Infobox Disease Name Hypokinesia Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D018476 Hypokinesia refers to decreased bodily movement. ref http serendip.brynmawr.edu bb neuro neuro03 web1 ljackson.html ref It is associated with basal ganglia diseases such as Parkinson s disease , mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases. Hypokinesia describes a spectrum of disorders br Akinesia lang grc privative a a , without , lang grc kin sis , motion is the inability to initiate movement due to difficulty selecting and or activating motor programs in the central nervous system. Common in severe cases of Parkinson s disease , akinesia is a result of severely diminished dopamine rgic cell activity in the direct pathway of movement . Bradykinesia lang grc bradys , slow , lang grc kin sis , motion anchor Bradykinesia is characterized by slowness of movement and has been linked to Parkinson s disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. Rather than being a slowness in initiation akinesia , bradykinesia describes a slowness in the execution of movement. It is one of the 3 key symptoms of parkinsonism, which are bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. Bradykinesia is also the cause of what is normally referred to as stone face expressionless face among those with Parkinson s. Freezing is characterized by an inability to move muscles in any desired direction. Rigidity is characterized by an increase in muscle tone causing resistance to externally imposed joint movements. ref cite book last1 O Sullivan first1 Susan B. last2 Schmitz first2 Thomas J. title Physical Rehabilitation chapter Parkinson s Disease volume 5 publisher F.A Davis Company year 2007 location Philadelphia pages 856 857 accessdate 2011 05 11 ref It does not depend on imposed speed and can be elicited at very low speeds of passive movement. It is felt in both agonist and antagonist muscles and in moveme ... more details
Distinguish Noncommutative geometry Anabelian geometry is a proposed theory in mathematics , describing the way the algebraic fundamental group G of an algebraic variety V , or some related geometric object, determines how V can be mapped into another geometric object W , under the assumption that G is very far from being an abelian group , in a sense to be made more precise. The word anabelian an alpha privative an before abelian was introduced in Esquisse d un Programme , an influential manuscript of Alexander Grothendieck , circulated in the 1980s. ref Alexander Grothendieck, 1984. http people.math.jussieu.fr leila grothendieckcircle EsquisseFr.pdf Esquisse d un Programme , 1984 manuscript , published in Geometric Galois Actions , L. Schneps, P. Lochak, eds., London Math. Soc. Lecture Notes 242 , Cambridge University Press , 1997, pp. 5&ndash 48 English transl., ibid., pp. 243&ndash 283. ref While the work of Grothendieck was for many years unpublished, and unavailable through the traditional formal scholarly channels, the formulation and predictions of the proposed theory received much attention, and some alterations, at the hands of a number of mathematicians. Those who have researched in this area have obtained some expected and related results, and in the 21st century the beginnings of such a theory started to be available. Formulation of a conjecture of Grothendieck on curves The anabelian question has been formulated as cquote how much information about the isomorphism class of the variety X is contained in the knowledge of the etale fundamental group ? ref http www.math.jussieu.fr leila SchnepsLM.pdf, p. 2. ref A concrete example is the case of curves, which may be affine as well as projective. Suppose given a hyperbolic curve C , i.e. the complement of n points in a projective algebraic curve of genus curve genus g , taken to be smooth and irreducible, defined over a field K that is finitely generated over its prime field , such that 2 2 g n 0. ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 Image Strawberry.achene.es.jpg thumb right 190px Strawberry seeds seen up close, are clearly achenes. An achene Greek , a , privative , chainein , to gape ref name nie Cite NIE Achene year 1905 ref also sometimes referred to as akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plant s. Achenes are monocarpellate formed from one carpel and wikt indehiscent indehiscent they do not open at maturity . Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp , but does not adhere to it. In many species, what we think of as the seed is actually an achene, a fruit containing the seed. The seed like appearance arises from the fact that the wall of the seed vessel hardens and encloses the solitary seed so closely as to seem like an outer coat. ref name nie Examples File Cypsela Cynara.JPG thumb cypsela of Cynara Typical achenes are the fruits of buttercup , buckwheat , and cannabis . The achenes of the strawberry are familiar, where the seeds are achenes. Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate fruit with an aggregate of achenes, and what is eaten is accessory tissue, so this is an aggregate accessory fruit . A rose also produces achenes. Each fruit, called a rose hip, holds a few achenes. Variations A winged achene, such as in maple , is called a samara fruit samara . Some achenes have accessory hair like structures that cause them to tumble in the wind, similar to a tumbleweed this type sometimes is called a tumble fruit or Diaspore botany diaspore . An example is Anemone virginiana . A caryopsis or grain is a type of fruit that closely resembles an achene, but differs in that the pericarp is fused to the thin seed coat in the grain. An utricle is like an achene, but it has a compound ovary, sometimes with several seeds. In addition, the ovary of the fruit becomes bladder like or corky. Fruits of Cyperaceae sedge s are sometimes considered achenes although their one l ... more details
IndicText Gauranga is a term popularized by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness Hare Krishna movement in the 1970s. It is derived from Sanskrit IAST gaur ga Devanagari lang sa having a white or yellowish body , a bahuvrihi compound from IAST gaura white, yellowish, reddish and IAST a ga limb, member the body . IAST Gaur ga is a name of Krishna in Puranic literature, and in Gaudiya Vaishnavism in particular a name of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu considered a reincarnation of Krishna ref see http srimadbhagavatam.com 11 5 32 en1 commentary by Bhagvant Swami Prabhupada on Bhagavata Purana 11.5.32 Gauranga is privative a a krishna not black gaura or hari bright golden , a Complementary color chromatic complement , as it were, that is also encountered in the Hare Krishna mantra hare krishna mantra ref . In Vaishnavism Within Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition it is taken to refer to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu s golden skin complexion. Caitanya Mahaprabhu was born in Mayapur , West Bengal , in 1486. His activities and teachings are described in detail in the book Teachings of Lord Caitanya and the multi volume Chaitanya Charitamrita . The term predates Caitanya as an epithet of incarnations of Vishnu Krishna , appearing in various Vaishna Purana s, for example in the Agni Purana before 1100 CE verse? , IAST prasant tma lambakan has gaur gas ca sura v ta the supreme Atman Hinduism Self , long necked and golden limbed, surrounded by sages Hare Krishna movement Within ISKCON , A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada propagated that whoever hears, reads, or speaks the name IAST gaur ga is blessed with fortune and happiness due to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu s extraordinary saintly nature. ref O infallible and most famous person, whose name, when chanted, spreads all good fortune from http srimadbhagavatam.com 8 17 8 en1 BhaP 8.17.8 . It should be noted in this connection that the holy names of Lord Krishna and Gaurasundara are both identical with the Supreme Personality of Godh ... more details
about the philosophical term Aletheia disambiguation Aletheia lang grc is a Greek language Greek word variously translated as unclosedness , unconcealedness , world disclosure disclosure or truth . The literal meaning of the word lang grc privative a Lethe is the state of not being hidden the state of being evidence evident and it also implies sincerity, as well as factuality or reality. Heidegger and aletheia See World disclosure File Van gogh shoes.jpg thumb 300px A painting that reveals alethe a whole world. Heidegger mentions this particular work of Van Gogh s in The Origin of the Work of Art . In the early to mid 20th century, Martin Heidegger brought renewed attention to the concept of aletheia , by relating it to the notion of world disclosure disclosure , or the way in which things appear as entities in the world. While he initially referred to aletheia as truth , specifically a form of which that is Pre Socratic philosophy pre Socratic in origin, Heidegger eventually corrected this interpretation, writing blockquote To raise the question of aletheia , of disclosure as such, is not the same as raising the question of truth. For this reason, it was inadequate and misleading to call aletheia , in the sense of opening, truth. ref Martin Heidegger, On Time and Being New York Harper and Row, 1972 , p. 70, translation amended. The original in Zur Sache des Denkens T bingen Max Niemayer, 1969 , p. 86. Cited in Nikolas Kompridis, Critique and Disclosure Critical Theory between Past and Future, Boston MIT Press, 2006 , p. 188. ref blockquote Heidegger gave an etymology etymological analysis of aletheia , and drew out an understanding of the term as unconcealedness . ref Heidegger, M. Parmenides . Translated by Andre Schuwer and Richard Rojcewicz, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1992. ref Thus, aletheia is distinct from conceptions of truth understood as statements which accurately describe a state of affairs Correspondence th ... more details
, privative , and kinship proprietive. A more detailed description of suffixes for nouns and pronouns ... is from an object, which becomes the human ablative if the object is animate. The privative ... rathaway , meaning pregnant. In a similar way, adding the privative morpheme suffix, transforms a noun ... ku u, gu u Allative li Perlative murru Proprietive way Privative nharra u Kinship proprietive mirri u ... more details
about an economic term of ancient Greece other uses Ateleia disambiguation Ateleia Attic Greek privative a telos tax see also philately in ancient Greece was a generally immunity adeia or exemption from some or all the duties which a person has to perform towards the state. Immunities could be granted either as a privilege to the citizens of a state, exempting them from certain duties which would otherwise be incumbent on them, or they are given as honorary distinctions to foreign kings, states, communities or even private individuals. With regard to the latter the ateleia was usually an exemption from custom duties on the importation or exportation of goods, and was given as a reward for certain good services. Historical examples Croesus received the ateleia at Delphi Herod, i. 54 the Attic Deceleans at Sparta Herod, ix. 73 Leucon , the ruler of Bosporan Kingdom , at Athens. Dem. c. Lept. p. 466, &c. It appears that if a person thus distinguished, or a citizen of a foreign community possessing the ateleia, took up his residence in the state which had granted it, he also enjoyed other privileges, such as the exemption from the protection money, or tax which resident aliens had to pay at Athens. Harpocrat. s. v. isoteles This ateleia might even become equivalent to the full franchise, as, e. g. the Byzantium Byzantines gave the exemption from liturgy liturgies , and the franchise to all Athenians that might go to Byzantium. Dem. De Coron. p. 256. In many instances a partial ateleia, or an exemption from custom duties, was granted for the purpose of encouraging commerce. Theophr. Char. 23 Schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 905, with Bockh s remarks, Publ. Earn. p. 87. With regard to the inhabitants of a state, we must, as in the case of Athens, again distinguish between two classes, the resident aliens metics and real citizens. At Athens all resident aliens had to pay a tax metoikion or xenikon telos which we may term protection tax, because it was the pric ... more details
reviews for errors of law. These powers are also frequently limited by privative clause s or finality clauses within the enabling statute. A privative clause will declare the ADMs decision ... or absence of a privative clause or statutory right of appeal the expertise of the tribunal relative ... more details
Expand Spanish Acondrita topic sci date December 2009 File Cumberland Falls meteorite.jpg thumb Cumberland Falls, achondrite aubrite File MillbillillieMeteorite.jpg thumb A eucrite achondrite from the Millbillillie Millbillillie meteorite shower . An achondrite ref Etymology from the prefix a privative a and the word chondrite . ref is a stony meteorite that does not contain chondrule s. It consists of material similar to terrestrial basalt s or plutonic rocks and has been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree due to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies. ref name Sahijpal2007 cite journal author Sahijpal, S. coauthors Soni, P. Gagan, G. title Numerical simulations of the differentiation of accreting planetesimals with sup 26 sup Al and sup 60 sup Fe as the heat sources journal Meteoritics & Planetary Science volume 42 pages 1529 1548 year 2007 doi 10.1111 j.1945 5100.2007.tb00589.x issue 9 bibcode 2007M&PS...42.1529S ref ref name Gupta2010 cite journal author Gupta, G. coauthors Sahijpal, S. title Differentiation of Vesta and the parent bodies of other achondrites journal J. Geophys. Res. Planets year 2010 doi 10.1029 2009JE003525 volume 115 bibcode 2010JGRE..11508001G ref As a result, achondrites have distinct textures and mineralogies indicative of igneous processes. ref cite book first B. last Mason title Meteorites publisher John Wiley location New York year 1962 ref Achondrites account for about 8 of meteorites overall, and the majority about two thirds of them are HED meteorite s, originating from the crust of asteroid 4 Vesta . Other types include Martian meteorite Martian , Lunar meteorite Lunar , and several types thought to originate from as yet unidentified asteroid s other than Vesta. These groups have been determined on the basis of e.g. the Iron Fe Manganese Mn chemical ratio and the sup 17 sup O sup 18 sup O oxygen isotope ratios, thought to be characteristic fingerprints for each parent body. ref c ... more details
about the company of the same name Aditi Technologies File Lord Brahma and Adhiti 19th Century Illustration.jpg thumb Lord Brahma and Adhiti 19th Century Illustration Aditi Sanskrit limitless , from a alpha privative diti bound , which is from the Proto Indo European root da to bind . In the Vedas Aditi is mother of the gods devamatri from whose cosmic matrix the heavenly bodies were born. As celestial mother of every existing form and being, the synthesis of all things, she is associated with space akasa and with mystic speech V c . She may be seen as a feminized form of Brahma and associated with the primal substance mulaprakriti in Vedanta . She is mentioned nearly 80 times in the Rigveda the verse Daksha sprang from Aditi and Aditi from Daksha is seen by Theosophy Theosophists as a reference to the eternal cyclic re birth of the same divine Essence ref The Secret Doctrine 2 247n ref and divine wisdom. ref name theosociety http www.theosociety.org pasadena etgloss adi ag.htm ref Origin The name is mentioned in Vedas as mother of Surya Surya Sun and other celestial bodies Adityas meaning sons of Aditi . File The Genealogy of Bharata.png thumb right The Genealogy of Ancient India The first written mention of goddess Aditi is found in Rigveda , which is estimated to have been composed roughly during 1700 1100 BC. ref Oberlies 1998 155 gives an estimate of 1100 BC for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies p. 158 based on cumulative evidence sets wide range of 1700 1100 ref Attributes Motherhood Aditi is said to be the mother of the great god Indra , the mother of kings Mandala 2 .27 and the mother of gods Mandala 1 .113.19 . In the Vedas, Aditi is Devamatri mother of the celestial gods as from and in her cosmic matrix all the heavenly bodies were born. She is preeminently the mother of 12 Adityas whose names include Vivasvan IAST Vivasv n , Aryaman IAST Aryam , Pushan IAST P , Tva ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name Apnea ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 786.03 Apnea , apnoea , or apn a lang el , from , privative , , to breathe is a term for suspension of external respiration physiology breathing . During apnea there is no movement of the muscle s of respiration and the volume of the lung s initially remains unchanged. Depending on the wikt patency patency of the airways there may or may not be a flow of gas between the lungs and the environment gas exchange within the lungs and cellular respiration is not affected. Causes Apnea can be voluntarily achieved e.g., holding one s breath , Pharmaceutical drug drug induced e.g., opiate toxicity , mechanically induced e.g., strangulation or choking , or it can occur as a consequence of neurological disease or Physical trauma trauma . Voluntary apnea can be achieved by closing the vocal cords , simultaneously keeping the mouth closed and blocking the nasal vestibule , or constantly activating expiratory muscles. Complications Under normal conditions, human s cannot store much oxygen in the body. Prolonged apnea leads to severe lack of oxygen in the circulatory system blood circulation . Permanent brain damage can occur after as little as three minutes and death will inevitably ensue after a few more minutes unless ventilation is restored. However, under special circumstances such as hypothermia , hyperbaric oxygenation , apneic oxygenation see below , or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , much longer periods of apnea may be tolerated without severe consequences. Untrained humans cannot sustain voluntary apnea for more than one or two minutes Citation needed date February 2011 . The reason for the time limit of voluntary apnea is that the rate of breathing and the volume of each breath are tightly regulated to maintain constant values of carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub tension and pH of the blood . In apnea, CO sub 2 sub is not removed through the lungs and accumulates in the blood. The consequent rise in CO sub 2 ... more details
Azymite from Gk. a privative and zyme , leaven is a term of reproach used by the Orthodox church es since the eleventh century against the Latin Church es, who, together with the Armenian Orthodox Church Armenians and the Maronites , celebrate the Eucharist with unleavened bread . Some few Latin controversialists have responded by assailing the Greeks as Fermentarians and Prozymites . The Western Church has always maintained the validity of consecration with either leavened bread or unleavened bread. Whether the bread which Jesus used at the Last Supper was leavened or unleavened is the central question giving rise to this issue. Various arguments exist for which kind was used. Regarding the usage of the primitive Church, knowledge is so scant, and the testimonies so apparently contradictory, that many theologians have pronounced the problem incapable of definitive solution. In the ninth century the use of unleavened bread had become universal and obligatory in the West, while the Greeks, desirous of emphasizing the distinction between the Jewish and the Christian Pasch, continued the exclusive offering of leavened bread. Photios I of Constantinople Photius made no use of a point of attack which occupies a prominent place in later Orthodox polemics. The western explanation is that Photius saw that the position of the Latins could not successfully be assailed. Two centuries later, the quarrel with Rome was resumed by a patriarch who was not deterred by this consideration. As a visible symbol of Catholic unity, it had been the custom to maintain Greek churches and monasteries in Rome and some of Latin Rite in Constantinople. In 1053, Michael Caerularius ordered all the Latin churches in the Byzantine capital to be closed, and the Latin monks to be expelled. The issue became divisive when the provinces of Byzantine Italy which were under the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople were forcibly incorporated into the Church of Rome following their invasion by the Norman ... more details
No footnotes date April 2010 Expert subject Linguistics date April 2010 In linguistics , a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonology phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory. Distinctive features are grouped into categories according to the natural classes of segment linguistics segments they describe major class features, laryngeal features, manner features, and place features. These feature categories in turn are further specified on the basis of the phonetics phonetic properties of the segments in question. Since the inception of the phonological analysis of distinctive features in the 1950s, features traditionally have been specified by assigning them binary values to signify that the segment being described by the feature either possesses that phonetic property or it does not. Therefore, a positive value, , denotes the presence of a feature, while a negative value, , indicates its absence. However, in recent developments to the theory of distinctive features, phonologists have proposed the existence of single valued features. These features, called univalent or privative features, can only describe the classes of segments that are said to possess those features, and not the classes that are without them. Major class features Major class features The features that represent the major classes of sounds. syllabic Syllabic segments may function as the Syllable nucleus nucleus of a syllable , while their counterparts, the syll segments, may not. Except in the case of syllabic consonant s, syllabic designates all vowels while syllabic designates all consonant s including Semivowel glides . consonantal Consonantal segments are produced with an audible constriction in the vocal tract , such as obstruent s, Nasal stop nasals , Liquid consonant liquids , and Trill consonant trills . Vowels, Semivowel glides and laryngeal segments are not consonantal. approximant Approximant segments include vowels, Semivowel glides , and Liquid con ... more details
called privative prefix PIE n is likely the Indo European ablaut zero grade of PIE ne . class ... language Russ. ne, net, Albanian language Alb. nuk Citation needed date October 2008 PIE n privative ... more details
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