2011 08 23 ref 10 sup id 16 &minus 16 sup 3 e &minus 16 &thinsp kg Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria ... title Prochlorococcus marinus MIT 9313 Home publisher Joint Genome Institute accessdate 2011 ...?&id 101520&ver 6 title Size diameter of most abundant cyanobacteri Prochlorococcus BNID 101520 ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 Image Picoplancton cytometrie.jpg thumb 400px right Analysis of a marine sample of photosynthesis photosynthetic picoplankton by flow cytometry showing three different populations Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus , and picoeukaryote s Flow cytometry abbreviated FCM is a technique for Cell counting counting and examining microscopic particles, such as Cell biology cell s and chromosome s, by suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous Multivariable analysis multiparametric analysis of the physical and or chemical characteristics of up to thousands of particles per second. Flow cytometry is routinely used in the diagnosis of health disorders, especially Hematological malignancy blood cancers , but has many other applications in both research and clinical practice. A common variation is to physically sort particles based on their properties, so as to purify populations of interest. History The first impedance based flow cytometry device, using the Coulter principle , was disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,656,508, issued in 1953, to Wallace H. Coulter. Mack Fulwyler was the inventor of the forerunner to today s flow cytometers particularly the cell sorter. ref Ref patent country US number 3380584 title Particle Separator gdate 1965 06 01 invent1 Mack Fulwyler ref Fulwyler developed this in 1965 with his publication in Science. ref name Science1965 Cite pmid 5891056 ref The first fluorescence based flow cytometry device ICP 11 was developed in 1968 by Wolfgang G hde from the University of M nster , filed for patent on 18th December 1968 ref cite patent country DE number 1815352 title Flow through Chamber for Photometers to Measure and Count Particles in a Dispersion Medium fdate 1968 12 18 invent1 Wolfgang Dittrich invent2 Wolfgang G hde ref and first commercialized in 1968 69 by German developer and manufacturer Partec through Phywe AG in G ttingen . At that time, Absorption electrom ... more details
File 19th century print rinderpest.jpg right thumb A Japanese print from the 19th century depicting the burning of cattle infected with rinderpest The recorded history of viruses begins in the closing years of the 19th century, but viruses are as old as life on Earth. The most abundant biological entity on Earth, they Infection infect organisms in all Three domain system three domains of life although their origins are uncertain, they may pre date the emergence of cell biology cells . Viruses have evolution evolved to become the most successful of parasitism parasites and have infected plants and animals, including humans, for millions of years. Many infectious diseases were known to be caused by bacteria and other microorganism s, but no cause could be found for others such as smallpox , which had been recognised for more than a thousand years. Epidemic s caused by viruses began when human behaviour changed during the Neolithic period . Previously hunter gatherer s, humans developed relatively densely populated agricultural communities, which allowed viruses to spread rapidly and subsequently to become endemic epidemiology endemic . Despite having no idea that viruses existed, Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner were the first to develop vaccine s to protect against viral infections. Viruses were not discovered until the early 20th century, when the science of virology the study of viruses and the diseases they cause began. In the 20th century many old and new diseases were discovered to be caused by viruses. Although scientific interest in them arose because of the diseases they cause, most viruses are beneficial. They have driven evolution by horizontal gene transfer transferring genes across species, play important roles in ecosystem s, and are essential to life. TOC limit 3 Origins Viruses are ancient. Studies at the molecular level have revealed relationships between viruses infecting organisms from each of the three domain theory three domains of life , and viral ... more details
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