A propername is a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic 1. ii. 5. , but not of telling anything about it . The problem of defining proper names, and of explaining their meaning, is one of the most recalcitrant in modern analytical philosophy . The problem of proper names A propername tells us which thing is in question, without giving us any other information about it. But how does it do this? What exactly is the nature of this information? There are two puzzles in particular The name in some way reveals the identity of the object. An identity statement , such as Hesperus Phosphorus morning star Phosphorus ... semantic function of a name is to tell us which individual a proposition is about, how can it tell us this when there is no such individual? Theories of proper names Many theories have been proposed about proper names, none of them entirely satisfactory. Descriptive theory The descriptive theory of proper names is the view that the meaning of a given use of a propername is a set of properties ... of proper names, and that description, like a definition, picks out the bearer of the name ... a propername has the referent that it actually does . See also Name Opaque context Singular term ..., 82.2 2006 356 82. DEFAULTSORT ProperName Philosophy Category Names Category Philosophy of language ... in what he called the Sense and reference sense Sinn of the name. Certainly, Bertrand Russell seems ... we could use the name to deny the bearer had such a characteristic. The objection is associated ... theory of names The causal theory of names combines the referential view with the idea that the name s referent is fixed by a baptismal act, whereupon the name becomes a rigid designation rigid designator of the referent. Subsequent uses of the name succeed in referring to the referent by being linked ... pr prio ru simple Proper noun sk Vlastn podstatn meno sl Lastno ime uk ... more details
In Chinese script Chinese writing , a propername mark Simplified Chinese , zhu nm ngh o Traditional Chinese is an underline used to mark propername s, such as the names of Chinese name people , place name places , Chinese dynasties dynasties , organizations. The related book name mark Simplified Chinese , sh m ngh o Traditional Chinese indicated by a wavy underline is used to mark the titles of publications or texts. The propername mark is rarely used in modern Chinese publications, and the Guillemet is more commonly used to indicate titles. It is occasionally used in Taiwan and Hong Kong in school textbooks. However, in scholarly editions of classical Chinese texts, especially vertically typeset texts where they appear to the left of the text instead of underneath , use of both the propername mark and the book name mark is common, as they help readers avoid misinterpretations of the text. For example ins ins du ins ins du Qu Yuan was exiled, and thus composed the Li Sao . Zuo Qiuming Zuo Qiu or Zuoqiu ref namename footnote It is debated whether the name has surname and given name Zuo Qiuming or surname and given name Zuoqiu Ming . ref lost his sight, hence there is the Guoyu book Guo Yu . Sima Qian , Letter to Ren an Due to technical limitations, the wavy underline book title mark is represented here with double underline. Also, consider the sentence I come from Germany . In Chinese, using the propername mark, it would be rendered as lang zh du Pinyin W l iz D gu . The name of the country, in this case Germany, is underlined. This method of recognizing proper names in text is similar to the English use of a capital letter in proper noun s. Notes reflist See also Interpunct , used to mark divisions in proper names in Chinese Category Chinese characters Category Typography de Eigennamenunterstreichung zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2010 Systematic name s are the Latin based names given to bird s and other forms ... they are now. CompactTOC8 A Gilbert Edward Archey Archey, Gilbert Edward border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Pachyornis mappini 1941 Mappin s Moa In use B Charles Lucien Bonaparte Bonaparte, Charles Lucien border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Dinornithidae ... Emmanuel border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornis hildebrandti 1893 ... F Empty section date July 2010 G Hans Friedrich Gadow Gadow, Hans Friedrich border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Neornithes 1893 Modern Birds In use tienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, tienne border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornis ... 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Lithornithiformes 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde Houde, Peter W. 1988 ref In use Lithornithidae 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde In Use Lithornis celetius 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde In Use Frederick Wollaston Hutton Hutton, Frederick Wollaston border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Anomalopteryx antiquus 1892 ... Empty section date July 2010 L Richard Lydekker Lydekker, Richard border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Pachyornis 1891 In use Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus, Carl border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aves 1758 Bird Systema Naturae In use Struthio 1758 Ostrich Systema Naturae ref name Gray Gray, George, R. 1840 ref In use M Empty section date July 2010 N Alfred Newton Newton, Alfred border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornithiformes 1884 Elephant Bird In use O Walter Oliver Oliver, Walter border 1 Name Year Common name Literature ... Richard Owen Owen, Richard border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Lithornis 1840 ... more details
wiktionary proper wiktionary propriety Proper may refer to Proper liturgy , the part of a Christian liturgy that is specific to the date within the Liturgical Year Proper frame , such system of reference in which object is stationary non moving , sometimes also called a co moving frame Tincture heraldry ProperProper , in heraldry, means depicted in natural colors Proper or appropriate conduct Proper often capitalized PROPER , a corrected release in response to a previously released online video or movie that contains transcoding or other playback errors. In mathematics Proper map , in topology , a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact Proper morphism , in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for algebraic varieties Proper transfer function , a transfer function in control theory in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator Proper equilibrium , in game theory, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium . Proper subset Proper space See also Improper disambiguation disambig fr Propre ... more details
page 227 ref In Sweden this included the fourth estate, the Peasants. Sweden proper is, as opposed to Finland Proper , a geographical reference that has changed over time, whereas the latter is a province in southwestern Finland that gave its name to all of Finland. References reflist See also Svealand Sweden Finland Lands of Sweden Provinces of Sweden DEFAULTSORT Sweden Proper Category History ... more details
Infobox single NameProper Education Cover Proper education.jpg Artist Eric Prydz vs. Pink Floyd Album Proper Education Released January 5, 2007 Format CD single br DVD single br gramophone record vinyl ... Proper Education singlechart Austria 20 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Flanders 2 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Wallonia 12 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Czech Republic 6 year 2007 week 15 singlechart Denmark 3 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Dutch40 3 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Finland 1 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart France 10 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Germany 4 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education align left Ireland Irish Recorded Music Association IRMA ref name Acharts Proper Education , in various singles charts http acharts.us song ... Type singles Last single Woz Not Woz br 2005 This single Proper br Education br 2007 Next single Pjanoo br 2008 Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Type Single Cover proper educationcd2.jpg Lower caption Cd2 Cover Proper Education is a remix by the Sweden Swedish DJ and Record producer ... . Track listings CD single Proper Education Radio Edit 3 22 Proper Education Club Mix 6 08 CD maxi Proper Education Radio Edit 3 20 Proper Education Original Version 6 08 Proper Education S bastien L ger Remix 9 03 Proper Education Sebastian Ingrosso Remix 8 57 Proper Education Video 12 maxi Proper Education Club Mix 6 09 8 57 Proper Education Dub Mix 8 38 Certifications class wikitable sortable ... Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Spain 4 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Sweden 7 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education singlechart Swiss 12 artist Eric Prydz song Proper Education align left United Kingdom The Official Charts Company ref name Acharts align center 2 align ... fr Proper Education ru Proper Education ... more details
date November 2009 author location publisher UN habitat accessdate 20 Jul 2010 ref City proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. ref name wider The other two are urban agglomeration , and the metropolitan area . City proper sometimes takes on different meanings in different parts of the world. ref name capcities Even in the English speaking world, there can be considerable confusion about the term city proper. ref name stjohn2 http www.cityofsaintjohn.com ... proper is the area of the city where the population is the most densely populated ref name ... with when interpreting population data of Chinese cities proper, using the example of Wuhan. ref name ...File Schulenburg city limit.jpg thumb right The City proper starts and ends at the city limits City proper ... proper defined as a locality with legally fixed boundaries and an administratively recognized ... Geoforum isbn pages 349 379 ref Using the prevalent definition, city proper is not limited to a city ... entry for city ref The United Nations sometimes use the definition the city proper is the single political ... proper are drawn very wide, in some very narrow. This can be cause for recurring controversy. In simple terms, city proper is the area within the city limits . It is not limited to the downtown or urban ... proper, but it can be part of one In its strict sense, city proper is used as a technical term in demography ... of all countries of the world. The book defines the population of a city proper as the population ...?id oxOAckK2stYC&pg PA105&lpg PA105&dq 22city proper 22 definition v onepage&q&f true accessdate 2010 07 19 ref The book continues to say that city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include ... 9211413860 page 104 url http books.google.com books?id oxOAckK2stYC&pg PA105&lpg PA105&dq 22city proper ... In demography , city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. In demography , city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas ... more details
refimprove date July 2009 notability companies date July 2009 Infobox company company nameProper Games Ltd company logo company type Video game developer foundation 2006 location Dundee , Scotland , UK key people Patrick Sinclair CEO, Daniel Parker COO, John Sinclair CTO industry computer and video ... , and PC. In November 2009 Flock was awarded the Best Game award by BAFTA Scotland . ref nameproper games1 Proper Games first emulation title http www.finalfightgame.com Final Fight Double Impact was published ... games.com proper games.com Proper Games is a United Kingdom British video game developer based ... 2 coup for dundee s proper games.html title Crackdown 2 coup for Dundee s Proper Games publisher ... Files documents ict and electronic technologies games profiles 032009.ashx ref it is an Proper Games Awards award winning ref nameproper games1 cite web author 06 57 PM url http proper games.com forums showthread.php?t 282 title Flock Wins BAFTA Scotland Award Proper Games Forums publisher Proper games.com ... businesses proper games title Proper Games publisher Interactive Tayside date 2011 03 25 accessdate 2011 05 24 ref Proper Games is an associate member of the UK game industry trade ... date 2009 11 16 accessdate 2011 05 24 ref There are several games industry veterans on staff at Proper Games, including http www.gamesindustry.biz articles a proper job CEO Paddy Sinclair and http uk.linkedin.com ... and content. History Proper Games was formed in 2006 following the closure of Visual Science ref ... at BNET publisher Findarticles.com date 2006 05 07 accessdate 2011 05 24 ref In April 2009 Proper ... 2011 05 24 ref In June 2010 Proper Games announced during E3 that they would be collaborating with another ... cite web url http www.develop online.net news 35166 Proper Games creating Crackdown 2 PDLC title Proper Games creating Crackdown 2 PDLC & 124 Game Development & 124 News by Develop publisher Develop ... FLOCK publisher Proper games.com date accessdate 2011 05 24 ref Final Fight Double Impact PS3 , Xbox ... more details
. ref name Burchfield Proper adverbs An adverb formed from a capitalized adjective is itself ...In English orthography , the term proper adjective is sometimes applied to adjective s that take initial capital letter s, and the term common adjective to those that do not. These terms are used informally only they are not used by grammarians or linguists. Origin of the terms The term proper noun denotes a noun that, grammatically speaking, identifies a specific unique entity for example, England is a proper noun, because it is a name for a specific country, whereas dog is not a proper noun it is a common noun because it is a term for any member of a group of animals. In English orthography, most proper nouns are capitalized, while most common nouns are not. As a result, the term proper noun has come to mean, in lay usage, a noun that is capitalized , and common noun to mean a noun that is not capitalized . What s more, English adjectives that derive from proper nouns are usually capitalized. These two things, taken together, have led of the creation of the lay terms proper adjective and common adjective with meanings analogous to the lay meanings of proper noun and common noun . Description of proper adjectives In general, an adjective is capitalized if its meaning is pertaining ... 2007 date September 2009 Most capitalized adjectives are derived from Noun Proper nouns and common nouns proper nouns for example, the adjective Japanese is derived from the proper noun Japan . Sometimes ... needed date November 2007 such as chauvinistic . ref name Burchfield cite book first R.W. last Burchfield ... described as proper verbs . See also Capitalization Demonym Letter case List of adjectival forms ... Proper nouns and common nouns References references External links http www.hwg.org resources faqs ... Chan Law Group LLP A Guide to Proper Trademark Use http www.microsoft.com mscorp ip trademarks ... DEFAULTSORT Proper Adjective Category Adjectives by type Category English spelling ... more details
Infobox equilibrium nameProper equilibrium subsetof Trembling hand perfect equilibrium discoverer Roger B. Myerson Proper equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium due to Roger B. Myerson . Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten s notion of a trembling hand perfect equilibrium by assuming that more costly trembles are made with significantly smaller probability than less costly ones. Definition Given a normal form game and a parameter math epsilon 0 math , a mixed strategy totally mixed strategy profile math sigma math is defined to be math epsilon math proper if, whenever a player has two pure strategies s and s such that the expected payoff of playing s is smaller than the expected payoff of playing s that is math u s, sigma i u s , sigma i math , then the probability assigned to s is at most math epsilon math times the probability assigned to s . A strategy profile of the game is then said to be a proper equilibrium if it is a limit point, as math epsilon math approaches 0, of a sequence of math epsilon math proper strategy profiles. Example The game to the right is a variant of Matching Pennies . align right border 1 cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em 1em 1em 1em background f9f9f9 border 1px aaa solid border collapse collapse font size 95 align bottom Matching Pennies with a twist Guess heads up Guess tails up Grab penny Hide heads up align center ... be seen that the unique proper equilibrium of this game is the one where Player 1 hides the penny ... proper equilibrium can be motivated intuitively as follows Player 1 fully expects Player 2 ... as in the original Matching Pennies game. Proper equilibria of extensive games One may apply the properness .... This leads to the notions of normal form proper equilibrium and extensive form proper equilibrium of an extensive form game. It was shown by van Damme that a normal form proper equilibrium of an extensive ... games and proper equilibria in normal form games. International Journal of Game Theory 13 1 13, 1984 ... more details
Infobox Single NameProper Crimbo Artist Bo Selecta Cover ProperCrimbo.png Format Comedy br pop music Pop Length 3 44 Released December 21, 2003 Writer Leigh Francis Producer Bo Selecta Last single This single Proper Crimbo br 2003 Next single I Got You Babe Soda Pop br 2004 Proper Crimbo is a Christmas song written by the creators of the comedy programme, Bo Selecta , in which Leigh Francis performs as Craig David and Michael Jackson . Crimbo is described a slang term for Christmas. Released in December 2003, it peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the charts for nine weeks. Music video The music video for the song sees Francis perform as other characters over the track. The video begins with Matthew Wright and Michael Jackson driving through the woods at night, before their car breaks down. Jackson then turns into a variety of animals, before Craig David enters shot and begins performing the song. The video includes appearances from real life celebrities including The 3AM Girls Simon Amstell Ade Adepitan Richard Bacon broadcaster Richard Bacon Chris Bisson Melanie Blatt Edith Bowman Melanie Brown Adam Buxton Jimmy Carr Joe Cornish Terri Dwyer Jenni Falconer Kerry Katona Caroline Flack Kirsty Gallacher Bob Geldof Jade Goody David Gray musician David Gray Holly Valance Christine Hamilton Harvey Katy Hill John Leslie television presenter John Leslie Chris Moyles Dermot O Leary Denise Van Outen Ozzy Rezat Craig Phillips Ben Shephard David Sneddon Kate Thornton Matthew Wright Track listing CD single Proper CrimBO Single Version 3 36 Mista Moonwalk 4 12 Xmas Time Is Here Again... 3 29 DVD single Proper CrimBO Full Length Video & Making Of 14 57 Proper CrimBO Single Version Audio 3 36 Proper CrimBO Acapella Version Video 3 55 Proper CrimBO Acapella Version Audio 3 45 12 picture disc Proper CrimBO Single Version 3 36 Mista Moonwalk 12 Version 5 43 References reflist Bo Selecta Category 2003 singles Category Christmas songs Category Comedy songs ... more details
proper motion predicts a distance to the galaxy of 7.2 0.5 Mpc. ref name Hernnstein cite journal ... as improper motion in astronomy. ref name Koupelis Stars with high proper motion ...The proper motion of a star is its angular change in position over time as seen from the center of mass center of mass of the solar system . ref name Koupelis cite book title In Quest of the Universe author ... of arc per year, arcsec yr, where 3600 arcseconds equal one Degree angle degree . ref name Green cite ... toward or away from the viewer, usually measured by Doppler shift of received radiation. The proper motion is not entirely proper that is, intrinsic to the star because it includes a component due to the motion of the solar system itself. ref name Birney cite book title Observational astronomy author ... speed of light, the true velocities of distant stars are not observable, the observed proper motion reflects the motion of a star at the time the light was emitted. File Proper motion.JPG thumb 250px Relation between proper motion and velocity components of an object. At emission, the object was at distance ... of about 220 km s at a radius of 8 0.65 k Parsec pc from the center, ref name Smith cite book ... 79 ref ref name Combes cite book title Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies author M Reid, A Brunthaler ... of the Milky Way itself at this radius. ref name Sofue cite journal arxiv astro ph 0010594 author Y .... volume 39 pages 137 174 doi 10.1146 annurev.astro.39.1.137 bibcode 2001ARA&A..39..137S ref ref name Loeb cite journal title Constraints on the proper motion of the Andromeda galaxy based on the survival ... 2 ref The proper motion is measured by two quantities the position angle and the proper motion itself. The first quantity indicates the direction of the proper motion on the celestial sphere with 0 ... of proper motion.JPG thumb 200px Components of proper motion on the Celestial sphere . The celestial ... by arrows. The proper motion vector is , right ascension , declination , position angle ... more details
infobox record label image founded 1988 ref name bbc cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk news 10089363 title How to sell music the Proper way last Plummer first Robert date 29 April 2010 publisher BBC News accessdate 12 June 2011 ref founder Malcolm Mills, Paul Riley musician Paul Riley distributor Proper Music Distribution genre Rock music Rock , Americana music Americana , Jazz , Folk music folk , Country music country , blues country London , England url http www.properuk.com Proper Records is a record label founded in 1988 by Malcolm Mills and Paul Riley musician Paul Riley . Commencing with a handful of releases, including The Balham Alligators and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers , the label grew in stature and renown through its reissue marque, Proper Box , whose 4CD boxsets for reissue products are available at a budget price. Featuring jazz, country, and rock n roll artists, these releases now total nearly 150. ref http www.properdistribution.com distributed labels label details.php?pg 3&id 273 ref ref http rateyourmusic.com label proper records 2 ref These days, the label has become better known for releasing new albums by contemporary artists such as Joan Baez, Richard Thompson, Nick Lowe, Mary Gauthier, Jimmie Vaughan, Dr. John, Angelique Kidjo, Los Lobos, Willie Nelson & Asleep At The Wheel, Texas Tornados, Paul Heaton, Andy Mckee, Tom Russell, Cowboy Junkies, Elizabeth Cook, Art Garfunkel, Don McLean, Dave Rotheray, Jimmy Webb, Paul Brady, Pete Brown, Dennis Locorriere ... estate in the south London suburb of Beckenham . ref name bbc where it also has a fully equipped modern studio named Specific Sound. Proper Music Distribution has twice won the Music Week Distributor ... publisher Music Week accessdate 12 June 2011 ref Artists Proper Records has released albums by the following ... http www.proper records.co.uk Proper Records website http www.facebook.com properrecords Proper Records Facebook page http twitter.com ProperRecords Proper Records Twitter feed http properbox.com Proper ... more details
News release date December 2008 Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox musical artist name Mason Proper image Masonproperannarborshow.jpg caption Mason Proper playing live at the Ann Arbor Art Fairs in July 2006. background group or band origin Alpena, Michigan Alpena , Michigan genre Alternative rock br Indie rock years active 2004 Present label Dovecote Records , Secret Tunnel Group, Mang Chung associated acts Absofacto, Bug Lung Baby, Jonathan Visger, Honesty in the Auto Industry website http www.masonproper.com Official website current members Jonathan Visger br Brian Konicek br Zac Fineberg br Garrett Jones past members Matt Thompson br Jesse Parsons br Pat Stafford br Matt Davis br Victor Kahn Mason Proper is an United States American Rock music rock band formed in Alpena, Michigan Alpena , Michigan in 2004. The band consists of singer Jonathan Visger, keyboardist Matt Thompson, bassist Zac Fineberg, guitarist Brian Konicek and drummer Garrett Jones. History Formation and Moth The band formed in Alpena, Michigan in 2004, and recorded extensively throughout the year. The band went through a series of personnel changes in the process of finishing their debut album, recording with drummer Matt Davis, and Ypsilanti bassist Zac Fineberg. Finally, on 17 January 2006, they released ... and the Media Mason Proper has toured extensively throughout the United States, and minimally ... Mason Proper website http www.myspace.com masonproper Mason Proper at Myspace http www.youtube.com MasonProper Mason Proper at YouTube http www.last.fm music Mason Proper Mason Proper at Last.fm http www.lyriki.com Mason Proper Mason Proper s lyrics at Lyriki http www.dovecoterecords.com Dovecote Records http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 67 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, May 9, 2006 http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 191 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, March 26, 2007 http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 249 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, January 16, 2008 ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians nameProper Dos image caption image size background group or band origin Santa Monica, CA , USA genre Hip hop years active 1992 Present label Rhino Records Rhino associated acts website current members past members Big Bass Brian Br Ernie Gonzalez br Frank Villareal br Stuart Wylen Proper Dos is a Mexican American hip hop group composed of Frank Villareal rapper , Ernie Gonzalez record producer producer , Big Bass Brian mastering , and Stuart Wylen bass guitar , Keyboard instrument keyboards , congas . The group released an album, Mexican Power , in 1992 on Rhino Records . ref cite web url Allmusic class artist id p26874 biography pure url yes title Proper Dos biography last Dillon first Charlotte work Allmusic accessdate 2009 05 13 ref After this came We re at It Again in 1995, Heat in 1998, and Overdose in 1999. A street style group Proper Dos main lyricist is Frank Villareal. However, Proper Dos has also had help on some recordings by special guests including Big Shady, Lil Rob, Point Blank, Royal T, Knightowl, and others. In 1992, the group finished their potent debut album, Mexican Power, under the Rhino Records label. One Summer Night, Life of a Gangster, No Turning Back, and Hard Time are a few of the hip hop chicano rap mixed numbers on the debut. Proper Dos recorded a number of singles, and then finally, three years later, came a second album, rightly named We re at It Again, released by Skanless Records. Another three years went by before the album Heat hit the store shelves, followed a year later by Overdose. The album Overdose carries numbers like Shake the Ground, We Run This Mutha, and Can You Rock Like This. Many of the tunes have explicit lyrics. In 2000, Proper Dos saw the release of another album, Brown Pride Riders, Vol. 2, which the group completed with Lil Rob and Knightowl. References reflist Discography br1992 Mexican Power br1995 We re At It Again br1998 Heat br1999 Overdose br2005 Ol ... more details
Infobox settlement See Template Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions name Tavastia Proper native name lang fi Kanta H meen maakunta br lang sv Egentliga Tavastlands landskap settlement type Regions of Finland Region image skyline imagesize image alt image caption image shield Kanta H me.vaakuna.svg shield size shield alt nickname motto image map Kanta H me in Finland.svg mapsize 150px map alt map caption Tavastia Proper on a map of Finland latd latm lats latNS N longd longm longs longEW E coordinates type region FI type adm2nd source GNS enwiki coordinates display inline,title coordinates footnotes subdivision type Country subdivision name Finland subdivision type1 Historical provinces of Finland Historical province subdivision name1 Tavastia historical province Tavastia area total km2 5706.39 population footnotes population total 175230 population as of 2011 population density km2 auto blank name sec1 NUTS of Finland NUTS blank info sec1 184 blank name sec2 Regional bird blank info sec2 Osprey Pandion haliaetus blank1 name sec2 Regional fish blank1 info sec2 Carp bream Abramis brama blank2 name sec2 Regional flower blank2 info sec2 Pulsatilla patens Pasqueflower Pulsatilla patens website http www.hameenliitto.fi hameenliitto.fi footnotes Tavastia Proper lang ... of Finland . It borders to the regions Finland Proper region Finland Proper , Pirkanmaa , P ij nne ... Main Municipalities of Tavastia Proper There are 11 municipalities in Tavastia Proper ... Jokioinen Loppi Riihim ki Tammela Yp j colend Heraldry Tavastia Proper uses the arms of the old ... dating back to the 9th century gallery External links Commons category Tavastia Proper http www.hameenliitto.fi Official Tavastia Proper website maakunta coord 60 50 N 24 15 E display title region FI type adm1st source GNS enwiki Category Tavastia Proper Category Regions of Finland Category Southern ... pl Kanta H me pt Tavastia Pr pria ro Kanta H me ru sco Tavastie Proper sk Kanta H me fi ... more details
. Thus the distinction between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration ref name MisnerThorneWheeler ...In relativity theory, proper acceleration ref Edwin F. Taylor & John Archibald Wheeler 1966 1st ed. only ... relative to the object being measured. Gravitation therefore does not cause proper acceleration, since gravity acts upon the inertial observer that any proper acceleration must depart from accelerate from . A corollary is that all inertial observers always have a proper acceleration of zero. Proper ... motion, proper acceleration is the rate of change of proper velocity with respect to coordinate time. The proper acceleration 3 vector, combined with a null time component, yields the object s four acceleration , which makes proper acceleration s magnitude Lorentz invariant Lorentz ... at the gantry, the proper acceleration is the acceleration felt by the occupants, and which is described ... of proper acceleration . ref Relativity By Wolfgang Rindler pg 71 ref The acceleration of gravity force of gravity never contributes to proper acceleration in any circumstances, and thus the proper ... to free fall, the observer will experience coordinate acceleration, but no proper acceleration ... inertial motion , including objects in orbit, experience no proper acceleration neglecting small ... gravity, zero g or free fall, and it always produces a sensation of weightlessness . Proper acceleration ... of gravity , provided the magnitude of the object s proper velocity ref Francis W. Sears ... of light c . Only in such situations is coordinate acceleration entirely felt as a g force i.e., a proper ... in a centrifuge , then g forces and corresponding proper accelerations felt by observers in these coordinate ... of the Earth . The total mechanical force which is calculated to induce the proper acceleration on a mass at rest in a coordinate system that has a proper acceleration, via Newton s law F m a , is called the proper force . As seen above, the proper force is equal to the opposing reaction force that is measured ... more details
mass in various published works http arxiv.org abs physics 0504111 arXiv physics 0504111 ref Proper velocity addition formula The proper velocity addition formula ref name ung1997 http www.springerlink.com ... versus proper velocity w c i.e. momentum p mc . Note that w c is tracked by v c at low speeds and by &gamma ..., proper velocity , also known as celerity , is an alternative to velocity for measuring motion. Whereas ... by the observer, proper velocity relative to an observer divides observer measured distance by the time elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object. Proper velocity equals velocity at low speeds. Proper velocity at high speeds, moreover, retains many of the properties that velocity loses in relativity compared with Newtonian theory. For example proper velocity equals momentum per unit mass ... to an object s energy as well. Proper velocity is one of three related derivatives in special relativity coordinate velocity v d x d t , proper velocity w d x d , and Lorentz factor ... 1 frac w c tanh 1 frac v c pm cosh 1 gamma math . Introduction In flat spacetime, proper velocity is the ratio between distance traveled relative to a reference map frame used to define simultaneity and proper ... http ceta.mit.edu pier pier.php?paper 0512151 The relativistic proper velocity transformation group ... algebra perspectives. Proper velocity is sometimes referred to as celerity. ref Bernard Jancewicz ... ref Unlike the more familiar coordinate velocity v , proper velocity is useful for describing both ... free insight. Proper speed divided by lightspeed c is the hyperbolic sine of rapidity , just as the Lorentz ... one to show that proper velocity w d x d v where as usual coordinate velocity v d x dt. Thus finite ... momentum p , proper velocity also extends the Newtonian form of momentum as mass times velocity ..., 1997 ref ref name ung2008 http books.google.com books?id p d6MozY3GUC Analytic hyperbolic geometry ... proper velocity transformation group , Progress in Electromagnetics Research , PIER 60 ... more details
Description of the Chinese Empire China Proper 1. Origin of its Name, 2. Extent, Boundaries, &c. ref However, to introduce China proper, Winterbotham still used the outdated 15 province system of the Ming ...China proper also Inner China or Eighteen Provinces ref cite web url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs china ... of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic ... Dynasty . Origin of the concept It is not clear when the concept of China proper in the Western ... under the Qing Dynasty , Winterbotham divided it into three parts China proper, Chinese Tartary ... of Jean Baptiste Du Halde Du Halde and Jean Baptiste Grosier Grosier and suspected that the name of China ... divisions, Winterbotham uses the name of Kiang nan , Ji ngn n province, which had been called Nan ... by the 18 province system between 1662 to 1667. Using the 15 province system and the name of Kiang nan Province indicates that the concept of China proper probably had appeared between 1645 and 1662 ... Dynasty after the Fall of the Ming Dynasty Manchu conquest of Ming . The concept of China proper also ... Books . ref In the nineteenth century, the term China proper was sometimes used by Chinese officials ... Today, China proper is a controversial concept in China itself, since the current official paradigm ... always have been. The concept of China proper is avoided since it may be used to justify separatism ... the concept of China proper , a culturally based nation, and the People s Republic of China , a political entity. In this view, China proper is regarded as China , and other regions are regarded as Imperial ... 1580.jpg thumb 250px The approximate extent of China proper during the late Ming Dynasty , the last Han Chinese dynasty. Image China Proper.jpg thumb right 250px The Eighteen Provinces of China proper ... extent for China proper, as it is used to express the contrast between the core and frontier .... Historical perspective One way of thinking about China proper is to refer to ancient Han Chinese ... more details
name Finland Proper native name lang fi Varsinais Suomen maakunta br lang sv Egentliga Finlands landskap ... display inline,title coordinates footnotes subdivision type Country subdivision name Finland subdivision type1 Historical provinces of Finland Historical province subdivision name1 Finland Proper historical province Finland Proper area total km2 10910.05 population footnotes population total 461100 population as of 2009 population density km2 auto blank name sec1 NUTS of Finland NUTS blank info sec1 183 blank name sec2 Regional bird blank info sec2 Jackdaw blank1 name sec2 Regional fish blank1 info sec2 Baltic herring blank2 name sec2 Regional flower blank2 info sec2 Quercus robur Oak website http www.varsinais suomi.fi varsinais suomi.fi footnotes Finland Proper or Southwest Finland ref The regional council of the region uses the name Southwest Finland . Despite this, the Language Planning Department of Finland recommends the name Finland Proper as suggested in the statement by the Interior ... century until 1812. Origin of the name The name of Finland Proper has a historial function. In historic ... in Finland.svg mapsize 150px map alt map caption Finland Proper on a map of Finland latd latm lats ... , Tavastia Proper , land and Uusimaa region Uusimaa . Its capital and biggest city is Turku ... simply Finland Finnish Suomi . In the 17th century the name began to be used to refer to the whole land and a specified name for the lesser Finland was required. The first notes Fennigia specialiter ... year 2007 isbn 2 978 951 593 976 0 ref Historical Provinces main Finland Proper historical province ... of Finland Proper The region of Finland Proper is made up of 28 municipalities of Finland municipalities , of which 11 are towns. Towns File Varsinais Suomi kunnat.svg 500px right thumb Finland Proper ... of the Finnish parliamentary election, 2011 in Finland Proper National Coalition Party 23.0 Social ... uses the coat of arms of the historical provinces of Finland historical province of Finland Proper ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2011 orphan August 2010 advert May 2009 Southern Proper , a preppy brand of clothing, was launched in 2005 by Reagan Hardy and Emmie Henderson. The inspiration for their clothing is based on the two founders southern roots. After several years of dressing men with a southern style, the pair came up with the idea of launching a men s clothing label, combining elements of southern heritage and classic haberdashery which includes a southern inspired line of clothing, neckties, bowties and accessories for men and a recently expanded southern inspired line of clothing and accessories for women. Their mascot and logo is a Black Lab named Beau. Heritage Southern Proper s founders grew up in the traditional South Reagan Hardy was born in Kinston, North Carolina and spent most of her life on the Carolina Coast Emmie Henderson was born and raised on a farm in the Tennessee ... Traditions.html ref Southern Proper hosts trunk shoes at different universities throughout the south .... 2008 2009 was Southern Proper s 2nd year doing their Belles for Beaus campus ambassador program. The company ... entails dressing Beaus , or gentlemen, in a southern style. Southern Proper uses an application ... class wikitable border 1 College Name Number of Belles University of Alabama 3 Appalachian State ... 2 Vanderbilt 1 Virginia Tech 3 Wellesely College 1 Wofford College 1 Products Southern Proper ... are Gents pocket squares are Proper Pockets and business ties are dubbed Field & Fancy . Neckwear ... balls. Along with knit shirts, Southern proper has a Sweet Tee line of t shirts after the drink popular ... Proper events, and is the logo of the company. Recently, the company acquired two other labs a black ... line names. Locations Southern Proper does not have retail stores. Instead, they operate via internet ... and universities. States that sell Southern Proper Products are Arkansas 1 store , Alabama 16 , California ... Carolina 21 , Tennessee 8 , Texas 6 , and Virginia 8 . Press Southern Proper has been featured in magazines ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Oman proper Lang ar Unicode Um n al Wus refers a historical area within the present day Sultanate of Oman . It lay inland from Muscat, Oman Muscat beyond the Jebel Akhdar Oman Jebel Akhdar Green Mountains and was centered on the city of Nizwa in the area of the current Subdivisions of Oman region of Ad Dakhiliyah Region Ad Dakhiliyah . Along with Muscat and Dhofar , it was a constituent part of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman but with the 1970 palace coup d tat coup , the term Oman alone was applied to the entire country. History Oman proper was ruled by Ibadi te imam s who exercised spiritual and often temporal authority over the region. The Imamate is a thousand year old system of government pioneered by the Ibadi religious leaders of Oman, and is based upon the Islamic Shariah. It governed parts or the whole of Oman and other lands for interrupted periods of time for over 1000 years. There were often tensions between these imams and the sultan s of Muscat, Oman Muscat and in 1913, the election of Salim ibn Rashid al Kharusi as imam led to the Seeb Peace Treaty between Imamate of Oman Arabic Unicode Im mat Um n with its capital at Nizwa and the Sultanate of Oman with its capital in Muscat. In 1954, a new imam, Imam Ghalib Bin Ali Ghalib bin Ali , defended the Imamate from attack from Muscat, after oil was discovered in his lands. Sultan Said Bin Taimur of Muscat with the help of the colonial British forces were able to win eventually. In 1957, Nizwa was taken, the imam had exiled to Saudi Arabia, but continued .... In 1959, the last forces of the Imamate were defeated and the name of the whole of Muscat and Oman ... In current usage, Oman proper can also refer to the whole of the present day sultanate minus the exclave ... postage stamp s under the name of the State of Oman Arabic Unicode Dawlat Um n . See also ... display title DEFAULTSORT Oman Proper Category Geography of Oman Category History of Oman Oman geo ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan December 2009 Pomerania proper is a term used to distinguish the area of the former Prussia n Province of Pomerania 1815 1945 Province of Pomerania from Pomerelia , which not always is considered to be a part of Pomerania because of a somewhat different history. DEFAULTSORT Pomerania Proper Category Pomerania Germany hist stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A proper frame , or comoving frame , is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations. For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a Free fall free falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. Proper frames can be Inertial reference frame inertial as well as Non inertial reference frame non inertial as in the example above. See also Comoving distance DEFAULTSORT Proper Frame Category Frames of reference Relativity stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In control theory , a strictly proper transfer function is a transfer function where the Degree mathematics degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Example The following transfer function is not strictly proper math textbf G s frac textbf N s textbf D s frac s 4 n 1 s 3 n 2 s 2 n 3 s n 4 s 4 d 1 s 3 d 2 s 2 d 3 s d 4 math because math deg textbf N s 4 nless deg textbf D s 4 math . The following transfer function however, is strictly proper math textbf G s frac textbf N s textbf D s frac n 1 s 3 n 2 s 2 n 3 s n 4 s 4 d 1 s 3 d 2 s 2 d 3 s d 4 math because math deg textbf N s 3 deg textbf D s 4 math . Implications A strictly proper transfer function will approach zero as the frequency approaches infinity. math textbf G pm j infty 0 math which is true for all physical processes. Also, the integral of the real part of a strictly proper transfer function is zero. See also Proper transfer function DEFAULTSORT Strictly Proper Category Control theory eo Severe pozitiva tradona funkcio pl Transmitancja ci le w a ciwa ... more details
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