109010 Research in Acupuncture and Urinary Urgency External links http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 18379 http www.wrongdiagnosis.com sym urinary urgency.htm http www.shands.org health information article 003140.htm References Katharine K. O Dell & Sarah McGee. Acupuncture for Urinary Urgency In Women Over 50 What Is the Evidence? . UROLOGIC NURSING February 2006 Volume 26 Number 1. Urinary system symptoms and signs Category Symptoms and signs Urinary system symptom stub ar it Minzione imperiosa ... more details
confuse diaeresis Diuresis may refer to Urine production, as an aspect of fluid balance Excessive urine production see polyuria Forced diuresis , increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid Immersion diuresis , a type of diuresis caused by immersion of the body in water Osmotic diuresis , increased urination caused by the presence of substances in the kidneys Rebound diuresis , sudden resurgence of urine flow that occurs during convalescence from acute renal failure disambig ca Di resi cs Diur za da Diurese de Diurese fr Diur se it Diuresi pl Diureza pt Diurese ru uk ... more details
NDI that produce clinical symptoms e.g. polyuria in the adult are lithium medication lithium toxicity ... sensing receptor CaR . Osmotic Other causes of acquired NDI include hypokalemia, post obstructive polyuria ... is normal, ADH levels are likely to be a normal or raised. polyuria will continue as long as the patient ... more details
Hashitoxicosis , which can be abbreviated Htx , ref name pmid15812459 cite journal author Nabhan ZM, Kreher NC, Eugster EA title Hashitoxicosis in children clinical features and natural history journal J. Pediatr. volume 146 issue 4 pages 533 6 year 2005 month April pmid 15812459 doi 10.1016 j.jpeds.2004.10.070 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0022347604010674 ref is a transient hyperthyroidism caused by inflammation associated with Hashimoto s thyroiditis disturbing the thyroid follicle s, resulting in excess release of thyroid hormone . ref Robins Basic Pathology ref Symptoms main hyperthyroidism Major clinical signs include weight loss often accompanied by an increased appetite , anxiety , intolerance to heat , fatigue physical fatigue , hair loss, weakness, hyperactivity, irritability, apathy , clinical depression depression , polyuria , polydipsia , delirium , and sweating. Additionally, patients may present with a variety of symptoms such as palpitations and arrhythmia s notably atrial fibrillation , shortness of breath dyspnea , loss of libido , nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . Long term untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to osteoporosis . In the elderly, these classical symptoms may not be present. See also Hashimoto s thyroiditis thyroid hormone hyperthyroidism References reflist Endocrine pathology Category Thyroid disease ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name Nocturia ICD10 ICD10 R 35 r 30 ICD9 ICD9 788.43 MeshID D053158 Nocturia derived from Latin language Latin nox, night , and Greek language Greek , urine , also called nycturia Greek , is the need to get up in the night to urinate, thus interrupting sleep. Its occurrence is more frequent in pregnant women and in the elderly. Nocturia could result simply from too much liquid intake before going to bed usually the case in the young , or it could be a symptom of a larger problem, such as sleep apnea , hyperparathyroidism ref http www.emedicine.com ent TOPIC299.HTM eMedicine Hyperparathyroidism Article by James LaBagnara Bot generated title ref , chronic renal failure , urinary incontinence , bladder infection , interstitial cystitis , diabetes , congestive heart failure , benign prostatic hyperplasia , ureteral pelvic junction obstruction ref http www.emoryhealthcare.org departments urology sub menu upj.html Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction desc. ref or prostate cancer . References references External links http icadvice.com node 32 I Just Want Some Sleep An article discussing the role that nocturia can play in the health and wellbeing of people with the chronic bladder condition, interstitial cystitis See also Polyuria Enuresis Urinary system symptoms and signs SleepSeries2 Category Symptoms and signs Urinary system disease stub bg cs Nykturie de Nykturie es Nicturia fr Nycturie hi hr Nokturija it Nicturia nl Nycturie pl Nykturia pt Noct ria sv Nykturi zh ... more details
Image Illu urinary system.jpg right 300px Male urinary system Osmotic diuresis is increased urination caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys . ref cite book title Review of Medical Physiology last Ganong first William F. year 2005 publisher McGraw Hill McGraw Hill Professional isbn 0071440402 pages 719 quote url http books.google.com books?id OLa8vDBXDD4C&pg PA719&dq 22Osmotic diuresis 22&as brr 3&sig ACfU3U3 zgU5V59jPWEcho 0M6fBljuvdg ref The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance . The substances cause an increase in the osmotic pressure within the tubule, causing retention of water within the lumen, and thus reduces the reabsorption of water, increasing urine output ie. diuresis . The same effect can be seen in therapeutics such as mannitol , which is used to increase urine output and decrease extracellular fluid volume. Substances in the circulation can also increase the amount of circulating fluid by increasing the osmolarity of the blood. This has the effect of pulling water from the interstitial space biology interstitial space, making more water available in the blood and causing the kidney to compensate by removing it as urine. In hypotension , often colloid s are used intravenously to increase circulating volume in themselves, but as they exert a certain amount of osmotic pressure, water is therefore also moved, further increasing circulating volume. As blood pressure increases, the kidney removes the excess fluid as urine. Sodium , chloride , potassium are excreted in Osmotic diuresis, originating from Diabetes Mellitus DM . Osmotic diuresis results in dehydration from polyuria and the classic polydipsia excessive thirst associated with DM. See also Ketosis Polydipsia Sulfonylurea References reflist External links http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 001266.htm Article at MedlinePlus ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Hans Schuller Christian.jpg Caption A patient with Hand Sch ller Christian Disease DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 D 76 0 d 70 ILDS D76.020 ICD9 ICD9 277.89 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D006646 Hand Sch ller Christian disease is associated with multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis . It is associated with a triad of exophthalmos , lytic bone lesions often in the skull , and diabetes insipidus from pituitary stalk infiltration . ref name pmid2148780 cite journal author Kimura T, Ota K, Shoji M, et al title Hand Sch ller Christian disease with occult diabetes insipidus, cardiac failure and renal dysfunction journal Jpn. J. Med. volume 29 issue 4 pages 405 10 year 1990 pmid 2148780 doi url ref It is named for Alfred Hand , Artur Sch ller , and Henry Asbury Christian . ref WhoNamedIt synd 551 ref ref A. Hand. Polyuria and tuberculosis. Proceedings of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, 1893, 16 282 284. Archives of Pediatrics, New York, 1893 10 673 675. ref ref A. Sch ller. ber eigenartige Sch deldefekte im Jugendalter Landkartensch del . Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der R ntgenstrahlen, 1915 1916 23 12 18. ref ref H. Christian. Defects in membranous bones, exophthalmos, and diabetes insipidus an unusual syndrome of dyspituitarism. In Contributions to medical and biological research, dedicated to Sir William Osler. New York, P. B. Hoeber, 1919, 1 390 401. Medical Clinics of North America, Philadelphia, PA., 1920 3 849 871. ref See also List of cutaneous conditions References Reflist 2 disease stub Histiocytosis Category Monocyte and macrophage related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Cerebral salt wasting syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 32234 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 354 MeshID Cerebral salt wasting syndrome CSWS is a rare disease rare endocrine condition featuring hyponatremia low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to trauma injury or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain . This form of hyponatraemia is due to excessive renal sodium excretion resulting from a centrally mediated process. The condition was initially described in 1950. ref cite journal author Peters JP, Welt LG, Sims EA, Orloff J, Needham J title A salt wasting syndrome associated with cerebral disease journal Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians volume 63 issue pages 57 64 year 1950 pmid 14855556 doi url ref Symptoms Primary symptoms include polyuria at least 2.5 liters in the course of 24 hours, for adults due to inadequate sodium retention in the body, polydipsia excessive thirst due to polyuria, extreme salt cravings e.g. desire to drink pickle juice , dysautonomia , and dehydration . Patients often self medicate by naturally gravitating toward a high sodium diet and by dramatically increasing their water intake. Advanced symptoms include muscle cramps , lightheadedness, dizziness or Vertigo medical vertigo , feelings of anxiety or panic not mentally induced , tachycardia rapid heart rate or bradycardia slow heart rate , hypotension and orthostatic hypotension sometimes resulting in syncope medicine syncope . ref name isbn0 07 147247 9 Other symptoms frequently associated with dysautonomia include headaches , pallor , malaise , facial flushing, constipation or diarrhea , nausea , acid reflux , visual disturbances, numbness, nerve pain, trouble breathing, chest pains, loss of consciousness and seizures . ref name isbn0 07 147247 9 cite book author Tierney, Lawrence M. McPhee, Stephen J. Papadakis, Maxine A. title Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2007 Current Medical Diagnosis and Tre ... more details
distinguish Polyuria Image Polyurea.svg thumb 300px Polyurea is a type of elastomer that is derived from the reaction product of an isocyanate component and a synthetic resin blend component through step growth polymerization . The isocyanate can be aromatic or aliphatic in nature. It can be monomer , polymer , or any variant reaction of isocyanates, quasi prepolymer or a prepolymer. The prepolymer, or quasi prepolymer, can be made of an amine terminated polymer resin, or a hydroxyl terminated polymer resin. The resin blend may be made up of amine terminated polymer resins, and or amine terminated chain extenders. The amine terminated polymer resins will not have any intentional hydroxyl Moiety chemistry moieties . Any hydroxyls are the result of incomplete conversion to the amine terminated polymer resins. The resin blend may also contain additives, or non primary components. These additives may contain hydroxyls, such as pre dispersed pigments in a polyol carrier. Normally, the resin blend will not contain a catalyst s . Polymer structure Image Polyurea components.png thumb 334px General reaction for forming a polyurea chain, illustrating the two monomer reactants and highlighting the urea linkage in the product. The word polyurea is derived from the Greek words poly meaning many and o ron meaning to urinate . The latter term refers to the substance urea , found in urine, rather than urine itself. Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula NH sub 2 sub sub 2 sub CO. The molecule has two amine groups NH sub 2 sub joined by a carbonyl functional group C O . In a polyurea, alternating monomer units of isocyanates and amines react with each other to form urea linkages. Ureas can also be formed from the reaction of isocyanates and water which forms a carbamic acid intermediate. This acid quickly decomposes by splitting off carbon dioxide and leaving behind an amine. This amine then reacts with another isocyanate group to form the polyurea ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 29318 ICD10 ICD10 E 23 6 e 20 ICD9 ICD9 253.8 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Adiposogenital dystrophy is a condition which may be caused by secondary hypogonadism originating from decreased levels in GnRH. Low levels of GnRH has been associated with defects of the feeding centers of the hypothalamus, leading to an increase consumption of food and thus caloric intake. Presentation It is characterized by Feminine obesity Growth retardation and retarded sexual development , atrophy or hypoplasia of the gonads , and altered secondary sex characteristics , headaches Problems with Visual perception vision polyuria , polydipsia . It is usually associated with tumor tumours of the hypothalamus , causing increased appetite and depressed secretion of gonadotropin . It seems to affect males mostly. Many overweight children may appear to have the disorder because of the concurrence of obesity and retarded sexual development these children have no endocrine disturbances, however, and they mature normally after delayed puberty . Synonyms It has several other names ref http www.rarediseases.org search rdbdetail abstract.html?disname Froelich 27s 20Syndrome National Organisation for Rare Disorders Froelich s syndrome ref Babinski Fr hlich syndrome ref WhoNamedIt synd 1792 Babinski Fr chlich syndrome ref named after Joseph Babinski ref J. F. Babinski. Tumeur du corps pituitaire sans acrom galie et avec arr t de d veloppement des organes g nitaux. Revue neurologique, Paris, 1900, 8 531 535. ref and Alfred Fr hlich , ref A. Fr hlich. Ein Fall von Tumor der Hypophysis cerebri ohne Akromegalie. Wiener klinische Rundschau, 1901, 15 833 836 906 908. ref but probably first described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni Morgagni . Fact date November 2007 It was given its name by Harvey Cushing . ref name pmid17969845 cite journal author Z rate A, Saucedo R title The adiposogenital distrophy or Frohlich syndrome and t ... more details
Ernest Basil Verney Fellow of the Royal Society FRS ref name frs cite doi 10.1098 rsbm.1970.0022 ref 22 August 1894 19 August 1967 was a UK British pharmacologist. He was born in Cardiff, Wales and attended Tonbridge School and Cambridge University, where he was awarded MA and MB. He was Sheilds Reader in Pharmacology, University of Cambridge and Professor of Pharmacology at the University of London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and delivered their Goulstonian Lectures Goulstonian Lecture on Polyuria in 1929. ref name RS cite web url http www2.royalsociety.org DServe dserve.exe?dsqIni Dserve.ini&dsqApp Archive&dsqCmd Show.tcl&dsqDb Persons&dsqPos 0&dsqSearch 28Surname 3D 27verney 27 29 title Library and Archive catalogue publisher Royal Society accessdate 2012 03 04 ref He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1936 ref name frs , his candidature citation stating that By adapting the technique of perfusing the isolated heart lung kidney preparation to the use of two kidneys simultaneously, he has compared the isolated kidney with the kidney in situ and thus studied the action of blood flow, nervous influences, and drugs on the secretion of urine in particular he made definite advance in knowledge by proving the continual control of kidney activity by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Using a constant temperature and humidity chamber of his own devising he has recently discovered a late spontaneous diuresis in man and referred this also to pituitary control. All his work has been characterised by high experimental skill and philosophic thought . ref cite web url http www2.royalsociety.org DServe dserve.exe?dsqIni Dserve.ini&dsqApp Archive&dsqDb Catalog&dsqSearch RefNo 27EC 2F1936 2F17 27&dsqCmd Show.tcl title Library and Archive catalogue publisher Royal Society accessdate 2012 03 04 ref He gave the Croonian Lecture to the society in 1947 entitled The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release ref name RS ... more details
Johann Conrad Brunner January 16, 1653 October 2, 1727 was a Swiss anatomist from Diessenhofen . He studied medicine in Schaffhausen , Strasbourg and Paris . At Schaffhausen he studied under Johann Jakob Wepfer 1620 1695 , who was also his father in law. Beginning in 1686 he was a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Heidelberg . Infobox medical person name Johann Conrad Brunner image Portrait of Johann Conrad Brunner.jpg caption Portrait of Johann Conrad Brunner birth date birth date 1653 01 16 birth place Diessenhofen death date death date 1727 10 2 death place Mannheim profession anatomist specialism research field known for years active education Schaffhausen, Strasbourg and Paris work institutions prizes relations Brunner is remembered for his experiments and studies of the pancreas and internal secretions associated with the organ. In 1683 he removed the pancreas from a dog and noticed that the animal experienced extreme thirst and polyuria . He was, however, unable to provide a link between the role of the pancreas and diabetes . He published his findings on pancreatic research in a treatise titled Experimenta Nova circa Pancreas. Accedit diatribe de lympha & genuino pancreatis usu . in 1687 he described tubuloalveolar glands in the submucous layer of the duodenum , which were later named Brunner s glands . Two disorders associated with these glands are Brunner s gland hyperplasia Hypertrophy of Brunner s glands in the submucosal layer of the duodenum. Brunner s gland adenoma Polyp like tumours arising from Brunner s glands. Written works Poetum monstrosum et bicipitem , Diss. med. Strassburg 1672 De glandulis in duodeno intestino detectis , Heidelberg 1687 Experimenta nova circa pancreas accedit diatriba de lympha et genuina pancreatis usu , Amsterdam 1682, nov ed. Leyden 1722 References http www.ilab.org db book826 368.html Description of Experimenta Nova circa Pancreas http www.rcpe.ac.uk library exhibitions diabetes diabetes.php Diabet ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Obstructive uropathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 N 13 n 10 ICD9 ICD9 599.60 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000507 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 804 MeshID Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, ref name urlDefinition obstructive uropathy from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?obstructive uropathy title Definition obstructive uropathy from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate ref sometimes leading to renal dysfunction obstructive nephropathy . It is a very broad term, and does not imply a location or etiology. Causes It can be caused by a lesion at any point in the urinary tract . ref Cite book author Kumar, Vinay Fausto, Nelson Fausto, Nelso Robbins, Stanley L. Abbas, Abul K. Cotran, Ramzi S. authorlink title Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease year 2005 edition 7th publisher Elsevier Saunders location Philadelphia, Pa. isbn 0 7216 0187 1 pages 1012 ref Causes include urolithiasis ref name pmid18818145 cite journal author Tsai PJ, Lin JT, Wu TT, Tsai CC title Ureterosciatic hernia causes obstructive uropathy journal J Chin Med Assoc volume 71 issue 9 pages 491 3 year 2008 month September pmid 18818145 doi 10.1016 S1726 4901 08 70155 2 url http ajws.elsevier.com ajws pubmed pubmed switch.asp?journal issn 1726 4901&art pub year 2008& 20art pub month 09&art pub vol 71&art sp 491 format dead link date May 2010 ref , posterior urethral valves and ureteral herniation. ref name pmid18818145 Symptoms Symptoms, less likely in chronic obstruction, are pain radiating to the T11 to T12 dermatomes , anuria , nocturia , or polyuria . Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization , ultrasonography , CT scan , Cystoscopy cystourethroscopy , or pyelography , depending on the level of obstruction. Treatment Treatment, depending on cause, may require prompt drainage , instrumentation, surgery eg, endoscopy , lithotripsy , hormonal ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride , commonly due to metabolism of fluoride containing drugs, such as methoxyflurane , releasing inorganic fluoride inside the body. ref Cousins MJ, Skowronski G, Plummer JL. Anaesthesia and the kidney. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983 Nov 11 4 292 320. ref ref Baden JM, Rice SA, Mazze RI. Deuterated methoxyflurane anesthesia and renal function in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1982 Mar 56 3 203 6. ref ref Mazze RI. Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Jun 15 111 9. ref The kidney injury is characterised by failure to concentrate urine , leading to polyuria , and subsequent dehydration with hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation , leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine. Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is dose dependent, typically requiring serum fluoride levels exceeding 50 micromoles per liter to cause clinically significant renal dysfunction, ref Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effect of enflurane in men. Anesthesiology 1976 44 44 53. ref which is likely when the dose of methoxyfluorane exceeds 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration MAC hours. ref VanDyke R. Biotransformation of volatile anesthetics with special emphasis on the role of metabolism in the toxicity of anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1973 20 21 33. ref ref White AE, Stevens WC, Eger EI II, Mazze RI, Hitt BA. Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and subanesthetic concentrations. Anesth Analg 1979 58 221 4 ref Note MAC hour is the multiple of the minimum alveolar concentration MAC of the anesthetic used times the number of hours the drug is adm ... more details
Refimprove date August 2010 SignSymptom infobox Name Cystitis ICD10 ICD10 N 30 n 30 ICD9 ICD9 595 ICDO Image Caption OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic DiseasesDB 29445 MeshID D003556 Cystitis is a term that refers to urinary bladder inflammation that results from any one of a number of distinct syndromes. ref cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 440225 overview title Cystitis Nonbacterial eMedicine format work accessdate ref It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection in which case it is referred to as a urinary tract infection . ref cite web url http www.mayoclinic.com health cystitis ds00285 title Cystitis MayoClinic.com format work accessdate ref Signs and symptoms Pressure in the lower pelvis Painful urination dysuria Frequent urination polyuria or urgent need to urinate urinary urgency Need to urinate at night nocturia Urine that contains traces of blood haematuria Dark, cloudy or strong smelling urine Pain above the pubic bone, or in the lower back or abdomen Feeling unwell, weak or feverish ref http www.nhs.uk Conditions Cystitis Pages Symptoms.aspx Cystitis Symptoms on NHS Choices ref Subtypes There are several medically distinct types of cystitis, each having a unique etiology and therapeutic approach Traumatic cystitis is probably the most common form of cystitis in the female, and is due to bruising of the bladder, usually by abnormally forceful sexual intercourse. This is often followed by bacterial cystitis , frequently by Escherichia coli coliform bacteria being transferred from the intestine bowel through the urethra into the bladder. Interstitial cystitis IC is considered more of an injury to the bladder resulting in constant irritation and rarely involves the presence of infection. IC patients are often misdiagnosed with UTI cystitis for years before they are told that their urine cultures are negative. Antibiotics are not used in the treatment of IC. The cause of IC is unknown, though some suspect it may be auto ... more details
refimprove date March 2008 Infobox Disease Name Nephronophthisis Image Caption DiseasesDB 29224 ICD10 ICD10 Q 61 8 q 60 ICD9 ICD9 753.16 ICDO OMIM 256100 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Nephronophthisis is a genetic disorder of the kidneys which affects children. It is classified as a medullary cystic kidney disease . The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and, although rare, is the most common genetic cause of childhood kidney failure. It is a form of ciliopathy . ref name pmid21071979 cite journal author Hurd TW, Hildebrandt F title Mechanisms of nephronophthisis and related ciliopathies journal Nephron Exp. Nephrol. volume 118 issue 1 pages e9 e14 year 2011 pmid 21071979 doi 10.1159 000320888 url http content.karger.com produktedb produkte.asp?typ fulltext&file 000320888 pmc 2992643 ref Its incidence has been estimated to be 0.9 per million people in the United States, and 1 in 50.000 births in Canada. ref http books.google.se books?id P7sgOWz iusC&pg PA831 page 831 , Chapter 35, in Cite book last1 Avner first1 Ellis D. last2 Harmon first2 William last3 Niaudet first3 Patrick last4 Yoshikawa first4 Norishige title Pediatric Nephrology Avner, Pediatric Nephrology date publisher Springer location isbn 978 3 540 76327 7 pages stating the incidence in the United States as 9 per 8.3 million people. ref Symptoms Infantile, juvenile, and adolescent forms of nephronophthisis have been identified. Although the range of characterizations is broad, patients typically present with polyuria production of large volume of urine , polydipsia excessive liquid intake , and mild proteinuria the abnormal appearance of protein in the urine , and after several months to years, end stage kidney disease , a condition necessitating either dialysis or a kidney transplant in order to survive. Approximately 10 of individuals with nephronophthisis also have so called extra renal symptoms which can include blindness, liver problems, severe global developme ... more details
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