In academic publishing , a preprint is a draft of a scientific paper that has not yet been published in a peer review peer review ed scientific journal . Role Publication of manuscripts in a peer reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, because manuscripts must undergo extensive reviewer critique. The need to quickly circulate current results within a scientific community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo peer review . The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early feedback from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission. Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the Internet , rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as arXiv.org and to institutional repository institutional repositories . Stages of printing While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a postprint is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e prints or eprint s. ref http www.eprints.org openaccess self faq What is Eprint Self archiving FAQ . EPrints. ref The word reprint refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published ... or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer reviewed publication. Preprint ... preprint servers.pdf The impact of preprint servers and electronic publishing on biomedical research ... 02publishers glossary.html Preprint, Postprint as defined by Crossref Category Academic publishing Category Scientific documents Category Publications by format de Preprint fr Pr publication ko pl Preprint pt Preprint ru zh ... more details
preprint . ref ref name cyb R. H. Cyburt, B. D. Fields, V. Pavlidou and B. D. Wandelt, Constraining ... 65 , 123503 2002 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0203240 preprint . ref ref name mitr S. Mitra, Uranus ... 2004 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0408341 preprint . ref ref G. D. Mack, J. F. Beacom and G. Bertone ... s Heat Flow , Phys. Rev. D 76 , 043523 2007 http arxiv.org abs 0705.4298 preprint . ref ref name zahar ... 2005 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0406531 preprint . ref ref name javor D. Javorsek II, E. Fischbach ... more details
preprint A Further Analysis of a Cosmological Model of Quintessence and Scalar Dark Matter , Phys. Rev. D 63 , 063506 2001 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0006024 preprint ref ref V. Sahni and L. Wang ... abs astro ph 9910097 preprint ref The uncertainty in position of a particle is larger than its ... transition and galactic halo as Bose liquid http arxiv.org abs hep ph 9205208 preprint , ref and as boson ... abs hep ph 9507385 preprint ref The enormous Compton wavelength of these particles prevents structure ... Matter , Class. Quant. Grav. 19 , 5017 2002 http arxiv.org abs gr qc 0110102 preprint F. S. Guzm n and L ... , Phys. Rev. D 69 , 124033 2004 http arxiv.org abs gr qc 0404014 preprint Gravitational cooling of self gravitating Bose Condensates , ApJ. 645 , 814 2006 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0603613 preprint ... , Phys. Rev. D 74 , 063504 2006 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0608523 preprint . ref See also Weakly interacting ... more details
Context date April 2008 In astrophysics self interacting dark matter is a hypothetical form of dark matter consisting of particles with strong self interaction s. This type of dark matter was postulated to resolve a number of conflicts between observations and simulations on the galactic scale and smaller. ref name sper D. N. Spergel and P. J. Steinhardt, Observational evidence for self interacting cold dark matter , Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 , 3760 3763 2000 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 9909386 preprint . ref ref name wand B. D. Wandelt, R. Dave, G. R. Farrar, P. C. McGuire, D. N. Spergel and P. J. Steinhardt, Self Interacting Dark Matter , Marina del Rey 2000, Sources and detection of dark matter and dark energy in the universe, 263 2000 , http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0006344 preprint . ref Self interacting dark matter has also been postulated as an explanation for the DAMA NaI DAMA annual modulation signal. ref name mit S. Mitra, Has DAMA detected self interacting dark matter? , Phys. Rev. D 71 , 121302 2005 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0409121 preprint . ref Further reading Cite book last Bertone first Gianfranco authorlink coauthors title Particle Dark Matter Particle Dark Matter Observations, Models and Searches publisher Cambridge University Press year 2010 location pages 762 url doi id isbn 9780521763684 Cite news url http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id whats the matter title What s the Matter? month May year 2000 first George last Musser publisher Scientific American doi 10.1038 scientificamerican0500 24 References references Category Astroparticle physics Category Dark matter ... more details
In cryptography , a pseudorandom function family , abbreviated PRF , is a collection of efficiently computable Function computer science functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way no efficient algorithm can distinguish with significant Advantage cryptography advantage between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle a function whose outputs are fixed completely at random . Pseudorandom functions are vital tools in the construction of cryptographic primitive s, especially secure encryption encryption schemes . Pseudorandom functions are not to be confused with Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator pseudorandom generators PRGs . The guarantee of a PRG is that a single output appears random if the input was chosen at random. On the other hand, the guarantee of a PRF is that all its outputs appear random, regardless of how the corresponding inputs were chosen, as long as the function was drawn at random from the PRF family. A pseudorandom function family can be constructed from any pseudorandom generator, using, for example, the construction given by Goldreich, Shafi Goldwasser Goldwasser , and Micali. ref Oded Goldreich , Shafi Goldwasser , Silvio Micali 1986 How to Construct Random Functions , Journal of the ACM , vol.33, no.4, p.792 807. doi 10.1145 6490.6503 http theory.lcs.mit.edu cis pubs shafi 1986 jacm.pdf preprint http www.math.weizmann.ac.il oded ggm.html web page and preprint ref See also Pseudorandom permutation References references Category Theory of cryptography Category Cryptographic primitives Category Pseudorandomness de Pseudozuf llige Funktion he ... more details
In academic publishing , a postprint is a digital draft of a research journal article after it has been peer review ed. A digital draft before peer review is called a preprint . Jointly, postprints and preprints are called Eprint eprints ref Cite web author Stevan Harnad Harnad, Stevan title EPRINTS PREPRINTS unrefereed POSTPRINTS refereed year 2000 month May url http users.ecs.soton.ac.uk harnad Hypermail Amsci 0653.html ref ref Stevan Harnad Harnad, Stevan 2003 http cogprints.org 3019 Electronic Preprints and Postprints ref Expressed in the Crossref terminology ref http www.crossref.org 02publishers glossary.html Crossref Glossary ref , any draft, starting from the Author s Original Version but prior to the Accepted Version is a preprint, whereas any draft from the Accepted Version onward, including the Version of Record or Definitive Work is a postprint. Since the advent of the Open Archives Initiative , preprints and postprints have been deposited in Institutional Repositories , which are interoperable because they are compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting . Eprint s are at the heart of the Open access publishing Open Access initiative to make research freely accessible online. Eprints were first deposited or self archiving self archived in arbitrary websites and then harvested by virtual archives such as citeseer and, lately, Google Scholar , or they were deposited in central disciplinary archives such as Arxiv or PubMed Central . References Reflist Category Academic publishing Category Open access publishing de Postprint ... more details
In mathematics, an LLT polynomial is one of a family of symmetric function s introduced by Alain Lascoux , Bernard Leclerc, and Jean Yves Thibon 1997 as q analog q analogues of products of Schur function s. J. Haglund, M. Haiman, N. Loehr 2005 showed how to expand Macdonald polynomial s in therms of LLT polynomials. Ian Grojnowski and Mark Haiman preprint proved a positivity conjecture for LLT polynomials that combined with the previous result implies the Macdonald positivity conjecture for Macdonald polynomials , and extended the definition of LLT polynomials to arbitrary finite root systems. References I. Grojnowski, M. Haiman, Affine algebras and positivity preprint available http math.berkeley.edu mhaiman here J. Haglund, M. Haiman, N. Loehr http arxiv.org abs math 0409538 A Combinatorial Formula for Macdonald Polynomials MathSciNet id 2138143 J. Amer. Math. Soc. 18 2005 , no. 3, 735 761 Alain Lascoux, Bernard Leclerc, and Jean Yves Thibon http arXiv.org q alg 9512031 Ribbon Tableaux, Hall Littlewood Functions, Quantum Affine Algebras and Unipotent Varieties MathSciNet id 1434225 J. Math. Phys. 38 1997 , no. 2, 1041 1068. Category symmetric functions Category Algebraic geometry Category Algebraic combinatorics Category Q analogs Category Polynomials ... more details
In group theory , a group mathematics group math G math is said to be free by cyclic if it has a free group free normal subgroup math F math such that the quotient group math G F math is cyclic group cyclic . In other words, math G math is free by cyclic if it can be expressed as a group extension of a free group by a cyclic group NB there are two conventions for by . If math F math is a finitely generated group we say that math G math is finitely generated free by cyclic or f.g. free by cyclic . References A. Martino and E. Ventura 2004 , http www.crm.es Publications 04 pr574.pdf The Conjugacy Problem for Free by Cyclic Groups . Preprint from the Centre de Recerca Matem tica, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Category Infinite group theory Abstract algebra stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Image Blue blobs.jpg right 160px thumb Blue blobs are clusters of star s outside galaxies that are possibly formed from gas collisions and subsequent turbulence. On January 2008, the Hubble space telescope detected these clusters among three colliding galaxy galaxies . ref http hubblesite.org newscenter archive releases 2008 02 HubbleSite NewsCenter Hubble Finds that Blue Blobs in Space Are Orphaned Clusters of Stars 01 08 2008 Introduction Bot generated title ref External links http www.space.com scienceastronomy 080108 aas blue blobs.html Article at Space.com http arxiv.org abs 0711.2685 Star formation in the HI bridge between M81 and M82 , preprint by Duilia F. de Mello, et al. References reflist Category Star clusters astronomy stub es Aglomerado azul it Bolle blu pt Bolhas azuis ... more details
Orphan date March 2011 In mathematics, a fake projective space is a complex algebraic variety that has the same Betti number s as some projective space , but is not isomorphic to it. There are exactly 50 fake projective plane s. harvtxt Prasad Yeung 2006 found four examples of fake projective 4 folds, and showed that no arithmetic examples exist in dimensions other than 2 and 4. References citation title Fake Projective spaces url http www.mpim bonn.mpg.de preprints send?bid 3351 first Gopal last Prasad last2 Yeung arxiv math 0602144 publisher MPIM Bonn series preprint year 2006 Category Algebraic geometry ... more details
In probability theory and statistics , the poly Weibull distribution is a continuous probability distribution. The distribution is defined to be that of a random variable defined to be the smallest of a number of statistical independence statistically independent random variables having non identical Weibull distribution s. refimprove date January 2012 References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist cite journal first1 James O. last1 Berger first2 Dongchu last2 Sun title Bayesian Analysis for the Poly Weibull Distribution journal Journal of the American Statistical Association volume 88 issue 424 year 1993 pages 1412 1418 jstor 2291285 http www.stat.purdue.edu research technical reports pdfs 1992 tr92 05c.pdf Preprint Categories DEFAULTSORT Poly Weibull Distribution Category Continuous distributions Category Survival analysis Statistics stub ... more details
uploads working DuffieGarleanu2000.pdf Preprint ref ref name Mor06 cite journal author ... Credit2006 AM BasketIntensities wp05.pdf Preprint ref ref name Eck09 cite journal author Andreas ... Preprint ref ref name FelNie10 cite journal author Peter Feldh tter, Mads Stenbo Nielsen year 2010 title ... Preprint ref Category Stochastic processes probability stub ... more details
were excluded as they are already covered by the arXiv preprint server. Submissions could be revised ... Precedings preprint is cited like a traditional journal article. However, the preprint s Digital ... numbers. Scientists and journal publishers have expressed concerns regarding preprint submissions ... more details
abs hep ph 0105344 preprint . ref Mirror particles interact amongst themselves in the same way as ordinary .... Rev. D 52 , 6607 6611 1995 http arxiv.org abs hep ph 9505385 preprint . ref ref name flv R. Foot ... 2000 http arxiv.org abs hep ph 0006027 preprint . ref While in the case of unbroken parity symmetry .... Nauk SSSR 68 , 42 57 1991 http lss.fnal.gov archive test preprint fermilab pub 89 193 a.shtml preprint ... abs astro ph 9902065 preprint . ref ref name foot2 R. Foot, Have mirror planets been observed? , Phys. Lett. B 471 , 191 194 1999 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 9908276 preprint . ref What if mirror matter ... , 3833 3848 2004 http arxiv.org abs hep ex 0311031 preprint . ref If mirror matter does exist in large ... matter type dark matter , Phys. Rev. D 69 , 036001 2004 http arxiv.org abs hep ph 0308254 preprint ... astro ph 0405362 preprint . ref Mirror matter may also be detected in electromagnetic field penetration ... experiments , Phys. Rev. D 74 , 043532 2006 http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0605369 preprint . ref and there would ... http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0211067 preprint . ref ref name footsil R. Foot and Z.K. Silagadze, Do ... abs astro ph 0104251 preprint . ref and astrophysics. ref name adarp A. De Angelis and R. Pain, Improved ... ph 0205059v1 preprint . ref Mirror matter could also be responsible for the Greisen Zatsepin Kuzmin ... abs hep ph 9908257 preprint . ref Another possible way to evade the GZK bound is via neutron mirror ... How Fast Might They Be? , Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 , 081801 2006 http arxiv.org abs hep ph 0507031 preprint ... preprint . ref ref name uhecrn3 R. N. Mohapatra, S. Nasri and S. Nussinov, Some Implications of Neutron ... preprint . ref ref name uhecrn4 Yu. N. Pokotilovski, On the experimental search for neutron mirror neutron oscillations , Phys. Lett. B 639 , 214 217 2006 http arxiv.org abs nucl ex 0601017 preprint ... more details
Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number Rye 020 Moorer, James A. Borish, Jeffrey Snell .... http www.aes.org Preprint Number 2243 Moorer, James A. Borish, Jeffrey 1986 . An Optical Disk Recording ... Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number 2376 Lawrence M. Fisher 1988 . Removing the Static From ... Editing . New York Audio Engineering Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number 3006 Reichbach, Jonathan ... Issues in Digital Audio Networks . New York Audio Engineering Society. http www.aes.org Preprint ... York Audio Engineering Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number 4357 TEC Awards TECnology Hall ... Audio Engineering Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number 4719. wikicite id Moorer1999 reference ... Applications . New York Audio Engineering Society. http www.aes.org Preprint Number 5038. Jacobson ... more details
otheruses2 Bilateral A bilateral filter is an edge preserving and noise reduction noise reducing smoothing filter. The intensity value at each pixel in an image is replaced by a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This weight is based on a Gaussian distribution. Crucially the weights depend not only on Euclidean distance but also on the radiometric differences differences in the range, e.g. color intensity . This preserves sharp edges by systematically looping through each pixel and according weights to the adjacent pixels accordingly. Adobe Photoshop implements a bilateral filter in its surface blur tool. See also Gaussian filter Gaussian function Gaussian blur Convolution External links Kunal N. Chaudhury https sites.google.com site kunalnchaudhury Publications journals manuscript.pdf Constant time filtering Kunal N. Chaudhury, Daniel Sage, and Michael Unser http bigwww.epfl.ch algorithms bilateral filter Java plugin , http bigwww.epfl.ch chaudhury Fast 20bilateral 20filtering.pdf Fast bilateral filtering Sylvain Paris, Pierre Kornprobst, Jack Tumblin, Fr do Durand, http dx.doi.org 10.1561 0600000020 Bilateral Filtering Theory and Applications , http people.csail.mit.edu sparis fntcgv preprint Sylvain Paris, Pierre Kornprobst, Jack Tumblin, Fr do Durand, http people.csail.mit.edu sparis bf course A Gentle Introduction to Bilateral Filtering and its Applications , http www.siggraph.org s2008 SIGGRAPH 2008 class Ben Weiss, http www.shellandslate.com download fastmedian 5506.pdf Fast Median and Bilateral Filtering , http www.siggraph.org s2006 SIGGRAPH 2006 preprint Carlo Tomasi, Roberto Manduchi, http www.cse.ucsc.edu manduchi Papers ICCV98.pdf Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images shorter http homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk rbf CVonline LOCAL COPIES MANDUCHI1 Bilateral Filtering.html HTML version , proceedings of the http www.umiacs.umd.edu users lsd iccv ICCV 1998 technology stub Category Nonlinear filters ar de Bilaterale Fi ... more details
Multiple issues no footnotes April 2011 primarysources April 2011 refimprove April 2011 Active Oberon is an extension of the programming language Oberon programming language Oberon . Compared to its predecessors, Oberon programming language Oberon and Oberon 2 , it adds objects with object centered access protection and local activity control , system guarded assertions, preemptive priority scheduling and a slightly changed syntax for methods aka Oberon 2 Type bound procedures type bound procedures in the Oberon world . Objects may be active , which means that they may be Thread computer science threads or Process computer science processes . The operating system Bluebottle OS A2 aka Bluebottle , especially the kernel, synchronizes and coordinates different active objects. In difference to Java programming language Java or C Sharp programming language C , objects may be synchronized not only with Signal computing signals but directly on condition s. This simplifies the development of concurrent programmes. A fork of Active Oberon is Zonnon . External links & References http bluebottle.ethz.ch languagereport index.html Language Report ftp ftp.inf.ethz.ch pub Oberon System3 Papers aobjects.ps J. Gutknecht Do the Fish Really Need Remote Control? A Proposal for Self Active Objects in Oberon JMLC 97, p. 207 220 preprint, currently unavailable due to server problems, http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.45.1126&rep rep1&type pdf another version of the preprint and the http www.springerlink.com content f140q74646365065 final publication . http www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch wiki Documentation Front?action download&upname A2QuickStartGuide.pdf A2 Quick Start Guide See also Bluebottle OS Category Class based programming languages Category Object oriented programming languages Category Procedural programming languages Category Oberon programming language family Category Systems programming languages de Active Oberon ru Active Oberon ... more details
In mathematics , the surface subgroup conjecture of Friedhelm Waldhausen states that the fundamental group of every closed, irreducible 3 manifold with infinite fundamental group has a surface subgroup. By surface subgroup we mean the fundamental group of a closed surface not the 2 sphere. This problem is listed as Problem 3.75 in Robion Kirby s problem list. Assuming the geometrization conjecture , the only open case was that of closed hyperbolic 3 manifold s. A proof of this case was announced in the Summer of 2009 by Jeremy Kahn and Vladimir Markovic and outlined in a talk August 4, 2009 at the FRG Focused Research Group Conference hosted by the University of Utah. A preprint appeared in the arxiv.org server in October 2009 ref Immersing almost geodesic surfaces in a closed hyperbolic three manifold , arXiv 0910.5501 http front.math.ucdavis.edu 0910.5501 ref . Their paper has been accepted for publication in the Annals of Mathematics. Notes reflist 2 See also Virtually Haken conjecture Ehrenpreiss conjecture References refimprove date July 2008 Category 3 manifolds Category Conjectures topology stub ... more details
notability date September 2010 refimprove date September 2010 Italic title Philica ISSN 1751 3030 is an online open access academic journal , which publishes articles on any subject. History Philica was founded in March 2006 by Ian Walker University of Bath and Nigel Holt Bath Spa University . ref name RM cite web title An exclusive interview with the creators of Philica ... work Really Magazine url http www.ohpurleese.com interview.htm IW accessdate 2006 12 02 ref They were critical of the closed nature of scientific literature scientific publishing , which they believed led to peer review s that were simply wrong or motivated by personal feelings towards the author. Their solution was to Open peer review publish the reviews of papers along with the papers themselves. ref name RM See also Preprint References reflist External links Official website http www.philica.com Category Open access journals Category Multidisciplinary academic journals Category Publications established in 2006 Category English language journals sci journal stub pl Philica ... more details
dablink This article is about a particle physics experiment. For nuclear weapons tests, see Operation Argus . The ARGUS experiment was a particle physics experiment that ran at the electron positron collider ring DORIS II at DESY . It is the first experiment that observed the mixing of the B meson s in 1987 ref ARGUS Collaboration, DESY preprint 87 029, April 1987. Published in Phys.Lett.B192 245,1987. ref . The ARGUS detector was a hermetic detector with 90 coverage of the full solid angle. It had drift chamber s, a time of flight system, an electromagnetic Calorimeter particle physics calorimeter and a muon chamber system. ref The ARGUS Collaboration, H. Albrecht et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 275 1 1989 , p. 1 48. ref External links http argus fest.desy.de introduction.html Webpage of ARGUS Fest , a symposium to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the discovery of B meson oscillations. Last accessed on Sept. 10, 2007 References references DEFAULTSORT Argus Experiment Category Particle physics particle stub ... more details
, br Press valign top 1988 1st Moscow flag Soviet Union ? ref name history preprint Detailed history of IYPTs in 1988 1993 preprint http ilyam.org Draft IM Detailed history IYPT 1988 1993.pdf ref 3 ref name history preprint Disputable ref name history preprint Disputable ref name history preprint ... Bulgaria flagicon Russian SFSR RSFSR School 710, Moscow ref name history preprint http archive.iypt.org ... Union 6 ref name history preprint 5 ref name history preprint flagicon Russian SFSR RSFSR School 542, Moscow ref name history preprint flagicon Latvia 1990 Latvian SSR Riga, br flag Netherlands ref name history preprint http archive.iypt.org problems 1990 None http archive.iypt.org problems 1990 valign top 1991 4th Moscow flag Soviet Union 7 ref name history preprint 6 ref name history preprint flag Hungary ref name history preprint flagicon Soviet Union Soviet Combined team ref name history preprint http archive.iypt.org problems 1991 None http archive.iypt.org collection 1991 valign top ... preprint flag Netherlands , br flag Russia 1991 ref name history preprint http archive.iypt.org problems ... 18 ref name history preprint 11 flag Georgia 1990 flag Ukraine , br flag Hungary ref name history preprint http archive.iypt.org problems 1993 None http archive.iypt.org collection 1993 valign top 1994 ... top flag Uzbekistan 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 valign top Source ref name history preprint ref name history preprint ref name history preprint ref name history preprint ref name history preprint ref name history preprint ref name archive factsheets http archive.iypt.org factsheets IYPT ... more details
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