Wiktionary biologyBiology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms. Biology may also refer to Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life , a college level textbook compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart Biology , a textbook by Neil Campbell scientist Neil Campbell , first published in 1987 Biology band , an American rock indie band Biology song Biology song , a song by Girls Aloud See also Biosciences disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
marketing Product marketing deals with the first of the 7P s of marketing , which are Product business Product , Pricing , distribution business Place , promotion marketing Promotion , Packaging, Positioning & People. Product marketing, as opposed to product management , deals with more Outbound Marketing outbound marketing tasks in the older sense of the phrase . For example, product management deals with the nuts and bolts of product development within a firm, whereas product marketing deals with marketing the Product business product to Prospect marketing prospect s, customer s, and others. Product ... , etc. A Product market is something that is referred to when pitching a new product to the general public. The people you are trying to make your product appeal to is your consumer market. For example ... not appeal to younger children, so you would market your product to an older generation . Product market definition focus on a narrow statement. It focus on the product type, customer needs functional needs , customer type, and geographic area. Role of product marketing Product marketing in a business ... i.e., the breadth and depth of the product line ? Who will be the target customers i.e., the boundaries ... the products be offered? How will customers be introduced to the products i.e., advertising ? Product marketing vs. product management Product marketing frequently differs from product management in high tech companies. Whereas the product manager is required to take a product s requirements from the sales and marketing personnel and create a product requirements document PRD , ref social good sample prd which will be used by the engineering team to build the product, the product marketing manager ... as source for the product management to develop the PRD. In other companies the product manager creates both the MRDs and the PRDs, while the product marketing manager does outbound tasks like giving product demonstration s in trade shows, creating marketing collateral like hot sheet s, beat sheet s, cheat ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 In programming language s and type theory , a product of types is another, compounded, type in a structure. The operands of the product are data type type s, and the structure of a product type is determined by the fixed order of the operands in the product. An instance of a product type retains the fixed order, but otherwise may contain all possible instances of its primitive data type s. The expression of an instance of a product type will be a tuple , and is called a tuple type of expression. A product of types is a direct product of two or more types. If there are only ... are the set of all possible values that type, the product type written A × B contains elements that are pairs a,b , where a and b are instances of A and B respectively. In many languages, product ... functional programming languages, algebraic data types with one constructor are isomorphic to a product type. In the Curry Howard correspondence , product types are associated with logical conjunction AND in logic. The notion directly extends to the product of an arbitrary finite number of types a n ary product type , and in this case, it characterizes the expressions which behave as tuples of expressions of the corresponding types. A degenerated form of product type is the unit type it is the empty productproduct of no types . In Evaluation strategy Call by value call by value programming languages, a product type can be interpreted as a set of pairs whose first component is a value computer ..., it is a cartesian product and it corresponds to a product category theory product in the category of types. Most functional programming languages have a primitive notion of product type. For instance, the product of type sub 1 sub , ..., type sub n sub is written type sub 1 sub code code ... code ... languages provide more general algebraic data type s, which extend both product and sum type s. The brochure ... 1.1 saying The value of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number and a unit ... more details
Product optimization is the practice of making changes or adjustments to a product to make it more desirable. Description A product has a number of attributes. For example, a soda bottle can have different packaging variations, flavors, nutritional values. It is possible to optimize a product by making minor adjustments. Typically, the goal is to make the product more desirable and to increase marketing metrics such as Purchase Intent, Believability, Frequency of Purchase, etc. Methods Multivariate optimization is one of the most common methods for product optimization. In this method, multiple product attributes are specified and then tested with consumers. Due to complex interaction effects between different attributes for example, consumers frequently associate certain flavors with packaging colors , it is problematic to use mathematical methods, such as Conjoint Analysis, typically used in industrial process optimization. More recently companies started to adopt Evolutionary Optimization techniques for Product optimization. Evolutionary algorithms such as IDDEA are used to optimize products, concepts and messaging. Category Product development ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 A product pipeline is a series of Product business products developed and sold by a company, ideally in different stages of their Product life cycle management life cycle . Having at any point in a company s life some products in the growth and mature stage of the life cycle is the goal. Category Production economics business stub ... more details
Infobox Journal title Pharmaceutical Biology cover Image Pharmaceutical Biology cover.jpg editors John M. Pezzuto discipline Plant Science language English abbreviation Pharm. Biol. publisher Informa Pharmaceutical Science frequency Monthly history 1961 present openaccess license impact 0.672 impact year 2009 website http www.informapharmascience.com phb link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.informapharmascience.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3b4d5z&ai 9ir&jc phb&type etoc&feed rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1388 0209 eISSN 1744 5116 Pharmaceutical Biology is an academic journal that publishes research on natural product research related to pharmaceutical biology. Core Areas Topics covered include br Methods for discovery, description, analysis characterization and production isolation including sources and surveys of biologically active chemicals or other substances, drugs, pharmaceutical products or preparations used in systems of traditional medicine Aspects of pharmacognosy that detail the biological activity of crude extracts, the isolation of bioactive compounds from plants or other topics of interest to pharmacognosists Other topics related to natural product drugs e.g. semi synthetic derivatives The journal is owned by Informa plc LSE INF a United Kingdom based publisher. Editor John M. Pezzuto, PhD. is Editor in Chief, and is currently Professor and Dean at the College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo . ref cite web url http pharmacy.uhh.hawaii.edu dean pezzuto.php title University of Hawaii accessdate 2009 06 10 format work pharmacy.uhh.hawaii.edu ref Publication Format The journal publishes 12 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions and is available on a subscription basis or as individual articles All back issues of the journal are available online on the publisher s website subscribers to the electronic edition receive access to it as part of their subscription. ref cite web url http www.informapharmascience.com page ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan November 2006 Product proliferation occurs when organizations market many variations of the same Product business product s. This can be done through different colour combinations, product sizes and different product uses. This produces Diversification marketing strategy diversity for the firm as it is able to capture its sizable portion of the market. However, it can also be considered that marketing so many new products leads to economic resources being wasted the consumer becomes confused and mistakes are made in the purchase of products. Product proliferation is often used by incumbent firms as method of Strategic entry deterrence entry deterrence . By developing a large variety of products, the incumbent firm is able to occupy gaps in the market that potential entrants may have exploited, thus reducing the threat of Market competition competition . The very dynamism of product proliferation makes it hard to manage. Complexity is spawned by an ever changing landscape of customer demand and companies attempts to meet that demand with configurable products and more product variations. Product proliferation can sometimes also lead to cannibalisation of the existing product line of the company and should be justified by overall increase in market share . DEFAULTSORT Product Proliferation Category Microeconomics Category Marketing Microeconomics stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 A product description in project management is a structured format of presenting information about a product project management project product . Product description is usually created by the project manager and approved by the project board. ref http www.pmhut.com prince2 E2 84 A2 components PRINCE2 Components Jay Siegelaub ref The structure of product description, according to PRINCE2 Identifier Title Purpose Composition Derivation Format and presentation Development Skill Required Quality criteria Quality tolerances Quality method Quality skills required Quality Responsibilities See also List of project management topics Project plan References references DEFAULTSORT Product Description Category Project management Category PRINCE2 ... more details
A parity product is a Product business product category or group of categories where the several brand s within that category possess functionally equivalent attribute research attributes , making one brand a satisfactory Substitute good substitute for most other brands in that category. It is a product or service that satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. ref cite web url http www.investopedia.com terms p parity product.asp title Parity product publisher Investopedia accessdate 2012 03 17 ref References reflist See also Brand parity Category Economics terminology Category Markets customer bases ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 wikify July 2009 cleanup January 2011 Marketing Product lining is the marketing strategy of offering for sale several related product business products . Unlike product bundling , where several products are combined into one, lining involves offering several related products individually. A line can comprise related products of various sizes, types, colors, qualities, or prices. Line depth refers to the number of product variants in a line. Line consistency refers to how closely related the products that make up the line are. Line vulnerability refers to the percentage of sales or profits that are derived from only a few products in the line. The number of different product lines sold by a company is referred to as width of product mix . The total number of products sold in all lines is referred to as length of product mix . If a line of products is sold with the same brand name , this is referred to as family branding . When you add a new product to a line, it is referred to as a line extension . When you add a line extension that is of better quality than the other products in the line, this is referred to as trading up or brand leveraging ... end of the line s range. When you add a new product within the current range of an incomplete ... your product offerings. This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything ... prices. There are many important decisions about product and service development and marketing. In the process of product development and marketing we should focus on strategic decisions about product attributes , Product naming product branding , Packaging and labeling product packaging and labeling and product support services . But product strategy also calls for building a product line. See also Brand Brand management Halo effect Marketing Product management Product line extensions DEFAULTSORT Product Lining Category Marketing Category Product management es L nea de productos eu Produktu ... more details
Product intelligence is defined as an automated system for gathering and analyzing Intelligence assessment intelligence about the performance of a product being designed and manufactured, such that this data is automatically fed back to the product managers and engineers designing the product, to assist them in the development of the next iteration or version of that product. The goal of product intelligence is to accelerate the rate of product innovation, thereby making the product and its owners more competitive. Product intelligence is usually applied to electronic products, but it is not necessarily limited to electronic products. Key points of this definition Product intelligence is a separate concept from artificial intelligence . The focus is on the gathering of product performance, quality and test data . There is an automated process for gathering information and converting it into intelligence. The purpose of the exercise is to use the product intelligence to create the next, improved iteration or version of the product. Product intelligence can also include two additional functions An automated process for synchronizing all manufacturing locations involved in producing the product, so that production of the new version can begin immediately. This is typically accomplished by pushing product and test specification software to all the test stations in the manufacturing pipeline over a network or web connection. This accelerates the product s time to market . The automatic ..., according to the precise specifications of the product designers. This ensures quality and consistency .... began using the term product intelligence to describe the ground breaking functionality of its http www.averna.com products proligent Proligent software, which at that time, was an add on software product .... The Proligent product name was derived by combining the words product and intelligence. In 2006 ... base. In 2009, Averna expanded the functionality of its Proligent product to include automated versioning ... more details
In mathematics , given two partially ordered set ordered set s A and B , one can induce a partial ordering on the Cartesian product A × B . Given two pairs a sub 1 sub , b sub 1 sub and a sub 2 sub , b sub 2 sub in A × B , one sets a sub 1 sub , b sub 1 sub &le a sub 2 sub , b sub 2 sub if and only if a sub 1 sub &le a sub 2 sub and b sub 1 sub &le b sub 2 sub . This ordering is called the product order . Another possible ordering on A × B is the lexicographical order . The Cartesian product with product order is the categorical product in the category mathematics category of partially ordered sets with monotone functions. See also Direct product Direct product of binary relations direct product of binary relations Partial order Examples examples of partial orders Total order Orders on the Cartesian product of totally ordered sets orders on the Cartesian product of totally ordered sets math stub Category Order theory ... more details
In topology and related areas of mathematics , a product space is the cartesian product of a family of topological space s equipped with a natural topology called the product topology . This topology differs ... to a product space and which agrees with the product topology when the product is over only finitely many spaces. However, the product topology is correct in that it makes the product space a product category theory categorical product of its factors, whereas the box topology is Comparison of topologies too fine this is the sense in which the product topology is natural . Definition Given X such that math X prod i in I X i, math or the possibly infinite Cartesian product of the topological spaces ... p sub i sub X &rarr X sub i sub , the product topology on X is defined to be the coarsest ... topology continuous . The product topology is sometimes called the Tychonoff topology . The open sets in the product topology are unions finite or infinite of sets of the form math prod U i ... many times. The product topology on X is the topology generated by sets of the form p sub i sub ... a basis topology basis for the product topology using bases of the constituting spaces X sub i sub . A basis ... . In particular, for a finite product in particular, for the product of two topological spaces , the products of base elements of the X sub i sub gives a basis for the product math prod X i math . In general, the product of the topologies of each X sub i sub forms a basis for what is called the box topology on X . In general, the box topology is finer topology finer than the product topology, but for finite ... R and defines a topology on the product of n copies of R in this fashion, one obtains the ordinary Euclidean topology on R sup n sup . The Cantor set is homeomorphic to the product of countable countably many copies of the discrete space 0,1 and the space of irrational number s is homeomorphic to the product ... The product space X , together with the canonical projections, can be characterized by the following ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A facelift is the revival of a Product business product through cosmetic means, for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying engineering or design intact. It is commonly applied to automobile s to keep models competitive during a model s Product lifecycle marketing product life cycle . Web site s and magazine s may also be facelifted, for instance when their titles appear dated. The term probably comes from facelift plastic surgery the same term used in plastic surgery . DEFAULTSORT Facelift Product Category Marketing terminology Marketing stub pl Facelifting motoryzacja ... more details
Product support is a service provided by many retailers of various products, primarily electronics , that provides the end user with a resource for information regarding the product, and help if the product should malfunction . Product Support can be found in most User guide manuals for products in the form of a phone number , website address , or physical location. The Internet has allowed for a new form of product support to develop. Some online communities have developed to give support where manufacturer support is lacking. References reflist unreferenced date May 2008 Category Business terms Category Customer experience management Category Help desk Business term stub retailing stub ... more details
Product classification or product taxonomy organizes products for a variety of purposes. Some standard product classifications include CPC Central Product Classification HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System CPA Classification of Products by Activity SITC Standard International Trade Classification Trade in Services Global Classification and Harmonized Schedule Numbers for customs classification UNSPSC , the United Nations Standard Products and Services Code See also Industry classification References United Nations Statistical Commission, International Family of Economic and Social Classifications , p. 5 http unstats.un.org unsd class family preamble.pdf PDF business stub Category Product classifications ... more details
In mathematics , one can often define a direct product of objects already known, giving a new one. This is generally the Cartesian product of the underlying sets, together with a suitably defined structure on the product set. More abstractly, one talks about the Product category theory product in category theory , which formalizes these notions. Examples are the product of sets see Cartesian product , groups described below , the product of rings and of other abstract algebra algebraic structures . The product topology product of topological spaces is another instance. There is also the direct ... think of math mathbb R math as the set mathematics set of real numbers, then the direct product math mathbb R times mathbb R math is precisely just the cartesian product , math x,y x,y in mathbb R math ..., then the direct product math mathbb R times mathbb R math still consists of math x,y x,y in mathbb ..., then the direct product math mathbb R times mathbb R math again consists of math x,y x,y in mathbb ... mathematics field of real numbers, then the direct product math mathbb R times mathbb R math .... In a similar manner, we can talk about the product of more than two objects, e.g. math mathbb R times mathbb R times mathbb R times mathbb R math . We can even talk about product of infinitely many objects, e.g. math mathbb R times mathbb R times mathbb R times dotsb math . Group direct product main Direct product of groups In group mathematics group theory one can define the direct product of two ... product of the sets of elements of G and H , that is g , h g in G , h in H on these elements put ... the semidirect product . As an example, take as G and H two copies of the unique up to isomorphisms ..., b 1, b 1, b sup 2 sup 1,1 . With a direct product, we get some natural group homomorphism s for free ..., every homomorphism f on the direct product is totally determined by its component functions math ... product gives the group of all n tuple s G sup n sup for n 0 the trivial group . Examples Z sup n sup ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Developmental biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A test is a term used to refer to the shell of sea urchin s, and also the shell of certain microorganisms, such as testate foraminifera and testate amoebae . See also Frustule Lorica biology DEFAULTSORT Test Biology Category Biology biology stub es Testa protista fr Test zoologie ... more details
for the reduced product in algebraic topology James reduced product In model theory , a branch of mathematical logic , and in algebra , the reduced product is a construction that generalizes both direct product and ultraproduct . Let S sub i sub i &isin I be a family of structure mathematical logic structures of the same signature logic signature indexed by a set I , and let U be a filter mathematics filter on I . The domain of the reduced product is the quotient set quotient of the Cartesian product math prod i in I S i math by a certain equivalence relation two elements a sub i sub and b sub i sub of the Cartesian product are equivalent if math left i in I a i b i right in U , math If U only contains I as an element, the equivalence relation is trivial, and the reduced product is just the original Cartesian product. If U is an ultrafilter , the reduced product is an ultraproduct. Operations from are interpreted on the reduced product by applying the operation pointwise. Relations are interpreted by math R a 1 i sim , dots, a n i sim iff i in I mid R S i a 1 i, dots,a n i in U. , math For example, if each structure is a vector space , then the reduced product is a vector space with addition defined as a b sub i sub a sub i sub b sub i sub and multiplication by a scalar c as ca sub i sub c a sub i sub . References Cite book last1 Chen Chung Chang Chang first1 Chen Chung last2 Keisler first2 H. Jerome author2 link Howard Jerome Keisler title Model Theory origyear 1973 publisher Elsevier edition 3rd series Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics isbn 978 0 444 88054 3 year 1990 postscript None , Chapter 6. Category Model theory Mathlogic stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 A product feed is a file that contains all information about the products of a specific company or companies in the e commerce industry. Product feeds supply the content that is presented on many kinds of e commerce websites such as search engines , Price comparison service price comparison websites , affiliate networks , and other similar aggregators of e commerce information. In some cases they are generated by the online retailer and in some cases the information is extracted using web scraping or harvested web harvesting from the online shops website. Product Feed Applications Product feeds are an integral part of online live scores , sales and marketing, particularly in the case of online retailers with many different products or with products that are described by many different attributes, or in industries in which pricing and availability frequently change. Product feeds are used within a variety of online marketing channels that help shoppers locate the product they wish to purchase and drive the traffic to the retailers website. These marketing channels include Price comparison service Price comparison websites Feeds are the product descriptive content needed to run sites that compare pricing price comparison websites , attributes mostly in vertical search portals and availability. Paid search affiliate s PPC campaigns use API s that receive a range of attributes within product feeds to determine campaign keywords and bidding. Affiliate network s affiliate networks funnel products though their platforms from merchants to affiliates. Marketplace s receive product feeds from their big merchants eBay and Amazon for example . Feed formats ..., and Atom feed format. Other product listing sites use proprietary formats that are either plain text ... product feed will soon adopt this new web standard. See also Data feed RDF feed RSS feed DEFAULTSORT Product Feed Category Web syndication ... more details
In mathematics, the Pontryagin product , introduced by harvs txt last Pontryagin authorlink Lev Pontryagin year 1939 , is a product on the homology of a topological space induced by a product on the topological space. Special cases include the Pontryagin product on the homology of an abelian group, the Pontryagin product on an H space , and the Pontryagin product on a loop space . References Citation last1 Brown first1 Kenneth S. title Cohomology of groups url http books.google.com books?id PMqb2DppvCsC publisher Springer Verlag location Berlin, New York series Graduate Texts in Mathematics isbn 978 0 387 90688 1 id MR 672956 year 1982 volume 87 Citation last1 Pontrjagin first1 L. title Homologies in compact Lie groups id MR 0001563 year 1939 journal Rec. Math. N. S. Mat. Sbornik volume 6 48 pages 389 422 Category Homology theory Category Group theory ... more details
Product innovation is the creation and subsequent introduction of a Good economics and accounting good or service that is either new, or improved on previous goods or services of its kind. This is broader than the normally accepted definition of innovation to include invention of new products which, in this context, are still considered innovative. Introduction Product innovation is defined as thing cquote the development of new products, changes in design of established products, or use of new materials or components in the manufacture of established products ref cite web url http www.psi.org.uk publications archivepdfs Small 20firms SF1.pdf title Small Firms Innovation author Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster accessdate 27 May 2010 ref Thus product innovation can be divided into two categories of innovation development of new products, and improvement of existing products. New product development Main New product development New product development describes the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market. There are two parallel paths involved in the process one involves the idea generation, product design and detail engineering the other involves market research and marketing analysis. Improvement of existing products This includes, but is not limited to, improvements in functional characteristics, technical abilities, or ease of use. References Refimprove date May 2010 references business stub Category Business theory ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2011 Orphan date February 2011 Product Leadership is a concept which describes delivering state of the art products in the market. Product leadership can be achieved by innovation, design, development, time to market delivery and brand marketing of products or services . Category Marketing ... more details
Product engineering refers to the process of designing and developing a device, assembly, or system such that it be produced as an item for sale through some production manufacturing process. Product engineering ..., reliability, serviceability and user features. These product characteristics are generally all sought in the attempt to make the resulting product attractive to its intended market and a successful contributor to the business of the organization that intends to offer the product to that market. It includes design, development and transitioning to manufacturing of the product. The term encompasses developing the concept of the product and the design and development of its mechanical, electronics and software components. For example a product like a digital camera would include defining the feature ... is done, transitioning the product to manufacture it in volumes is considered part of product engineering. Product engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with both design and manufacturing aspects of a product. a In the field of integrated circuits Specifically in the field of electronics i.e. integrated circuits , semiconductor companies have product engineers to support the production ... the fast ramp up of the volume manufacturing in the fab. Area of responsibility Product engineers ... and realize measures for yield improvement, test optimization and product cost reduction, Provide ... analysis. Product engineers are the technical interface between the component development ... when the high volume production is running. Product engineers improve the product quality and secure the product reliability by balancing cost of test and test coverage that could impact ... The job requires the product engineer to have a very good working knowledge of Statistical methods and tools, Manufacturing process, Product reliability and qualification, Physical analysis methods Computer ... Tutorial about yield impact Technology DEFAULTSORT Product Engineering Category Semiconductor device ... more details
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