. To achieve the final Product Space design, the dense clusters were manually untangled and attributes ...Orphan date May 2011 wikify date May 2011 File TheProductSpace.png thumb right upright 3 The Product ... to Leamer s product classification system. The Product Space is a network that formalizes the idea ... 2007 issue of Science journal Science in the article The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations ... by C sar Hidalgo , Bailey Klinger, Ricardo Hausmann , and Albert L szl Barab si . The Product Space ... visualizations such as the Treemapping Product Exports Treemaps and new indexes such as the economic ... product types in a country s economic performance. ref A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development ... among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country s pattern of growth. The Product Space ... analogy The idea of the Product Space can be conceptualized in the following manner consider a product to be a tree, and the collection of all products to be a forest. A country consists of a set ... for growth in terms of economy, the topology of this product space impacts a country s ability to begin producing new goods. Building the Product Space There exists a number of factors that can ..., technological sophistication, or inputs and outputs in a product s value chain, for examples. Choosing to study one of these notions assume the others are relatively unimportant instead, the Product ... test of similarity is called proximity. The concept of proximity The Product Space ... idea that a country s ability to produce a product depends on its ability to produce other products ... product such as copper wire or home appliances. While quantifying such overlap between the set of markets associated with each product would be difficult, the measure of proximity uses an outcome ..., a country is said to export a product when they exhibit a Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA in it. Using ... frameless center If the RCA value exceeds one, the share of exports of a country in a given product ... more details
Product lifecycle or product life cycle may refer to the phases of a product s life Product lifecycle engineering , from an engineering perspective PLM Product lifecycle marketing , from a marketing perspective PLC See also Product management System lifecycle Technology lifecycle disambig ru ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Product literature is a primary subset of business publishing specifically geared toward the selection, purchase and use of a business products. Typically this includes product promotionally literature, product datasheet s, product operating user manual manual s and product purchase terms and conditions. Category Marketing DEFAULTSORT Product Literature Business stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Product Planning is the ongoing process of identifying and articulating market requirement s that define a product s feature set. Product planning serves as the basis for decisions about price, distribution and promotion. See also Product planning Product management Product Manager marketing stub Category Marketing ... more details
Anti product may refer to In chemistry Anti product, an anti isomer or anti addition In music AntiProduct , a glam punk band Anti Product , crust punk band disambig ... more details
globalize Northern date December 2010 Tort law Product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make Product business product s available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause. Although the word product has broad connotations, product liability as an area of law is traditionally limited to products in the form ... Product liability in the United States Theories of liability In the United States, the claims most commonly associated with product liability are negligence , strict liability , breach of warranty , and various consumer protection claims. The majority of product liability laws are determined at the state ... 08 05 accessdate 2012 01 14 ref Each type of product liability claim requires different elements to be proven ... Products Liability distinguishes between three major types of product liability claims manufacturing defect, design defect, a failure to warn also known as marketing defects . However, in most states ... design. ref See, e.g., Merrill v. Navegar, Inc. , http online.ceb.com calcases C4 26C4t465.htm ... and usually involve poor quality materials or shoddy Skill workmanship . Design defects occur where the productdesign is inherently dangerous or useless and hence defective no matter how carefully manufactured this may be demonstrated either by showing that the product fails to satisfy ordinary consumer expectations as to what constitutes a safe product, or that the risks of the product outweigh ... of how well the product is manufactured and designed for its intended purpose. Breach of warranty Warranties are statements by a manufacturer or seller concerning a product during a commercial ... based product liability claims usually focus on one of three types 1 breach of an express warranty ... or the seller concerning the product e.g., This chainsaw is useful to cut turkeys . The various ... on the product itself. Under strict liability, the manufacturer is liable if the product is defective ... more details
In mathematics , a product is the result of Multiplication multiplying , or an expression that identifies ... numbers are multiplied has no bearing on the product this is known as the Commutativity commutative ... s are multiplied, the product usually depends on the order of the factors. Matrix multiplication, and the multiplications in the other algebras, are non commutative. The product operator for the Multiplication Capital Pi notation product of a sequence is denoted by the capital Greek letter Pi ... style font family times, serif font size 150 span as summation symbol . The product of no factors at all is known as the empty product . Several products are considered in mathematics Products of the various classes of number s The product of Matrix mathematics matrices and Euclidean vector vectors scalar multiplication , matrix multiplication , dot product , cross product , Kronecker product . The product of tensor s Exterior algebra Wedge product or exterior product Interior product Outer product Tensor product The pointwise product of two function mathematics functions . A function s product integral as a continuous equivalent to the product of a sequence or the multiplicative version of the normal standard additive integral. The product integral is also known as continuous product or multiplical . It is often possible to form the product of two or more mathematical objects to form another object of the same kind, e.g. the Cartesian product of sets, the product of groups , and also the semidirect product , knit product and wreath product , the product of rings , the product topology product of topological spaces , the Wick product of random variable s. the cap product cap , cup product cup and slant product in algebraic topology. the smash product and wedge sum sometimes called the wedge product in homotopy. For the general treatment, see product category theory . But also, in category theory, one has the fiber product or pullback, the ultraproduct , in model theory . See ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2010 original research August 2010 unreferenced August 2010 wikify January 2011 Product concept is the understanding of the dynamics of the product in order to showcase the best qualities of the product. Marketers spend a lot of time and research in order to target their attended audience. Marketers will look into a product concept before marketing a product towards their customers. See also Marketing concept DEFAULTSORT Product Concept Category Product development ... more details
Original research date July 2008 Product naming is the discipline of deciding what a product will be called ... or organization. Product naming is considered a critical part of the brand ing process, which includes all of the marketing activities that affect the brand image, such as positioning and the design of logo , packaging and the product business product itself. Product naming involves the application of creative and linguistic strategy and results in a brand name that becomes a product s shorthand. The process involved in product naming can take months or years to complete. Some key steps include specifying the objectives of the branding, developing the product name itself, evaluating names through target market testing and focus groups, choosing a final product name, and finally identifying ... That Sell How to create Great Names for Your Company, Product, or Service , 1995 ref Product names ... the product from its competitors by conveying its unique positioning They hold appeal for the product ... the image of a company or a product to the consumers. They help motivate customers to buy the product. They can buy a product image and name. Types of names Brand names typically fall into several different categories ref http merriamassociates.com 2009 02 styles and types of company and product ... ascribe to the product a characteristic Toys R Us , General Motors . Evocative Invoke a vivid image .... Geography Chose a name associated with company product location eBay for East Bay, Mount Fuji ... Use a sound associated with a product function or other brand idea Twitter , Meow Mix . Clever ... . Product naming techniques Linguistically, names are developed by combining morphemes , phonemes and syntax to create a desired representation of a product. Morphemes differ from words in that many ..., Corwin Press. ISBN 1412906016 ref In product naming, names that are phonetically easy to pronounce ... study.html Ad Age . ref Syntax, or word order, is key to consumers perceptions of a product name ... more details
marketing Merge Product life cycle management marketing Product lifecycle management target Product management discuss Talk Product management Merge discussion date May 2011 Wikibooks Marketing Product Development Product management is an organizational lifecycle function within a company dealing with the planning, forecasting, or marketing of a product or products at all stages of the Product lifecycle marketing product lifecycle . The role consists of New product development Product development and product marketing , which are different yet complementary efforts, with the objective of maximizing sales revenues, market share, and profit margins. The product manager is often responsible for analyzing market conditions and defining features or functions of a product. The role of product management ... of the company. Product management can be a function separate on its own, or a member of marketing or engineering. While involved with the entire Product lifecycle marketing product lifecycle , product management s main focus is on driving new product development . According to the Product Development and Management Association Product Development and Management Association PDMA , superior and differentiated ... &mdash is the number one driver of success and product profitability. ref Kahn, Kenneth B. Editor . The PDMA Handbook of New Product Development. Second Edition. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, 2005. ISBN 0 471 48524 1 ref Depending on the company size and history, product management has a variety of functions and roles. Sometimes there is a product manager, and sometimes the role of product ... for evaluating product manager performance. In some companies, the product management function is the hub of many other activities around the product. In others, it is one of many things that need to happen to bring a product to market and actively monitor and manage it in market. Product management ..., product managers often translate business objectives set for a product by Marketing or Sales ... more details
No footnotes date September 2010 Fast Product was an independent record label , established in Edinburgh by Bob Last in December 1977. Its first release was also the first single by the Mekons , released on 20 January 1978. The label is probably most notable for having issued the first records by a number of early and influential post punk bands from Northern England , including the original The Human League Human League , Gang of Four band the Gang of Four and the Mekons . Fast Product also released the first singles by the Scottish punk bands Scars band Scars and The Flowers Scottish band The Flowers . The label also released compilations of various new bands called ear comics or Earcom . Many of the label s releases were also produced by Bob Last. Fast Product s releases challenged pop music conventions hence the label s early monikers difficult fun and mutant pop , and through its releases and marketing invoked a DIY punk spirit and generally socialism socialist political outlook. Often packaging records with a caustic yet subtle sideswipe at consumerism for example, the image of a wall of gold disc s on the cover of the Mekons second single , Fast Product attempted to show that all aspects of the record business, from musicianship to design to distribution, could be taken out of the hands of the major labels. The label was name checked by the Clash in a lyric from the song, Hitsville UK , the band s homage to UK independent record label indies br When lightning hits Small Wonder Records Small Wonder It s Fast Rough Trade Records Rough Factory Records Factory Trade . Bob ... reissue of early Fast Product and Pop Aural singles by the Mekons , Gang of Four band the Gang of Four ... 1980 Miscellaneous FAST 3 Fast Product The Quality Of Life No.1 zine issued March 1978 FAST 6 Fast Product The Quality Of Life No.2 zine issued April 1979 ref cite web url http www.vinylnet.co.uk ... labels Category Record labels established in 1977 fr Fast Product ... more details
A product teardown , or simply teardown , is the act of disassembling a product, such as a television set, to identify its component parts and functions. For products having secret technology, such as the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 25 , the process may be secret. For others, including consumer electronics , the results are typically disseminated through photographs and component lists so that others can make use of the information without having to disassemble the product themselves. This information can be of interest to hobbyists, but can also be used commercially by the technical community to find out, for example, what semiconductor components are being utilized in consumer electronic products, such as the Wii video game console or Apple Inc. Apple s iPhone . Such knowledge can aid understanding of how the product works, including innovative design features, and can facilitate estimating the bill of materials BOM . The financial community therefore has an interest in teardowns, as knowing how a company s products are built can help guide a stock valuation. Manufacturers are often not allowed to announce what components are present in a product due to non disclosure agreement s NDA . Identifying semiconductor components in systems has become more difficult over the past years. The most notable change started with Apple s 8GB iPod nano, ref http www.eetimes.com design audio design 4016200 Tear Down Inside the Apple 8GB iPod nano ref ref http www.wolfsonmicro.com products WM8750 ref were repackaged with Apple branding. This makes it more difficult to identify the actual device manufacturer and function of the component without performing a decap removing the outer packaging to analyze the Die integrated circuit die within . Typically there are markings on the die inside the package that can lead experienced engineers to who actually created the device and what functionality ... http www.techonline.com DEFAULTSORT Product Teardown Category Technology ... more details
In mathematics, the term symmetric product can refer to The Symmetric tensor Symmetric part of a tensor symmetric part of a tensor The symmetric product of an algebraic curve The infinite symmetric product SP X of a space X in algebraic topology disambig ... more details
Domestic product may refer to Gross domestic product , the total value of all the goods and services produced inside a nation over a certain period. Net domestic product , the gross domestic product minus depreciation on a country s capital goods. Disambig de Inlandsprodukt fr Production domestique la Productus domesticus ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 Product market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy and sell Product business product s. Services are often included in the scope of the term. Product market regulation is an economic term that describes restrictions in the market. Related terms are financial market and labor market . Product market regulation According to a OECD ranking in 1998, English speaking and Nordic countries featured the least regulated product markets in OECD. http fiordiliji.sourceoecd.org vl 633266 cl 27 nw 1 rpsv cgi bin wppdf?file 5lgsjhvj755k.pdf The least regulated product markets were in The United Kingdom Australia United States Canada New Zealand Denmark Ireland See also Factor market economics Factor Market Product Marketing DEFAULTSORT Product Market Category Economics ... more details
Image Red product.gif right Product Red logo. Product Red , styled as PRODUCT sup RED sup , is a brand ... in partnership with Wolff Olins , each partner company creates a product with the Product Red logo ... through the Product Red products that it sells, a percentage of the profit is given to the Global Fund ... en pressreleases ?pr pr 100601 The Global Fund ref Guiding principles Product Red states .... Products File Nano omores.jpg thumb 200px A PRODUCT sup RED sup iPod Nano , one of the products included in Product Red Products include ref http www.joinred.com Shop.aspx JoinRed.com, Products. ref Bugaboo International . A Dutch design company that makes pushchairs for infants and toddlers. When you choose any Bugaboo product, Bugaboo contributes 1 of its total revenue to The Global Fund. American ... T shirts, jackets, scarves, gloves, jewelry, bags and purses. Gap donates 50 of all Product Red ... 500 were produced globally. The Independent newspaper is in partnership with Product Red. The Hotel Caf tour is presented by MySpace and Product Red. Apple Inc. has released five generations of special edition iPod Nano and the iPod Shuffle with a Product Red theme, as well as a Red 25 iTunes Gift Card. Apple has also announced a Product Red branded Smart Cover for the iPad 2 . Nike, Inc. Nike has ... Didier Drogba is the face for the promotion of the laces. NEED magazine is in partnership with Product Red. Hallmark Cards Hallmark has introduced greeting cards that are Product Red. Dell has released three computers M1330, M1530 and XPS One and one printer V505 All In One that are Product Red the contract ... Dell laptop that included a new Windows Vista Stock keeping unit SKU called Windows Vista Ultimate Product Red. Windows Vista Ultimate Product Red included six wallpapers, two sidebar gadgets, one screen saver , and one DreamScene movie. Girl Skateboard Company released a two part deck series with a Product ... holiday promotion. For every holiday beverage ordered, 5 cents went to Product Red. Starbucks ... more details
In mathematics , a lexicographical or lexicographic product may be formed of graph mathematics graph s &ndash see lexicographic product of graphs . order theory order s &ndash see lexicographical order . disambig Category Mathematical terminology ... more details
marketing Product marketing deals with the first of the 7P s of marketing , which are Product business Product , Pricing , distribution business Place , promotion marketing Promotion , Packaging, Positioning & People. Product marketing, as opposed to product management , deals with more Outbound Marketing outbound marketing tasks in the older sense of the phrase . For example, product management deals with the nuts and bolts of product development within a firm, whereas product marketing deals with marketing the Product business product to Prospect marketing prospect s, customer s, and others. Product ... , etc. A Product market is something that is referred to when pitching a new product to the general public. The people you are trying to make your product appeal to is your consumer market. For example ... not appeal to younger children, so you would market your product to an older generation . Product market definition focus on a narrow statement. It focus on the product type, customer needs functional needs , customer type, and geographic area. Role of product marketing Product marketing in a business ... i.e., the breadth and depth of the product line ? Who will be the target customers i.e., the boundaries ... the products be offered? How will customers be introduced to the products i.e., advertising ? Product marketing vs. product management Product marketing frequently differs from product management in high tech companies. Whereas the product manager is required to take a product s requirements from the sales and marketing personnel and create a product requirements document PRD , ref social good sample prd which will be used by the engineering team to build the product, the product marketing manager ... as source for the product management to develop the PRD. In other companies the product manager creates both the MRDs and the PRDs, while the product marketing manager does outbound tasks like giving product demonstration s in trade shows, creating marketing collateral like hot sheet s, beat sheet s, cheat ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 In programming language s and type theory , a product of types is another, compounded, type in a structure. The operands of the product are data type type s, and the structure of a product type is determined by the fixed order of the operands in the product. An instance of a product type retains the fixed order, but otherwise may contain all possible instances of its primitive data type s. The expression of an instance of a product type will be a tuple , and is called a tuple type of expression. A product of types is a direct product of two or more types. If there are only ... are the set of all possible values that type, the product type written A × B contains elements that are pairs a,b , where a and b are instances of A and B respectively. In many languages, product ... functional programming languages, algebraic data types with one constructor are isomorphic to a product type. In the Curry Howard correspondence , product types are associated with logical conjunction AND in logic. The notion directly extends to the product of an arbitrary finite number of types a n ary product type , and in this case, it characterizes the expressions which behave as tuples of expressions of the corresponding types. A degenerated form of product type is the unit type it is the empty productproduct of no types . In Evaluation strategy Call by value call by value programming languages, a product type can be interpreted as a set of pairs whose first component is a value computer ..., it is a cartesian product and it corresponds to a product category theory product in the category of types. Most functional programming languages have a primitive notion of product type. For instance, the product of type sub 1 sub , ..., type sub n sub is written type sub 1 sub code code ... code ... languages provide more general algebraic data type s, which extend both product and sum type s. The brochure ... 1.1 saying The value of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number and a unit ... more details
Product optimization is the practice of making changes or adjustments to a product to make it more desirable. Description A product has a number of attributes. For example, a soda bottle can have different packaging variations, flavors, nutritional values. It is possible to optimize a product by making minor adjustments. Typically, the goal is to make the product more desirable and to increase marketing metrics such as Purchase Intent, Believability, Frequency of Purchase, etc. Methods Multivariate optimization is one of the most common methods for product optimization. In this method, multiple product attributes are specified and then tested with consumers. Due to complex interaction effects between different attributes for example, consumers frequently associate certain flavors with packaging colors , it is problematic to use mathematical methods, such as Conjoint Analysis, typically used in industrial process optimization. More recently companies started to adopt Evolutionary Optimization techniques for Product optimization. Evolutionary algorithms such as IDDEA are used to optimize products, concepts and messaging. Category Product development ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 A product pipeline is a series of Product business products developed and sold by a company, ideally in different stages of their Product life cycle management life cycle . Having at any point in a company s life some products in the growth and mature stage of the life cycle is the goal. Category Production economics business stub ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan November 2006 Product proliferation occurs when organizations market many variations of the same Product business product s. This can be done through different colour combinations, product sizes and different product uses. This produces Diversification marketing strategy diversity for the firm as it is able to capture its sizable portion of the market. However, it can also be considered that marketing so many new products leads to economic resources being wasted the consumer becomes confused and mistakes are made in the purchase of products. Product proliferation is often used by incumbent firms as method of Strategic entry deterrence entry deterrence . By developing a large variety of products, the incumbent firm is able to occupy gaps in the market that potential entrants may have exploited, thus reducing the threat of Market competition competition . The very dynamism of product proliferation makes it hard to manage. Complexity is spawned by an ever changing landscape of customer demand and companies attempts to meet that demand with configurable products and more product variations. Product proliferation can sometimes also lead to cannibalisation of the existing product line of the company and should be justified by overall increase in market share . DEFAULTSORT Product Proliferation Category Microeconomics Category Marketing Microeconomics stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 A product description in project management is a structured format of presenting information about a product project management project product . Product description is usually created by the project manager and approved by the project board. ref http www.pmhut.com prince2 E2 84 A2 components PRINCE2 Components Jay Siegelaub ref The structure of product description, according to PRINCE2 Identifier Title Purpose Composition Derivation Format and presentation Development Skill Required Quality criteria Quality tolerances Quality method Quality skills required Quality Responsibilities See also List of project management topics Project plan References references DEFAULTSORT Product Description Category Project management Category PRINCE2 ... more details
A parity product is a Product business product category or group of categories where the several brand s within that category possess functionally equivalent attribute research attributes , making one brand a satisfactory Substitute good substitute for most other brands in that category. It is a product or service that satisfies the need of a consumer that another product or service fulfills. ref cite web url http www.investopedia.com terms p parity product.asp title Parity product publisher Investopedia accessdate 2012 03 17 ref References reflist See also Brand parity Category Economics terminology Category Markets customer bases ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 wikify July 2009 cleanup January 2011 Marketing Product lining is the marketing strategy of offering for sale several related product business products . Unlike product bundling , where several products are combined into one, lining involves offering several related products individually. A line can comprise related products of various sizes, types, colors, qualities, or prices. Line depth refers to the number of product variants in a line. Line consistency refers to how closely related the products that make up the line are. Line vulnerability refers to the percentage of sales or profits that are derived from only a few products in the line. The number of different product lines sold by a company is referred to as width of product mix . The total number of products sold in all lines is referred to as length of product mix . If a line of products is sold with the same brand name , this is referred to as family branding . When you add a new product to a line, it is referred to as a line extension . When you add a line extension that is of better quality than the other products in the line, this is referred to as trading up or brand leveraging ... end of the line s range. When you add a new product within the current range of an incomplete ... your product offerings. This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything ... prices. There are many important decisions about product and service development and marketing. In the process of product development and marketing we should focus on strategic decisions about product attributes , Product naming product branding , Packaging and labeling product packaging and labeling and product support services . But product strategy also calls for building a product line. See also Brand Brand management Halo effect Marketing Product management Product line extensions DEFAULTSORT Product Lining Category Marketing Category Product management es L nea de productos eu Produktu ... more details
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