italic title Taxobox name Prochlorococcus image image width 200px image caption regnum Bacteria phylum Cyanobacteria ordo Synechococcales familia Synechococcaceae genus Prochlorococcus genus authority Sallie W. Chisholm Chisholm et al., 1992 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. marinus Prochlorococcus ... the most abundant photosynthesis photosynthetic organism on Earth. Microbes of the genus Prochlorococcus ..., 2011. ref Analysis of the genome sequences of 12 Prochlorococcus strains show that 1100 genes are common ... 12 title Patterns and Implications of Gene Gain and Loss in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus pmc ... journal Limnology and Oceanography volume 28 pages 757 766 issue 4 ref Prochlorococcus was actually ... collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry . The first culture of Prochlorococcus ... was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea strain MED . The name Prochlorococcus ref cite journal author ... Johnsrud & E. R. Zettler year 1992 title Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp. an oxyphototrophic ... that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll b containing bacteria, called ... that has been described is Prochlorococcus marinus . Morphology Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known Photosynthesis photosynthetic organisms Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just .... Still, it is assumed that Prochlorococcus have a very small nutrient requirement. ref name Partensky ... F, Hess WR, Vaulot D journal Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews ref Typically, Prochlorococcus ... Prochlorococcus has been found to be abundant in the euphotic zone of the world s tropical oceans ..., and E. Zettler. 1992 . Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp. an oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote .... ref cite web url http antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov apod ap060927.html title DGF publisher NASA ref Prochlorococcus ... of the oceans. ref cite journal author F. Partensky, W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot year 1999 title Prochlorococcus ... Biology Reviews volume 63 pages 106 127 pmid 10066832 issue 1 pmc 98958 ref Prochlorococcus is mostly ... more details
volume 100 pages 159 174 ref . In 1986 Prochlorococcus was found by Sallie W. Penny Chisholm and colleagues ... Prochlorococcus may be responsible for a significant portion of the global primary production . Morphology ... of Prochlorophyta have been found as coccoid spherical Coccus shaped, as in Prochlorococcus , and as filaments, as in Prochlorothrix . See also Cyanobacteria Prochloron Prochlorococcus Photosynthetic ... more details
at high cell concentrations in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334 340 3. ref named in 1992 as Prochlorococcus marinus . ref name Chisholm 92 Chisholm, S. W. et al. 1992 . Prochlorococcus marinus ... groups of cells Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes can be distinguished. For example .... 2006 . Niche partitioning among Prochlorococcus ecotypes along ocean scale environmental gradients ... in relatively mesotrophic waters. Cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Prochlorococcus are particularly remarkable. With a typical size of 0.6 m, Prochlorococcus was discovered only in 1988 ... belt. ref name Partensky 99 Partensky, F. et al. 1999 . Prochlorococcus , a marine photosynthetic ... regions. The Prochlorococcus cyanobacterium replaces it when the waters becomes impoverished ... Ocean , Prochlorococcus is absent because the cold waters prevent its development. The diversity ... types of Prochlorococcus ref name Rocap 03 Rocap, G. et al. 2003 . Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ... Dufresne, A. et al. 2003 . Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly ... Prochlorococcus MED4 Joint Genome Institute JGI SS120 Genoscope MIT9312 JGI MIT9313 JGI NATL2A ..., D. 1994. The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North Pacific Ocean ... more details
marine cyanobacteria e.g. the Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus genera and the other from freshwater ... studied. ref name prime In the Prochlorococcus genus, Yfr2 genes are found adjacent to Yfr10 and a potential ... photoautotroph non coding RNAs in Prochlorococcus journal PLoS Genet. volume 4 issue 8 pages ... more details
Image Cyanophages.png thumb 300px right Electron micrograph of negative stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses A cyanophage is a virus that infects cyanobacteria . The name is constructed from the term phage, for a virus that targets bacteria, and cyanobacteria for the specific type of bacteria this virus uses for replication. Because of the important role of cyanobacteria as primary producer s in the world s oceans , the study of their phage ecology is important toward understanding global carbon cycling . External links http viruses.bluemicrobe.com the Virus Ecology Group VEG http www.phage.org the Bacteriophage Ecology Group BEG http www.eebweb.arizona.edu Faculty mbsulli the Tucson Marine Phage Lab TMPL Further reading cite journal author Clokie MR, Mann NH title Marine cyanophages and light journal Environ Microbiol. volume 8 issue 12 pages 2074 82 year 2006 month Dec pmid 17107549 doi 10.1111 j.1462 2920.2006.01171.x url http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin fulltext 118567331 PDFSTART cite journal author Mann NH title Phages of the marine cyanobacterial picophytoplankton journal FEMS Microbiol Rev. volume 27 issue 1 pages 17 34 year 2003 month Apr pmid 12697340 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0168644503000160 doi 10.1016 S0168 6445 03 00016 0 cite journal author Paul JH, Sullivan MB title Marine phage genomics what have we learned? journal Curr Opin Biotechnol. volume 16 issue 3 pages 299 307 year 2005 month Jun pmid 15961031 doi 10.1016 j.copbio.2005.03.007 Category Bacteriophages Virus stub cs Cyanof g es Cian fago ta ... more details
Orphan date August 2008 Infobox rfam Name ATPC RNA motif image ATPC secondary structure.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of ATPC Symbol ATPC AltSymbols Rfam RF01067 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0001263 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The ATPC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain cyanobacteria . ref cite journal author Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, et al. title Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 14 pages 4809 19 year 2007 pmid 17621584 pmc 1950547 doi 10.1093 nar gkm487 url ref It is apparently ubiquitous in Prochlorococcus marinus , and is present in many species in the genus Synechococcus . The RNA is always found within an operon encoding subunits of ATP synthase , and it is always located downstream of the gene encoding the A subunit of ATP synthase, and upstream of the ATP synthase subunit C C subunit gene. This location is consistent with a cis regulatory element , but also with a non coding RNA that is transcribed with the ATP synthase genes. Simple RNA structures called stem loop s have been reported in the ATP synthase operons of various cyanobacteria, ref cite journal author Curtis SE title Structure, organization and expression of cyanobacterial ATP synthase genes journal Photosynth. Res. volume 18 pages 223 244 year 1988 doi 10.1007 BF00042986 ref but not structures such as the 3 stem junction that is the main feature of the ATPC RNA motif. References references External links Rfam id RF01067 name ATPC RNA motif DEFAULTSORT Atpc Rna Motif Category Cis regulatory RNA elements Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterium bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word lang grc lang grc Latn planktos , meaning wanderer or drifter Thurman, 1997 , and lang la bacterium , a Latin neologism coined in the 19th century by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg . They are found in both seawater and freshwater . Bacterioplankton occupy a range of ecological niche s in aquatic systems. Many are saprotroph ic, and obtain energy by consuming organic material produced by other organisms. This material may be Dissolved Organic Carbon dissolved in the medium and taken directly from there, or bacteria may live and grow in association with particulate material such as marine snow . Many other bacterioplankton species are autotroph ic, and derive energy from either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis . The former are often categorised as phytoplankton picophytoplankton , and include cyanobacteria l groups such as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Bacterioplankton also play roles in ecological pathways such as nitrogen fixation , nitrification , denitrification , remineralisation and methanogen esis. Like other small plankton, the bacterioplankton are predation preyed upon by zooplankton usually protozoa ns , and their numbers are also controlled through infection by bacteriophage s. See also Cyanobacteria Pelagibacter Phytoplankton Plankton Zooplankton References cite book last Thurman first H. V. year 1997 title Introductory Oceanography publisher Prentice Hall College location New Jersey, USA isbn 0 13 262072 3 External links http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 Typical Marine bacterioplankton http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 marbac.html A list of Seawater Bacteria http halia.hik.se mbd start.jsp Marine Bacterioplankton Database plankton Category Biological oceanography Category Planktology Category Aquatic ecology ar de Bakterio und Virioplankton et Bakterioplankton fr Bact rioplan ... more details
pigment for this organism is known. Zeaxanthin is also found in Prochlorococcus , red algae ... F. Partensky, J. Blanchot & D. Vaulot year 1999a chapter Differential distribution and ecology of Prochlorococcus ... outnumbered by Prochlorococcus in all environments, where they co occur. Exceptions to this rule are areas .... Overall Synechococcus abundance often parallels that of Prochlorococcus in the water column. In the Pacific ... ref name Par99a ref name Bla92 and an inverse relationship to Prochlorococcus ref name Cam93 in the upper ... rbcL mRNA. It should also be noted that Prochlorococcus is thought to be at least 100 times ... carbon concentrations it has thus been estimated that Prochlorococcus accounts for at least 22 ... See also Photosynthetic picoplankton Prochlorococcus References Reflist Further reading cite journal ... cite journal author L. Campbell, H. A. Nolla & D. Vaulot year 1994 title The importance of Prochlorococcus ... 47 pages 367 374 cite journal author F. Partensky, W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot year 1999b title Prochlorococcus ..., N. Hoepffner, W. K. W. Li, O. Ulloa & D. Vaulot year 1993 title Photoacclimation of Prochlorococcus ... more details
Infobox rfam Name glnA RNA motif image glnA RNA.svg width 300 caption Consensus secondary structure of glnA RNAs Symbol glnA RNA AltSymbols Rfam RF01739 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Tax domain cyanobacteria GO SO CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The glnA RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was predicted by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea, and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 pmc 2864571 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url ref It is present in a variety of lineages of cyanobacteria , as well as some phage s that infect cyanobacteria. It is also found in DNA extracted from uncultivated bacteria living in the ocean that are presumably species of cyanobacteria. glnA RNAs are found in the presumed 5 untranslated region s of gene s encoding multiple classes of protein that are involved in nitrogen metabolism . The most prominent of these protein classes are ammonium membrane transporter protein transporter s, the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase NADPH glutamate synthase and PII protein P sub II sub protein, which itself regulates nitrogen metabolism. Further supporting a possible role as a cis regulatory element in control of nitrogen metabolism, the Prochlorococcus marinus gene designed as PMT1479 was more repressed than another other gene in this organism when it was growth without a sufficient supply of nitrogen . ref name Weinberg2010 ref cite journal author Tolonen AC, Aach J, Lindell D, et al. title Global gene expression of Prochlorococcus ecotypes in response to changes in nitrogen availability journal Mol. Syst. Biol. volume 2 issue 1 pages 53 year 2006 pmid 17016519 pmc 1682016 doi 10.1038 msb4100087 url ref It was demonstrated that glnA RNAs ... more details
Infobox rfam Name wcaG RNA motif image WcaG RNA.svg width 330 caption Consensus secondary structure of wcaG RNAs Symbol wcaG RNA AltSymbols Rfam RF01761 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Tax domain Cyanobacteria GO SO CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The wcaG RNA motif is an RNA structure conserved in some bacteria that was detected by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref wcaG RNAs are found in certain phage s that infect cyanobacteria . Most known wcaG RNAs were found in sequences of DNA extracted from uncultivated marine ocean marine bacteria. wcaG RNAs might function as cis regulatory element s, in view of their consistent location in the possible 5 untranslated region s of gene s. It was suggested the wcaG RNAs might further function as riboswitch es. The genes hypothesized to be regulated by wcaG RNAs function in the synthesis of exopolysaccharide s, or are induced by high amounts of light . These latter genes presumably related to cyanobacterial photosynthesis . The detected wcaG RNAs in purified phages are upstream of high lighted induced genes. Although these genes are not thought of as typical of phages, it has previously been observed that phages infecting cyanobacteria commonly incorporate such genes. ref cite journal author Sullivan MB, Coleman ML, Weigele P, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW title Three Prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes signature features and ecological interpretations journal PLoS Biol. volume 3 issue 5 pages e144 year 2005 month May pmid 15828858 pmc 1079782 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030144 url ref ref cite journal author Rohwer F, Thurber RV title Viruses manipulate the mar ... more details
cycle . The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and accounts for more ... b instead Prochloron , Prochlorococcus , Prochlorothrix . These were originally grouped together ... other cyanobacteria 1 plastid s 1 Clade 1 Prochlorococcus 2 Synechococcus 1 Gloeobacter div style ... The families Prochloraceae and Prochlorotrichaceae The genera Halospirulina , Planktothricoides , Prochlorococcus ... 10.1016 j.bbrc.2007.02.065 ref The smallest genomes have been found in Prochlorococcus spp. 1.7 Mb ref cite journal author G. Rocap, et al. year 2003 title Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes ... 2003 title Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal ... more details
Image Cyanophages.png thumb 300px right Electron micrograph of negative stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses Marine bacteriophages or marine phages are virus es that live as Obligate parasite obligate parasitism parasitic agents in Marine ocean marine bacteria such as cyanobacteria . ref name Mann cite journal last Mann first NH title The Third Age of Phage journal PloS Biol volume 3 issue 5 pages 753 755 publisher Public Library of Science location United States date 2005 05 17 url 7885 3 5 pdf 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030182 S.pdf doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030182 accessdate 2008 03 31 pmid 15884981 pmc 1110918 ref Their existence was discovered through Transmission electron microscopy electron microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy of ecological water samples, and later through Metagenomics metagenomic sampling of uncultured viral samples. ref name Mann ref name Wommack1996 cite journal last Wommack first K. Eric coauthors Russell T. Hill, Terri A. Muller, and Rita R. Colwell title Effects of sunlight on bacteriophage viability and structure journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology volume 62 issue 4 pages 1336 1341 publisher American Society for Microbiology location United States of America date April 1996 accessdate pmid 8919794 pmc 167899 ref The Caudovirales tailed bacteriophages appear to dominate marine ecosystems in number and diversity of organisms. ref name Mann Bacteriophages, viruses that are parasitic on bacteria, were first discovered in the early twentieth century. Scientists today consider that their importance in ecosystems , particularly marine ecosystems , has been underestimated, leading to these infectious agents being poorly investigated and their numbers and species biodiversity being greatly under reported. ref name Kellogg1995 cite journal last Kellogg first CA coauthors JB Rose, SC Jiang, and JM Thurmond, and JH Paul title Genetic diversity of related vibriophages isolated from marine environments around Florida and Hawaii, USA journal ... more details
of all, Prochlorococcus , is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. ref cite journal last1 ... in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus url http www.plosgenetics.org article info 3Adoi 2F10.1371 ... volume 3 issue 12 year 2007 month December pages e231 ref Prochlorococcus is possibly the most ... http antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov apod ap060927.html title DGF publisher NASA ref Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous ... cite journal author F. Partensky, W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot year 1999 title Prochlorococcus , a marine ... more details
Image Oxygen Cycle.jpg thumb 350px right The oxygen cycle. The Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within its three main reservoirs the Earth s atmosphere atmosphere air , the total content of biological matter within the biosphere the global sum of all ecosystems , and the lithosphere Earth s crust . Failures in the oxygen cycle within the hydrosphere the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet can result in the development of hypoxic zone s. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for the modern Earth s atmosphere and life. Reservoirs By far the largest reservoir of Earth s oxygen is within the silicate and oxide mineral s of the Crust geology crust and Mantle geology mantle 99.5 . Only a small portion has been released as free oxygen to the biosphere 0.01 and atmosphere 0.36 . The main source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis, which produces sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water 6CO sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O energy C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6O sub 2 sub Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans. The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and accounts for more than half of the photosynthesis of the open ocean. ref Steve Nadis, The Cells That Rule the Seas , Scientific American, Nov. 2003 http sciam.com article.cfm?chanID sa022&articleID 0005BE47 0078 1FA8 807883414B7F0000 ref An additional source of atmospheric oxygen comes from photolysis , whereby high energy ultraviolet radiation breaks down atmospheric water and nitrous oxide into component atoms. The free H and N atoms escape into space leaving O sub 2 sub in the atmosphere 2H sub 2 sub O energy 4H O sub 2 sub 2N sub 2 sub O energy 4N O sub 2 sub The main way oxygen is lost from the atmosphere is via Respiration physiology respiration and Decomposition decay , mechanism ... more details
come from the marine environment. These are six Prochlorococcus strains, seven marine ... projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further Prochlorococcus and marine Synechococcus ... more details
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