orphan date June 2010 In linguistics , an alphaphonetic pronunciation is the pronunciation of an alphabet ical glyph Letter alphabet letter with the canonical pronunciation employed in learning the alphabet, rather than in accord with other morphology linguistics morphological variants. It is a concept within phonemic orthography , particularly with the pronunciation of vowel s, in which the alphabetic pronunciation of a letter name is taken as a default and employed in the pronunciation of particular word s spelled with that letter. Phonological change may be constrained by the influence of canonical alphabet Pronunciation alphabet pronunciation . Overview In languages such as English language English in which many words have several morphophonemic variants, the pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet influences an invariant alphaphonemic pronunciation of words. The concept is less relevant to languages like Spanish language Spanish in which the phonemic orthographies are always alphaphonemic, and thus no distinctions are relevant. The latter type of languages may be said to have good or 1 1 grapheme to phoneme correspondence. For example, the letter a, in English alphaphonemic pronunciation, is pronounced IPA en e and not IPA as in Latin based languages. Hence a word like amen , which in its original Latin alphaphonemic pronunciation is pronounced IPA m n ah men , in English it is often pronounced IPA e m n A men . In both American and British English, the English alphaphonemic pronunciation IPA e m n is colloquially if not formally dominant, while the IPA m n pronunciation is typically regarded as Latin or Latinized which, in context of Protestantism ... . The English alphaphonemic pronunciation of many words can be confusing to non English speakers. The letter ... with Latin based language speakers, a Latin based pronunciation of i is constant, and considers i ... Underlying representation Underspecification Alphabet pronunciation The Chaos linguistics ... more details
distinguish Spelling pronunciation Phonetic spelling See also Pronunciation respelling for English A pronunciation spelling is an ad hoc spelling of a word that has no standard spelling. Most are nonce word nonce coinages, but some have become standardised, e.g. gonna to represent the pronunciation of going to, as in I m gonna catch you. A pronunciation respelling is a regular phonetic respelling of a word that does have a standard spelling, so as to indicate the pronunciation. Pronunciation respellings are sometimes seen in dictionaries. Respelling Pronunciation spellings may be used informally to indicate the pronunciation of foreign words or those whose spelling is irregular or not sufficient to deduce the pronunciation. This is called respelling . In such cases, typeface , punctuation or letter case may also be used, e.g. to indicate lexical stress stress or syllable syllabication Diarrhoea is pronounced DYE uh REE a This offers a sometimes intuitive alternative to systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet , which offer precise descriptions but need to be learned. However, it relies on the writer s encoding mapping to the same phoneme s as the reader s e.g. F hn is pronounced Fern might be adequate for a non rhotic reader but not a rhotic one. See also Pronunciation respelling for English for conventions used by various English dictionaries. Literary dialect Pronunciation spellings are frequently used in narratives to represent nonstandard dialect s or idiolect s, often to create an impression of backwardness or illiteracy . This is called literary dialect , or often called eye dialect , though originally the latter term was applied only where the resulting pronunciation is the same as the standard one, e.g., Pleese, mistur, said the beggar. Other uses Pronunciation spellings as deliberate misspellings may be used for humorous effect. The origin of the word okay is disputed, but the most common view is that it derives from okay Oll Korrect Oll Korrect , an 1830s ... more details
Distinguish pronunciation spelling A spelling pronunciation more closely renders the sounds represented by a word s spelling than the traditional pronunciation and is often considered incorrect for example victuals . The traditional pronunciation of a common word is often more widespread than its spelling pronunciation. The traditional pronunciations of even rare words are often still in use, especially ... pronunciation often reflects an even older pronunciation than the traditional one, especially ... pronunciation and may have only been added to show the word s etymology, in other words its ... dictionary entry island ref Prevalence and causes of spelling pronunciation Large numbers of easily ... a poor job of indicating current pronunciation. Spelling pronunciations however arise in all languages ... that spelling is always a less than perfect indication of pronunciation in other words, most people do not clearly understand the relationship between spelling and pronunciation. ref name stubbs ... correct pronunciation would require knowledge not available to most people. So it can be claimed that speakers who use a spelling pronunciation are naive and have misunderstood the relationship ... is in fact a reversion to the 15th century pronunciation, ref name often though the pronunciation ... respects . ref Wells, J. C. 2008 . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , 3rd edn, Harlow, UK Longman, p. 560. ref Older dictionaries do not even list the pronunciation with t , though the 2nd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary OED does and the first edition notes the pronunciation with the comment .... ref Wells, J. C. 2008 . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , 3rd edn, Harlow, UK Longman, p. 317. ref This is in fact a reversion to its original pronunciation. ref Algeo, John 2010 . The Origins ... a voiced th . This is in fact a reversion to its 15th century pronunciation. ref http phonetic blog.blogspot.com ... l . ref Wells, J. C. 2008 . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , 3rd edn, Harlow, UK Longman, p. 297 ... more details
Greek pronunciation may refer to Ancient Greek phonology Koine Greek phonology Modern Greek phonology disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
States W is reduced to two syllable s, IPAc en d b j d b j d b j . The latter pronunciation is often used by people further north who normally have a three syllable pronunciation for a single ... speakers also prefer the 3w form, a combination of Chinese pronunciation of 3 s n and English pronunciation of w double you . v , v , v in both Czech language Czech and Slovak language Slovak Literally ... often, is kaksisvee kaksisvee kaksisvee vee vee vee in Finnish language Finnish The pronunciation ... television and radio commercials in French speaking countries use this pronunciation or less frequently ..., leading to the latter, shorter pronunciation. doppia vu, doppia vu, doppia vu in Italian language ... pronunciation is triple double u in Serbian language Serbian pronounced ... . In Welsh language Welsh , the standard pronunciation is w driphlyg triple w as w is a vowel ... DEFAULTSORT Pronunciation Of Www Category World Wide Web zh WWW ... more details
unreferenced date December 2006 IPA notice Relaxed pronunciation also called condensed pronunciation or word slurs is a phenomenon that happens when the syllable s of common words are slurred together. It is almost always present in normal speech, in all natural languages but not in some constructed language s, such as Loglan or Lojban , which are designed so that all words are parsable. Some shortened forms of words and phrases, such as Contraction grammar contractions or weak form and strong form weak forms can be considered to derive from relaxed pronunciations, but a phrase with a relaxed pronunciation is not the same as a contraction. In English language English , where contractions are common, they are considered part of the standard language and accordingly used in many contexts except on very formal speech or in formal legal writing however, relaxed pronunciation is markedly informal in register linguistics register . This is also sometimes reflected in writing contractions have a standard written form, but relaxed pronunciations may not, outside of dialect spelling . Certain relaxed pronunciations occur only in specific grammatical contexts, the exact understanding of which can be complicated. See trace linguistics for some further info. English The following sections contain common words said with relaxed pronunciation in American English , along with pronunciations given in International Phonetic Alphabet IPA , and a Eye dialect common written indication of this pronunciation ... English, this is not a relaxed pronunciation but compulsory got you IPA t j never IPA ... I will gets contracted to I ll IPA a j l , which in turn gets reduced to all IPA l in relaxed pronunciation ... softly, and, in relaxed pronunciation, can disappear Estoy cansado I am tired is heard as Toy cansao ... . Relaxed pronunciation also makes use of several contraction grammar Japanese contractions . Turkish ... said with Relaxed Pronunciation also includes contractions DEFAULTSORT Relaxed Pronunciation Category ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 nofootnotes date November 2010 Coptic pronunciation reform since 1850 has ... . The two traditions of pronunciation in contemporary use arise from two successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries the reformed pronunciation or Greco Bohairic pronunciation , originally mandated by Pope Cyril IV 1854 1861 , models the pronunciation of Coptic letters after their equivalents in Modern Greek. the Old Bohairic pronunciation aims to reconstruct the pronunciation as it was before this reform. Reformed pronunciation Greco Bohairic During the time of Coptic Pope Pope Pope Cyril ... made at the time was to make Coptic pronunciation conform more closely to Greek. The chief ... of Coptic pronunciation towards Greek would be a positive reform, and would also assist with the expected ... were superior to Egyptian or Ottoman Empire Ottoman customs. The Greco Bohairic pronunciation ... pronunciation was spread by the authority of the Klirikia Theological Seminary , though not without ... of this campaign of reform, the old Bohairic pronunciation was often inaccurately referred to as Coptic ..., and wrote disparagingly about the Greek influenced pronunciation. Most notably Dr G. Sobhy commented on Greco Bohairic pronunciation in an article saying that All modern books written on Coptic by native authors adopt more or less a mutilated form of Greek pronunciation and apply it entirely to their language ... pronunciation During the 1960s, with the encouragement of Pope Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria Shenouda III , Dr Emile Maher studied the history of Coptic pronunciation and in 1968 announced that he had rediscovered the Old Bohairic pronunciation. After completing a doctorate on the subject at Oxford ... of the reformed pronunciation sometimes referred to as Greco Bohairic . The Institute of Coptic Language which studied and promoted the Old Bohairic pronunciation came under strong opposition from some ... in the 1990s. The Old Bohairic pronunciation is used in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Rochester ... more details
The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification PLS is a W3C Recommendation, which is designed to enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information for both speech recognition and speech synthesis ... while supporting the accurate specification of pronunciation information for international use. The language ... pronunciation alphabet or if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are grouped together ... UTF 8 ? lexicon version 1.0 xmlns http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon xmlns xsi http www.w3.org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon http www.w3.org TR 2007 CR pronunciation lexicon 20071212 pls.xsd alphabet ipa xml lang en US lexeme grapheme ... of the same word or phrase in order to cope with variations of pronunciation within a language. In the Pronunciation ... http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon xmlns xsi http www.w3.org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon http www.w3.org TR 2007 CR pronunciation ... 1.0 encoding UTF 8 ? lexicon version 1.0 xmlns http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon xmlns xsi http www.w3.org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon http www.w3.org TR 2007 CR pronunciation lexicon 20071212 pls.xsd alphabet ipa xml lang ... ?xml version 1.0 encoding UTF 8 ? lexicon version 1.0 xmlns http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation ... pronunciation lexicon http www.w3.org TR 2007 CR pronunciation lexicon 20071212 pls.xsd alphabet ipa ... have homophones , words with the same pronunciation but different meanings and possibly different ... 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon xmlns xsi http www.w3.org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon http www.w3.org TR 2007 CR pronunciation lexicon 20071212 ... by different values of the role attribute see Section 4.4 of PLS 1.0 , if a pronunciation ... 1.0 encoding UTF 8 ? lexicon version 1.0 xmlns http www.w3.org 2005 01 pronunciation lexicon xmlns ... more details
scholarly reconstruction of its ancient pronunciation is covered in Ancient Greek phonology . Greek ... Greek pronunciation, which makes it easy to recognize the many words which have remained the same ... the Johann Reuchlin Reuchlinian pronunciation. Nevertheless, Greek textbooks for secondary education give a summary description of the reconstructed pronunciation of Ancient Greek. ref cite book author ... accents, pronunciation of the spiritus asper as h , of , and as plosives and of diphthongs as such, whereas often no mention is made of the pronunciation of , , and . Eastern Orthodox Church ... Greek pronunciation, following the tradition of the Byzantine Empire. Renaissance scholarship The study ..., Greek texts were universally pronounced using the medieval pronunciation which survives intact to the present ... Manutius judged that this pronunciation appeared to be inconsistent with the descriptions ... in Erasmus dialogue De recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione. The pronunciation described by Erasmus is very similar to that currently regarded by most authorities as the authentic pronunciation ... use this pronunciation himself. Citation needed date April 2011 England In 1540, John Cheke and Thomas ... pronunciation of both Greek and Latin, which was similar to Erasmus scheme, although derived ... in particular the same changes affected the English pronunciation of Greek, which thus became further .... A further peculiarity of the English pronunciation of Ancient Greek occurred as a result of the work ... of Greek did not reflect the original pronunciation. Moreover, Henninus Heinrich Christian Henning published ... stress accent . However, the Henninian theory has affected the pronunciation taught in schools in the UK ... by the mid 19th century the pronunciation of Ancient Greek in British schools was quite different not only from Modern Greek, but also from the reconstructed pronunciation of Ancient Greek which by this time had been fairly well agreed amongst scholars , and from the pronunciation used in other countries ... more details
See also Pronunciation of asteroid names The names of the Jupiter Trojan astronomy Trojan asteroids are taken ... orthography with long vowel marking is known. Following is a list of the named Trojan asteroids and their pronunciation ... pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 2594 Acamas IPA k m s ak ... 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling ... bju k li n, bu bew kol ee n, boo Trojan C border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 2363 Cebriones IPA s bra ni z s brye ... Trojan D border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation ... dra m s drye m s Trojan E border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 11887 Echemmon IPA k m n kem n Trojan 30708 Echepolos ... English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 1870 Glaukos IPA l k s ... pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 5028 Halaesus IPA h li s s ... hip ree nor Trojan I border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 21602 Ialmenus IPA a lm n s eye al m n s Greek 11251 ... to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names, 1830 68. eye dom ... 13387 Irus IPA a r s eye r s Greek K border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 4138 Kalchas IPA k lk s kal k s Greek 24587 ... 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp ... IPA la ke n lye kay n Trojan M border 0 cellpadding 5 Name Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 3063 Makhaon IPA m ke n m kay n Greek 4836 ... Help IPA English pronunciation key IPA Help Pronunciation respelling key Respelling Camp 9712 Nauplius ... more details
This table gives the common English pronunciation of Greek letters using the International Phonetic Alphabet see Wikipedia IPA for English . It is the pronunciation of the ancient Greek names of the Greek letters using the Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching English teaching pronunciation . Sometimes, especially in the sciences, the vowels will be pronounced closer to the Greek, for example IPA psi instead of IPA sa for psi. class wikitable style margin auto Greek Ancient Greek br name ref http www.omniglot.com charts greek.xls Omniglot.com ref English br name Wikipedia IPA for English English br Wikipedia IPA for English pronunciation lang grc Alpha letter Alpha IPA lf lang grc Beta letter Beta IPA bi t , US IPA be t lang grc Gamma letter Gamma IPA m lang grc Delta letter Delta IPA d lt lang grc Epsilon letter Epsilon IPA ps l n , UK also IPA p sa l n lang grc Zeta letter Zeta IPA zi t , US IPA ze t lang grc Eta letter Eta IPA i t , US IPA e t lang grc Theta letter Theta IPA i t , US IPA e t lang grc Iota letter Iota IPA a o t lang grc Kappa letter Kappa IPA k p lang grc Lambda letter Lambda IPA l md lang grc Mu letter Mu IPA mju , US less commonly IPA mu lang grc Nu letter Nu IPA nju , US IPA nu lang grc Xi letter Xi IPA za , IPA ksa lang grc Omicron letter Omicron IPA m kr n , traditional UK IPA o ma kr n lang grc Pi letter Pi IPA pa lang grc Rho letter Rho IPA ro br span final lang grc Sigma letter Sigma IPA s m lang grc Tau letter ... English pronunciation I 41.4 Kibibyte KiB application pdf, 42426 bytes PDFlink http wwwexe.inf.ufsc.br arthur material didatico AlfabetoGrego.pdf English pronunciation II 49.3 Kibibyte KiB ... Pronunciation DEFAULTSORT English Pronunciation Of Greek Letters Category Greek alphabet Category ... more details
Expand Chinese date June 2011 Nofootnotes date December 2008 Jyutping is used as the pronunciation guide in this article From the 1980s onwards, the proper Cantonese pronunciation has been much promoted in Hong Kong , with the scholar Richard Ho Richard Ho Man Wui as the iconic campaigner. The very idea of proper pronunciation of Standard Cantonese Cantonese is controversial, as there is no such a thing as mispronunciation in descriptive linguistics. Origins and influences The promotion of proper Cantonese pronunciation is partly a reaction to the so called lazy sound laan5 jam1 adopted by the younger generations. The lazy pronunciations, or sound change s include merge of initial n and l , for example, reading naam4 as laam4 merge of initial ng and dark toned null glottal onsets, for example, reading oi3 as ngoi3 loss of initial ng on light toned words, for example, reading ... the proper pronunciation. The campaign has also influenced the local media. Some news reporters ... cases in reading ancient literature ibid. 152 . Ho s approach to pronunciation is Linguistic prescription prescriptive . For instance, talking about the wrong pronunciation of final consonants ... families who insist on proper pronunciation. Therefore, the wrong pronunciations have not spreaded sic ... jishi Records of the career of my Cantonese pronunciation teaching . Hong Kong Wu Duotai ... pronunciation . Hong Kong Xianggang jiaoyu tushu gongsi. Wang Tingzhi 2005 . http paper.wenweipo.com ... Promotion Society , an anti proper pronunciation organization, with related articles criticizing the idea of proper pronunciation zh icon http www.cantonesepronunciation.org The Association for the Promotion of Proper Cantonese Pronunciation zh icon http jade.tvb.com special more than words main 09.html A TV show of TVB promoting the proper pronunciation and the proper Chinese characters characters ... Lexis Canton sup by Wong Shik Ling , a pronunciation guide of Cantonese championed by Richard Ho Category ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 SpecialChars see also Wikipedia Pronunciation respelling key Pronunciation spelling Pronunciation respelling is a notation used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language, such as English, which does not have a phonemic orthography . There are two basic types of pronunciation ... and use Pronunciation respelling systems for English have been developed primarily for use in dictionaries ... looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling ... spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation ... published outside the United States. ref harvnb Landau 2001 pp 119 21 ref The pronunciation which ... pronunciation. In England this standard is normally the so called Received Pronunciation , based .... Most current British dictionaries ref Such as The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation http www.spectator.co.uk ... Pronunciation Respelling Key Wikipedia Pronunciation respelling key WPRK title New Oxford American ... WBO title Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary Encarta Encarta Dictionary MECD title Dictionary of Pronunciation Lass DPL title Dictionary of Pronunciation Noory DPN title NBC Handbook of Pronunciation ... Wikipedia Pronunciation respelling key Wikipedia style text align left Examples IPA t IPA t ch ... Pronunciation Respelling Key Wikipedia Pronunciation respelling key WPRK title New Oxford American ... Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary Encarta Encarta Dictionary MECD title Dictionary of Pronunciation Lass DPL title Dictionary of Pronunciation Noory DPN title NBC Handbook of Pronunciation NBC ... Pronunciation respelling key Wikipedia style text align left Examples IPA a a a a a a a a a ... IPA2 title Americanist Phonetic Notation Americanist phonetic notation APA title Wikipedia Pronunciation Respelling Key Wikipedia Pronunciation respelling key WPRK title New Oxford American Dictionary ... Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary Encarta Encarta Dictionary MECD title Dictionary of Pronunciation ... more details
unreferenced date December 2011 The pronunciation of the letter v is one of the few cases of ambiguity in German orthography . The German language normally uses the letter f to indicate the sound IPA f as used in the English word fight and w to indicate the sound IPA v as in victory . However, the letter v does occur in a large number of German words, where its pronunciation is IPA f in some, but IPA v in some other words. In Middle High German mediaeval German , the sound IPA f had been voice phonetics voiced in some dialects and was therefore written v . Contemporary German has gone back to the unvoiced pronunciation, but kept the mediaeval spelling here and there. As a general and defective rule, we can thus say that v is pronounced IPA f in originally German words, and IPA v in words of foreign origin. Rules V is pronounced IPA f in the name of the letter v IPA fa . in the frequent prefix ver and all words constructed with it, such as vergessen, Vertreibung etc. etc. in the following words and all their derivations Vater father Veilchen, Veigerl viola flower Veitstanz the neuropathy St Vitus Dance Vers verse Vesper snack, small meal Vest, Veste in geographical names fortress Vettel pejorative old woman Vetter male cousin Viech pejorative animal Vieh cattle viel much, many vier four Vize vice , deputy Viztum historic government official today humorously sub agent Vlies raw wool, fleece Vogel bird Vogt historic rural administrator, reeve Volk folk, nation voll full von of, from vor before, in front of . in the following given names Eva, Veit, Veltin, Volbrecht and all those beginning with Volk , such as Volker . in the beginning of German family and place names, apart from names of foreign descent and few exceptions. This often leads to mispronunciations among English speakers, who falsely use IPA v in names like Sebastian Vettel Vettel . in the beginning of Dutch family ... nor Dutch. Pronunciation varies between IPA f and IPA v in the word Evangelium gospel , where both ... more details
About Latin phonology and orthography English pronunciation of Latin words Traditional English pronunciation ... . Latin pronunciation continually evolved over the centuries, making it difficult for speakers ... of Classical Latin s phonemes phonology and the pronunciation and spelling used by educated ... , in spite of actual pronunciation being IPA d z . In the tables below, letters and digraphs ... pss 4344896 Evidence For The Pronunciation Of Latin , The Classical World, Vol. 55, No. 9 Jun., 1962 ... is it found in inscriptions, as in scriptust for scriptum est . Latin spelling and pronunciation today ... never heard spoken aloud. Pronunciation Post Medieval Latin main New Latin Pronunciation l1 Pronunciation of New Latin Since around the beginning of the Renaissance period onwards, with the language being used as an international language among intellectuals, pronunciation of Latin in Europe ... pronunciation systems. Loan words and formal study When Latin words are used as loanword s in a modern ..., a pronunciation suiting the phonology of the receiving language is employed. Latin words in common ... ligature ligature smallcaps in some words tend to be given an IPA a pronunciation, for example ... attempt to recreate at least some sense of the original pronunciation. What is taught to native ... pronunciation than those of any other modern language see also the section below on Latin spelling and pronunciation Derivative languages Derivative languages . However, other languages including ... spoke. Ecclesiastical pronunciation Because of the central position of Rome within the Catholic Church , an Italy Italian pronunciation of Latin became commonly accepted, but studies by Frederick Brittain published as Latin in Church the history of its pronunciation show that this was not the case until the latter part of the 19th century. This pronunciation corresponds to that of the Latin derived words in Italian language Italian . Before then, the pronunciation of Latin in church was the same ... more details
chinesetext Infobox Chinese title Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation s t p D y n T ng y Hu w Tuyin T ungi Hui poj Tho k im Th ng it H e bpmf collapse no The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation Pinyin D y n T ngy Hu was established in the Republic of China from 1912 to 1913 to select ancillary Phonetic transcription phonetic symbol s for Mandarin Chinese Mandarin , Zhuyin was the product and set the standard Guoyu pronunciation of basic Chinese character s. History It was decided in a draft on August 7, 1912, a month after a conference led by the Cai Yuanpei on July 10, that a set of phonetic symbols were to be used for education purposes. The Commission was set up in December, led by Woo Tsin hang . The Commission ended on May 22, 1913. A later similar organization that still exists, also headed by Woo Tsin hang for a while, is the Mandarin Promotion Council . Members The first meeting took place on February 15, 1913 in Beijing , with 44 delegates. The chairman was Woo vice chairman Wang Zhao . There were two representatives per each of the 26 Chinese province province s. The Tibet ans, the Mongolia ns and the overseas Chinese each had one representative. Prominent members included Cai Zhang Chen Suiyi Gao Kunnan Hu Yuren Li Liangcai Liu Zishan Lu Zhuangzhang Ma Tiqian Wang Rongbao Wang Sui Wang Yi an Xing Dao Yang Qu Yang Zenghao Phonetic symbols There were three main ideas of how the phonetic symbols should be Using certain complete Chinese character s to symbolize other characters of the same sound Supporters included Wang Zhao, Wang Rongbao, Wang Yi an, and Cai. Using Latin alphabet letters Supporters included Yang Zenghao and Liu Using non existent symbols ... Using the phonograph gramophone to record the exact pronunciation. Recorded in 1920 Having Mandarin ... DeFr1950.html One State, One People, One Language DEFAULTSORT Commission On The Unification Of Pronunciation ... more details
. Although traditionally stigmatised as typical of a Cockney accent, this pronunciation is fairly ..., and the infantile pronunciation is frequently reflected in their spelling errors ve fing ... in speech, using a single or pronunciation for both, and may never master the correct ... , Bethel From German Luther , as an anglicized spelling pronunciation see below . Loanwords ... or as a verb, but only as a noun. The verb endings s, ing, ed do not change the pronunciation ... pronunciation ref cite book first1 John S. last1 Kenyon author1 link John Samuel Kenyon ... English it has in the singular and s or z in the plural. This pronunciation also prevails ... original pronunciation in northern Great Britain Britain , but in the south, though some speakers ... English also has in with, booth, thence etc., and the Scottish pronunciation of thither , almost uniquely ... Greek had the letter theta , English retained the Late Greek pronunciation IPA , regardless ... Theater . In some cases, this etymological th , which has no remaining significance for pronunciation ... . In a small number of cases, this spelling later influenced the pronunciation amaranth, amianthus ... boundary has been lost and become a spelling pronunciation, for example Grantham. See also Pronunciation English pronunciation Received Pronunciation Spelling pronunciation Non native pronunciations of English .... Shitara, Yuko 1993 . A survey of American pronunciation preferences. Speech Hearing and Language 7 201 32. Use dmy dates date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT Pronunciation Of English Th Category English phonology ... more details
Latin spelling and pronunciation Latin pronunciation , both in the classical antiquity classical and post classical age, has varied across different regions and different eras. As the respective languages have undergone sound change s, the changes have often applied to the pronunciation of Latin as well. Latin still in use today is more often pronounced differently according to context than geography. For a century Italianate perhaps more properly, modern Roman Latin has been the official pronunciation of the Catholic Church , and this is the default of many Singing singers and choir s. In the interest of Historically informed performance some singers of Medieval music Medieval , Renaissance music Renaissance and Baroque music adopt the pronunciation of the composer s period and region. While in Western university classics departments the reconstructed classical pronunciation has been general since around 1945, in the Anglo American legal professions the older style of academic Latin survives to this day. IPA notice The following table shows the main differences between different regions with the International Phonetic Alphabet . This is far from a complete listing and lacks the local variations exhibited through centuries, but should give an outline of main characteristics of different regions. class wikitable Sign Example Classical Latin Classical Italian language Italian Spanish language Spanish Portuguese language Portuguese French language French Catalan language Catalan Slavic languages Slavic German language German Hungarian language Hungarian Danish language Danish English language English a canis IPA a rowspan 2 IPA a rowspan 2 IPA a rowspan 2 IPA a rowspan 2 IPA ... Latin spelling and pronunciation Specific languages Traditional English pronunciation of Latin de Deutsche Aussprache des Lateinischen de icon Example An example of Franco Flemish pronunciation of Latin ... UP, 1996. references DEFAULTSORT Latin Regional Pronunciation Category Latin language de Deutsche ... more details
Original research date May 2010 The traditional English pronunciation of Latin , and Classical Greek ... from France. This traditional pronunciation became closely linked to the pronunciation of English, and as the Phonological history of the English language pronunciation of English changed with time , the English pronunciation of Latin changed as well. At the end of the 19th century, this Anglo Latin pronunciation began to be superseded in Instruction in Latin Latin instruction by a reconstructed Contemporary Latin Pronunciation Classical pronunciation , closer to an earlier Roman pronunciation, and with a more transparent relationship between spelling and pronunciation. By the mid 20th century, classroom use of the traditional pronunciation had all but ceased. The traditional pronunciation ... pronunciation is used, however. In the specialized terminology of literary studies codex, colophon, epitome ... cases, the English pronunciation of Classical words and names is predictable from the orthography, as long ... that macron s must be used if the pronunciation is to be unambiguous for Greek, long versus short ... the placement of stress linguistics stress , and therefore the pronunciation of the vowels in English ... Greek . As it is written, the English pronunciation might be expected to be IPA ksi. n small ... syllable and therefore heavy . Therefore the standard English pronunciation is pronounced IPAc ... irregular pronunciation of IPA k si o pi small KAS small ee small OH small pee . Long ... and better represents the reality of A L pronunciation. Despite being written with two letters, the sequences ... a vowel at the end of a word, it is dropped though not without, frequently, affecting the pronunciation ... 3 frequently fails when another IPA sound follows, as in enunciation , pronunciation , appreciation ... of two closed syllables. Two successive consonants of identical pronunciation are always pronounced ... s ium, Cynth i a, triv i a, trapez i um . In British Received Pronunciation, the prescribed pronunciation ... more details
American and British English differences One aspect of American and British English pronunciation differences is differences in accent sociolinguistics accent . The General American GAm and the British Received Pronunciation RP accents have some significant points of difference, described in this article. However, other regional accents in each country may show greater still differences, for which see regional accents of English speakers . Although the Received Pronunciation dialect is the subject of many academic studies, ref name British Library cite web url http www.bl.uk learning langlit sounds case studies received pronunciation title Learning Language & Literature Sounds Familiar? Case studies Received Pronunciation publisher British Library accessdate December 2011 ref and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners, ref cite book last Fowler first H.W. editor R.W. Birchfield title Fowler s Modern English Usage publisher Oxford University Press year 1996 ref only about two percent of Britons speak RP, ref name British Library because there are many other dialects spoken in Britain see British English . History See also Phonological history of the English language , sections Phonological history of the English language After American British split, up to the 20th century After American British split, up to the 20th century c. AD 1725 1900 and Phonological history of the English language After 1900 After 1900 . Phonological differences unreferenced section date December 2011 GAm is rhotic and non rhotic accents rhotic while RP is non rhotic that is, the phoneme IPA r , or what was historically a phoneme IPA r , is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound. Where GAm pronounces IPA r before a consonant and at the end ... Pronunciation Historical variation conservative RP has IPA , not having undergone Phonological ... Pronunciation Category American and British English differences Category English phonology ... more details
and British English differences Differences in pronunciation between American English AmE and British ... and realisation . See differences between General American and Received Pronunciation for the standard ... of English speakers . differences in the pronunciation of individual words in the lexicon i.e. phoneme distribution . In this article, transcriptions use Received Pronunciation RP to represent BrE ... a word indicates the BrE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in AmE superscript sup B2 sup after a word indicates the AmE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in BrE Stress French ... words have variable pronunciation within BrE, or within AmE, or between BrE and AmE. Generally ... consonants, IPA sn and IPA s . Miscellaneous pronunciation differences These tables list words ... differences Spelling and pronunciation words with different pronunciation reflected in the spelling . Single differences Words with multiple points of difference of pronunciation are in the Multiple ... IPA b IPA bu.i The U.S. pronunciation would be unrecognised in the UK. The British pronunciation ... BrE uses two spellings and one pronunciation. In AmE the word is usually spelled inquiry . valign top febrile IPA fi b.ra l 1 IPA f b.ril br 2 IPA f b.r l The BrE pronunciation occurs ... IPA l so The BrE pronunciation is common in AmE valign top lieutenant 1 IPA l f t n nt br 2 IPA l t n nt IPA lu t n nt The 2nd British pronunciation is restricted to the Royal Navy . Standard Canadian and Australian pronunciation is the same as the British. valign top lychee IPA la t i IPA li t i Spelling litchi has pronunciation IPA l t i valign top Moli re IPA m l.i. ... advance at an angle valign top penchant IPA p IPA p nt nt The AmE pronunciation is anglicized ... The BrE pronunciation also occurs in AmE valign top quinine IPA kw ni n 1 IPA kwa na n br 2 ... sense gloom , the BrE pronunciation is common in AmE. Homograph cast off skin is IPA sl f everywhere ... more details
for a broader discussion of faux pas in China etiquette in Asia The following faux pas are derived from homonym s in Standard Mandarin Mandarin and Standard Cantonese Cantonese . While originating in Greater China , they may also apply to Chinese language Chinese speaking people around the world. Certain customs regarding good and bad luck are important to many Chinese people . Although these might be regarded as superstition s by people from other cultures, these customs are often tied to religion religious traditions and are an important part of many people s World view belief systems , even among well educated people and affluent sectors of society. Clocks It is undesirable to give someone a clock or other timepiece as a gift. Traditional superstitions regard this as counting the seconds to the recipient s death. Another common interpretation of this is that the phrase to give a clock zh , zh in Chinese is pronounced s ng zh ng in Standard Mandarin Mandarin , which is a homophone of a phrase for terminating or attending a funeral both can be written as traditional or simplified . Cantonese people consider such a gift as a curse. ref Susan Kurth Clot deBroissia http www.netique.com giftsearch international.html anchor317728 International Gift Giving Protocol ref However, should such a gift be given, the unluckiness of the gift can be countered by exacting a small monetary payment so the recipient is buying the clock and thereby counteracting the give expression of the phrase. Fans & Umbrellas It is undesirable to give someone a Fan implement fan or an umbrella as a gift. The words fan sh n and umbrella s n zh t , zh s sound like the word s n , meaning scatter or to lose. s n k i zh t , zh s means to split up. ref name gifts in chinese culture.htm Wong Yee Lee http www.chinatownconnection.com gifts in chinese culture.htm Gifts in Chinese Culture ref Books As a book zh t s p sh is a Mandarin homophone of loss zh t s p sh , carry ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Refimprove date October 2008 Podarke redirects here. For the polychaete worm genus , see Podarke polychaete . leave redlink to prevent ambiguous genus Aellope Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English in Greek mythology was one of the Harpy sisters who would abduct people and torture them on their way to Tartarus . Her names are Aello Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English , she of the whirlwind Aellopus Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English , whirlwind footed also referred to as Aellopos Podarge Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English , she who is foot speedy Podarke Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English , she who is foot safe ? Nikothoe Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English , she who is victory speedy Note in Aello and Aellopus but not in Aeolus the a and the e should be pronounced separately. It s claimed she is the mother of Achilles s immortal steeds Balius Balios and Xanthus Xanthos by Zephyrus , but some sources claim it was really her sister Celaeno . In addition, Aeolus was the ruler of the winds in Greek mythology. She is sometimes confused with Aella Amazon Aella the Amazon . References http www.godchecker.com pantheon greek mythol ... more details
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