for binary scoring by setting the number of classes C 2. Examples of proper multiclass scoring rules Logarithmic scoringrule The logarithmic scoringrule is a local strictly properscoringrule. math L mathbf r ,i ln r i math Since strictly properscoring rules remain strictly proper ... b 0 math Brier quadratic scoringrule The quadratic scoringrule is a strictly properscoringrule. math ... rule The spherical scoringrule is also a strictly properscoringrule math S mathbf r ,i frac r i lVert mathbf r rVert frac r i sqrt r 1 2 cdots r c 2 math Characteristics Properscoringrule A scoringrule is said to be proper if it is optimized for well calibrated probability assessments. A scoringrule is strictly proper if it is uniquely maximized at this point. Optimized in this case will correspond ... Score. Binary properscoringrule A scoringrule math u x,q math is said to be proper if math ... . The use of a properscoringrule encourages the forecaster to be honest, as his expected payoff is maximized ... cases log q & textrm if x 1 , log 1 q & textrm if x 0 . end cases math . Multi class properscoringrule A multi class scoringrule is said to be proper if it is maximized when r p . A scoringrule is strictly ... properscoringrule, whether binary or multiclass, after a positive affine transformation remains a strictly properscoringrule. ref name Bickel That is, if math S mathbf r ,i math is a strictly properscoringrule then math a bS mathbf r ,i math with math b 0 math is also a strictly properscoringrule. Locality A properscoringrule is said to be local if its value depends only on the probability ... not occur is directly producible as math 1 r i math . The logarithmic scoringrule is an example of a multi class strictly proper local scoringrule. References Reflist External links http www.decisionsciencenews.com ...In decision theory a score function , or scoringrule , is a measure of the performance of an entity ... might be encouraged to do better by a bonus system. A bonus system designed around a properscoring ... more details
wiktionary proper wiktionary propriety Proper may refer to Proper liturgy , the part of a Christian liturgy that is specific to the date within the Liturgical Year Proper frame , such system of reference in which object is stationary non moving , sometimes also called a co moving frame Tincture heraldry ProperProper , in heraldry, means depicted in natural colors Proper or appropriate conduct Proper often capitalized PROPER , a corrected release in response to a previously released online video or movie that contains transcoding or other playback errors. In mathematics Proper map , in topology , a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact Proper morphism , in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for algebraic varieties Proper transfer function , a transfer function in control theory in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator Proper equilibrium , in game theory, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium . Proper subset Proper space See also Improper disambiguation disambig fr Propre ... more details
refimprove talk y date August 2008 Scoring in Mahjong , a game for four players that originated in China ... between variations lies in the scoring systems. Like the gameplay, there is a generalized system of scoring, based on the method of winning and the winning hand, from which Chinese and Japanese among notable systems base their roots. American mahjong generally has greatly divergent scoring ... systems of scoring especially for Chinese variants , groups of players will often need to agree on particular scoring rules before a game, in order to eliminate possible disputes during the game. As with gameplay, many attempts have been made to create an international standard of scoring, but most ... thumb 250px In Singapore scoring, scores may be paid out immediately when performed. That is, a player ... are obtained for a hand by matching it against various criteria, with different criteria scoring ... with a linear scoring system. Points and score relate to two distinct concepts based on the points ... in addition to the normal double share . If playing with chips, there is no universal rule for the situation ... variation, but are common to many 13 tile and 16 tile variations. Scoring rules Chinese classical scoringScoring in the Chinese Classical system, ref Millington, A.D., Complete Book of Mah Jong ... the maximum permitted amount the limit of points for his hand. Hong Kong scoring main Hong Kong Mahjong scoring rules In the traditional Hong Kong scoring system, or the Cantonese scoring system, scoring tends to be low due to the low number of criteria used. The general scoring modifiers apply ... common. Taiwanese scoring Unlike Hong Kong scoring, Taiwanese scoring employs a linear relationship ... or losses. Shanghai scoring In contrast, the scoring system used in the Shanghai variant is high, due to the diverse number of scoring criteria and inflated values for rarer hands such as the thirteen ... variant. Singaporean scoring main Singaporean Mahjong scoring rules Singaporean scoring ... more details
orphan date May 2010 A scoring chance , in ice hockey is an attempt, or chance for a team or holder of the puck to score a goal. While there is no exact definition of a scoring chance, the Elias Sports Bureau , who is the official statistics recorder of the National Hockey League and many other professional sports leagues, clarifies a scoring chance as an attempt or shot taken from a home plate shaped area that goes from the top of the faceoff circles, through the faceoff dots, then angled to the goal posts. Another possible definition of a scoring chance can be any shot that is taken by an attacking team on an odd man rush, such as a 2 on 1 or 3 on 2 break. A reason many box scores and stat sheets list the number of scoring chances is to differentiate between shots that are relatively easy saves for the goaltender shots that are not scoring chances and shots that are not easy saves shots that are also scoring chances . External links Category Ice hockey terminology ... more details
Elastic scoring is a style of orchestration or music arrangement that was first used by the Australian composer Percy Grainger . ref Cite book first John last Bird title Percy Grainger page 224 publisher Oxford University Press year 2004 origyear 1982 edition 2nd illustrated, revised isbn 0 19 816652 4 ref Purpose This technique of orchestration is used to provide composers with the option of allowing a diverse group of voices or instrumentalists the ability to perform their music. ref http www.oxfordmusiconline.com subscriber article grove music 11596 Grainger, Percy. by Malcolm Gillies and David Pear, Grove Music Online Subscription required ref An example of this is when a composer or arranger provides extra sheet music parts so a flute quartet four flutes can play the same piece as a group comprising two flutes, alto flute and bass flute , resulting a choir like sound. In other words, a subtle re engineering of the original work. This technique involves making extra and or interchangeable musical parts which provide substitutions for more or fewer musicians depending on what is required for an individual performance. This also allows a musical work to be played in smaller communities ... scoring is that the new arrangement preserve as much as possible the original Interval music interval ... music parts, the elastic scoring concept allows three subsets of scoring music. Lateral scoring Lateral scoring can be said to have occurred when a piece of music is set for one or more instruments ... the same, but the tone colour has changed. Expansion scoring Expansion scoring is a style of arranging ... orchestra . Contraction scoring Contraction scoring lets composers and arrangers reduce the original ... who use elastic scoring Percy Grainger 1882 1961, Australia United States Michael Blake composer Michael ... 1940 by Percy Grainger, for elastic scoring 2 instruments up to massed orchestra, with or without voices at the National Library of Australia DEFAULTSORT Elastic Scoring Category Musical notation Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In the sport of baseball , a baserunner is said to be in scoring position when he is on second base second or third base . The distinction between being on first base and second or third base is that a runner on first can usually only score if the batter baseball batter hits an extra base hit , while a runner on second or third can score on a single baseball single . This is also known as ducks on the pond . Runners left in scoring position refers to the number of runners on second or third base at the end of an inning and is an inverse measure of a team s offensive efficiency. Many of baseball s Small Ball small ball or one run tactics center around attempts to move a runner on first base into scoring position. Such tactics were dominant in the 1890s and the Dead ball era Dead Ball Era , when extra base hits were relatively rare. Baseball DEFAULTSORT Scoring Position Category Baseball terminology Baseball stub ko ja pt Posi o de anotar ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Film name Scoring image TromaScoring.jpg caption VHS cover for Scoring director Michael A. DeGaetano producer writer starring Freya Crane br Charles Fatone br Peter Maravich br Gregg Perrie br Myra Taylor music Lor Crane cinematography editing distributor Troma Entertainment released 1979 runtime 90 minutes language English budget preceded by followed by Scoring also known as Dribble is a 1979 comedy film directed by Michael A. DeGaetano and distributed by Troma Entertainment . The plot of the film consists of a battle of the sexes , with a team of men and a team of women facing each other off in a game of basketball. External links imdb title id 0314625 title Scoring Category 1979 films Category 1970s comedy films Category Independent films Category Troma Entertainment films Category American films Category English language films 1970s comedy film stub ... more details
Refimprove date June 2008 Lead scoring is a method of assigning points to each prospect you come across. Points are assigned based on specific criteria you set those attributes you ve identified as being most often associated with serious prospective customers. The higher the score, the more likely they re the right target prospect who is actively engaged in the buying process, and should be routed to sales. The most accurate lead scoring models include both explicit and implicit information. Explicit scores are based on information provided by or about the prospect, for example company size, industry segment, job title or geographic location. Implicit scores are derived from monitoring prospect behavior examples of these include Web site visits, whitepaper downloads or e mail opens and clicks. ref DM News, http www.dmnews.com Lead scoring by the numbers article 108820 Lead Scoring by the Numbers ref Research has shown that self supplied explicit data can sometimes be overinflated or understated, but actions never lie, so a combination of the two implicit and explicit will give the best criteria on which to score. Citation needed date September 2009 References reflist See also Business intelligence Balanced scorecard Customers Customer Intelligence Customer service Database marketing Enterprise Feedback Management EFM Enterprise relationship management ERM Predictive analytics Sales force management system DEFAULTSORT Lead Scoring Category Marketing Category Office and administrative support occupations Category Electronic commerce Category Customer experience management Category Customer relationship management software Category Management Category Strategic management Category Business terms Category Business software ... more details
orphan date January 2012 In econometrics , ridit scoring is a statistical method used to analyze ordered qualitative measurements. The tools of ridit analysis were developed and first applied by Bross, ref Bross, Irwin D.J. 1958 How to Use Ridit Analysis, Biometrics , 14 1 18 38 jstor 2527727 ref who coined the term ridit by analogy with other statistical transformations such as probit and logit . Calculation of ridit scores Choosing a reference data set Since ridit scoring is used to compare two or more sets of ordered qualitative data, one set is designated as a reference against which other sets can be compared. In econometric studies, for example, the ridit scores measuring taste survey answers of a competing or historically important product are often used as the reference data set against which taste surveys of new products are compared. Absent a convenient reference data set, an accumulation of pooled data from several sets or even an artificial or hypothetical set can be used. Determining the probability function After a reference data set has been chosen, the reference data set must be converted to a probability function. To do this, let x sub 1 sub , x sub 2 sub , x sub n sub denote the ordered categories of the preference scale. For each j , x sub j sub represents a choice or judgment. Then, let the probability function p be defined with respect to the reference data set as math p j Prob x j . math Determining ridits The ridit scores, or simply ridits, of the reference data set are then easily calculated as math w j 0.5p j sum k j p k . math Each of the categories of the reference data set are then associated with a ridit score. More formally, for each math 1 le ... Intuitively, ridit scoring can be understood as a modified notion of percentile. For any ... sub . Applications Ridit scoring has found use primarily in the health science s including nursing ... Besides having intuitive appeal, the derivation for ridit scoring can be arrived at with mathematically ... more details
For overall scoring of duplicate bridge tournaments, see Duplicate bridge Scoring Duplicate Bridge Scoring . Bridge scoring is keeping score in contract bridge . There are two common methods of scoring a single deal duplicate and rubber bridge rubber scoring. These two methods are similar, but differ in how the components of the score are accumulated. In duplicate scoring, the score is a single number resulting from the addition of points awarded in accordance with either of two cases 1 when the contract is successful, the declaring side receives a positive score which is the sum of component points for i the contract itself, ii any overtricks, iii a part score or game score bonus, and iv a slam or grand slam bonus, if applicable, and the defending side receives a negative score of the same absolute value. 2 when the contract is defeated, the defending side receives a positive score based upon the number of tricks defeated and the declaring side receives a negative score of the same absolute value. File Rubber Bridge Scoring.jpg 150px right thumb Rubber Bridge Scoring In rubber bridge, the score is tallied by its component parts on a scoresheet divided into several segments where each partnership accumulates points either above the line or below the line . Only points for a successful contract exclusive of overtricks are entered below the line all other points whether for the declaring side for overtricks, part score or game score bonus, slam or grand slam bonus, Glossary of contract ... Slams are also games, so when scoring a slam, both game bonus and appropriate slam bonus are added ... points. Recent scoring changes As of 1987, World Bridge Federation imposed the following scoring ... to be 2100, a profitable sacrifice. Under the current scoring rules, down eight 2000 would still show ..., and down seven 1700 would be a loss. Under the old scoring rules, down seven 1300 would have been ... scoreDuplicate.html Scoring in ACBL official site References reflist WPCBIndex Category Contract ... more details
In statistics , Ronald Fisher Fisher s scoring algorithm is a form of Newton s method used to solve maximum likelihood equations numerical analysis numerically . Sketch of Derivation Let math Y 1, ldots,Y n math be random variable s, independent and identically distributed with twice differentiable Probability density function p.d.f. math f y theta math , and we wish to calculate the maximum likelihood estimator M.L.E. math theta math of math theta math . First, suppose we have a starting point for our algorithm math theta 0 math , and consider a Taylor series Taylor expansion of the Score statistics score function , math V theta math , about math theta 0 math math V theta approx V theta 0 mathcal J theta 0 theta theta 0 , , math where math mathcal J theta 0 sum i 1 n left. nabla nabla top right theta theta 0 log f Y i theta math is the Observed information observed information matrix at math theta 0 math . Now, setting math theta theta math , using that math V theta 0 math and rearranging gives us math theta approx theta 0 mathcal J 1 theta 0 V theta 0 . , math We therefore use the algorithm math theta m 1 theta m mathcal J 1 theta m V theta m , , math and under certain regularity conditions, it can be shown that math theta m rightarrow theta math . Fisher scoring In practice, math mathcal J theta math is usually replaced by math mathcal I theta mathrm E mathcal J theta math , the Fisher information , thus giving us the Fisher Scoring Algorithm math theta m 1 theta m mathcal I 1 theta m V theta m math . See also Score statistics References Jennrich, R. I., & Sampson, P. F. 1976 . Newton Raphson and related algorithms for maximum likelihood variance component estimation. Technometrics, 18, 11 17. references Category Estimation theory Category Statistical algorithms ... more details
Image This is scoring.OGG right thumb 300px How runs are scored and teams win a match. Scoring in cricket matches involves citing two facts, the number of Run cricket runs scored by each team and the number of Wickets Dismissing a batsman wickets each has lost. These are the basic figures likely to be quoted in a media report on a match completed or still in progress. Overall the number of runs scored is generally the most important figure because the team that scores the most runs wins though in some games shortened by bad weather that does not necessarily apply directly the number of wickets lost shows how many wickets the bowling team has to get to end the batting team s Innings Cricket innings and thus how likely the batting team is to improve on its score so far . In making a judgement at any point in a game about which team is more likely to win, other factors would be taken into account, such as the number of overs or the time remaining, the state of the pitch, or even the weather. Referring to scores The score of a cricket team whose innings is in progress is given as the number of run cricket run s they have scored for the number of wicket s their opponents have taken. For example, a team that has scored 100 runs and lost three wickets has a score of a hundred for three , written 100&ndash 3 also 100 3 or 3 100 . The exception to this is Australia, where it is conventional ... scoring is best according to the targets set by the Duckworth Lewis method . The method used to set ... html scorecard.stm Somerset v Hampshire tie ref Detailed scoring also Scoring runs in cricket Cricket ... or byes . For each batsman, every scoring run made. For each Dismissal cricket dismissal , the kind ... of the field each scoring shot by a batsman was made revealing the batman s favourite places to hit ... not only for winning scoring more runs overall or drawing a game, but also for the number of runs ... both div DEFAULTSORT Scoring Cricket Category Scoring cricket Scoring cricket Category Cricket ... more details
refimprove date March 2010 notability date March 2010 Scoring A Century is an opera with music by English composer David Blake composer David Blake . The libretto was written by Opera Director Keith Warner . It is described as a low entertainment for highbrows, or vice versa . It tells the history of Mr and Mrs Jedermann, a couple of song and dance merchants, and incidentally of the twentieth century too. The Jedermanns stumble through the momentous events, politics and social change of the last one hundred years, never ageing and only begrudgingly developing. Their sole aim is to provide some songs and snatches, to raise a laugh or provoke a tear. The form the piece adopts is more that of musical comedy than opera . It is a modern Singspiel , a review of a century in nineteen panels. There is dialogue and songs, but from time to time the action is interrupted by through composed mini operas which contain the serious, imaginative heart of the show. Performance History Scoring a Century was originally conceived as part of the millennium celebrations. Scenes from the work were premiered by the University of York Music Department in November 1999 whilst the complete work was being lined up to debut at Portland Opera , Oregon . Just as plans were beginning to finalise, however, the US suffered the 9 11 terrorist attacks . After 9 11, American opera houses immediately lost their budgets and Portland Opera decided to do Boh mes and Magic Flutes instead, Blake says. It was a big disappointment. ref Interview and Article with David Blake and Keith Warner http www.ft.com cms s 2 15d87da2 1ce5 11df aef7 00144feab49a.html ref On March 4, 2010 the Opera received its World Premiere at the Crescent Theatre, Birmingham , by students from the Birmingham Conservatoire Vocal Department. Directed ... birmingham guide birmingham culture music in birmingham 2010 03 12 review scoring a century at crescent ... international.com SandH 2010 Jan Jun10 Scoring a Century 0503.htm Review by Geoff Read at http www.musicweb ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove March 2009 inappropriate tone March 2009 rewrite March 2009 Scoring the Hales is the name of a large scale Shrove Tuesday shrovetide Association football football match played yearly in Alnwick , Northumberland . Once a street contest, it has now moved to a field named The Pasture across the River Aln from Alnwick Castle . The match involves about 150 men on either side and is a contest between the parishes of St Michael and St Paul. The goals are decorated with greenery and stand about 400 yards apart. Legend has it that it was never a ball but a scotsmans head that was kicked about The original game started with the ball being sent over the Barbican of the Castle to the crowd assembled below. It was then kicked through the streets of the town. Occasionally the game went towards Bondgate Tower and from there to the pastures. In consequence of danger arising from kicking the ball through the town the game within the town was discontinued in 1825 and has since been confined to the pastures. Nowadays the ball is fetched from the castle in procession, preceded by the Duke of Northumberland s piper. The game is won by whichever team is first to score 2 hales or goals, after which the ball is carried to the river and thrown in. Whoever manages to get it out at the far side of the river is allowed to keep the ball, but they have to swim the River Aln to get it. See also Hailes Category Alnwick Category Traditional football ... more details
with which the contract has the closest and most real connection. Conclusion The general rule is that the proper ...Unreferenced date December 2007 Conflict of laws The Doctrine of the Proper Law is applied in the choice of law stage of a lawsuit involving the conflict of laws . Explanation In a conflicts lawsuit, one or more Jurisdiction area state law s will be relevant to the decision making process. If the laws are the same, this will cause no problems, but if there are substantive differences, the choice of which law to apply will produce a different Judgment law judgment . Each state therefore produces a set of rules to guide the choice of law, and one of the most significant rules is that the law to be applied in any given situation will be the proper law . This is the law which seems to have the closest and most real connection to the facts of the case, and so has the best claim to be applied. All laws, to a greater or lesser extent, are reflections of the public policy law public policies of the state that enacted them. The more important the policy to the society , the greater the claim of the relevant law to be applied. Thus, if laws exist to protect citizen s, the law of the place where loss or damage is sustained might have a strong claim to apply e.g. in a traffic accident, two cars collide because of faulty maintenance and both drivers are injured spaced ndash the local laws exist to provide some degree of protection for all those who use the roads in that state, setting minimum standards for the design and maintenance of vehicles, specifying what levels of insurance should be carried .... The advantage of the proper law approach is that it builds in flexibility rather than offering a mechanical rule. Suppose that there is a contract between an Italy Italian company law company and an English ... on a ship flying the flag of Panama to a Sweden Swedish port. Adopting a rule such as the lex loci contractus ... of the state that has the greatest number of connections will be the proper law. In the event ... more details
wiktionarypar rule ruling Rule and ruling usually refers to standards for activities. They may refer to TOC right Human activity Business rule , a rule pertaining to the structure or behavior internal to a business School rule , rules part of school discipline Sport rule , rule that defines how a sport is played Game rule , rule that defines how a game is played Moral , a rule or element of a moral ..., feel or believe Rule of thumb , a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation Unspoken rule , an assumed rule of human behavior that is not voiced ... rules used within society or by a group i.e. social norms Rule of inference or transformation rule, a term in logic for a function which takes premises and returns a conclusion Rule X elementary cellular automaton , where X is a number between 0 255 characterizing a specific model e.g. Rule 110 Ruler , or rule a distance measuring device Law and government Law , which may informally be called a rule Government Rule of law , government that consists of rule not by one person but by laws, as in a democratic republic no one person can rule and even top government officials are under and ruled ... the rule of law via the setup of separate frameworks of rules for separate subsets of the population ... rule , governance by a military body Monastic rule , a collection of precepts that guides the life ... , a bestselling self help book Entertainment Ja Rule , a hip hop artist R.U.L.E. , a 2005 greatest hits album by Ja RuleRule song , a song by rapper Nas Rule Sparkle , a song by Ayumi Hamasaki Rules ... Bollywood film The Rule , an American pop R&B band The Rule album , self titled album by The Rule Surname Albert Leroy Rule , World War I documentary film producer & director Ann Rule b.1935 , American true crime writer. Bert L. Rule 1891 1878 , Tin Pan Alley composer & arranger Bob Rule b.1944 , American basketball player Christopher Rule 1895 1983 , American comic book artist Elton Rule 1916 ... more details
China proper also Inner China or Eighteen Provinces ref cite web url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs china ... of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic ... Dynasty . Origin of the concept It is not clear when the concept of China proper in the Western ... under the Qing Dynasty , Winterbotham divided it into three parts China proper, Chinese Tartary ... Description of the Chinese Empire China Proper 1. Origin of its Name, 2. Extent, Boundaries, &c. ref However, to introduce China proper, Winterbotham still used the outdated 15 province system of the Ming ... nan Province indicates that the concept of China proper probably had appeared between 1645 and 1662 ... Dynasty after the Fall of the Ming Dynasty Manchu conquest of Ming . The concept of China proper also ... Books . ref In the nineteenth century, the term China proper was sometimes used by Chinese officials ... Today, China proper is a controversial concept in China itself, since the current official paradigm ... always have been. The concept of China proper is avoided since it may be used to justify separatism ... the concept of China proper , a culturally based nation, and the People s Republic of China , a political entity. In this view, China proper is regarded as China , and other regions are regarded as Imperial ... 1580.jpg thumb 250px The approximate extent of China proper during the late Ming Dynasty , the last Han Chinese dynasty. Image China Proper.jpg thumb right 250px The Eighteen Provinces of China proper ... extent for China proper, as it is used to express the contrast between the core and frontier .... Historical perspective One way of thinking about China proper is to refer to ancient Han Chinese ... Han Chinese dynasty and second last imperial dynasty to rule China. It governed fifteen administrative ... the Ming Dynasty, the Qing court decided to continue to use the Ming administrative system to rule over ... proper under the Qing Dynasty. It was these eighteen provinces that early Western sources referred ... more details
versus proper velocity w c i.e. momentum p mc . Note that w c is tracked by v c at low speeds and by &gamma ..., proper velocity , also known as celerity , is an alternative to velocity for measuring motion. Whereas ... by the observer, proper velocity relative to an observer divides observer measured distance by the time elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object. Proper velocity equals velocity at low speeds. Proper velocity at high speeds, moreover, retains many of the properties that velocity loses in relativity compared with Newtonian theory. For example proper velocity equals momentum per unit mass ... to an object s energy as well. Proper velocity is one of three related derivatives in special relativity coordinate velocity v d x d t , proper velocity w d x d , and Lorentz factor ... 1 frac w c tanh 1 frac v c pm cosh 1 gamma math . Introduction In flat spacetime, proper velocity is the ratio between distance traveled relative to a reference map frame used to define simultaneity and proper ... http ceta.mit.edu pier pier.php?paper 0512151 The relativistic proper velocity transformation group ... algebra perspectives. Proper velocity is sometimes referred to as celerity. ref Bernard Jancewicz ... ref Unlike the more familiar coordinate velocity v , proper velocity is useful for describing both ... free insight. Proper speed divided by lightspeed c is the hyperbolic sine of rapidity , just as the Lorentz ... one to show that proper velocity w d x d v where as usual coordinate velocity v d x dt. Thus finite ... momentum p , proper velocity also extends the Newtonian form of momentum as mass times velocity ... mass in various published works http arxiv.org abs physics 0504111 arXiv physics 0504111 ref Proper velocity addition formula The proper velocity addition formula ref name ung1997 http www.springerlink.com ... proper velocity transformation group , Progress in Electromagnetics Research , PIER 60 ... frac mathbf w 2 c 2 math . This formula provides a proper velocity gyrovector space model of hyperbolic ... more details
other uses Infobox musical artist name The Rule image RyanLiestman.png caption image size background group or band alias origin Minnesota , United States instrument genre pop music pop , Rhythm and blues R&B , reggae occupation years active label R, R, & R Records associated acts website http therulemusic.com therulemusic.com current members Ryan Liestman br Jeff Love br Shawn Connelly past members Gregory Washington notable instruments The Rule formerly Ry and the Rule is an United States American pop music pop rhythm and blues R&B band music band , led by Ryan Liestman keyboardist for the Jonas Brothers ref cite web title Let s Go On Tour url http greggarbo.blogspot.com accessdate 2008 02 13 ref . The group released its first album, the self titled The Rule album The Rule in the summer of 2006, under the indie music indie label R, R, & R Records . Michael Bland , Tommy Barbarella , and Stokley Williams have also performed with The Rule. ref cite web title The Rule url http therulemusic.com Ryan.htm accessdate 2006 10 23 ref In the autumn fall of 2006, The Rule toured the United States with United States American , Grammy Award winning singer Cyndi Lauper . ref cite web title Cyndi Lauper url http www.cyndilauper.com blog accessdate 2006 10 20 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Discography Albums The Rule album The Rule 2006 Additional images gallery Image The Rule.png The Rule in concert in the summer of 2006. gallery References reflist first grad second grade third grade External links http therulemusic.com Official site MySpace therulemusic http video.google.com videoplay?docid 2926044083888480250 Earthquake Music Video http video.google.com videoplay?docid 7514799228967482019 Commercial for 2006 Cyndia Lauper Tour special guest, The Rule DEFAULTSORT Rule Category American rhythm and blues musical groups Category Musical groups from Minnesota US band stub es The Rule ... more details
nba05 kartes PDF 114.pdf maps until World War I . Lithuania proper sometimes is also called Lithuania ... Before the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Historians designate Lithuania Proper or Duchy of Lithuania ... Lithuania Proper was in nucleus of future Trakai Voivodeship between rivers Nemunas , Neris and Merkys ... 2 pages 3 18 ref that Lithuania Proper was around Ashmyany area, then ethnic Lithuanians Lithuanian ... proper to refer to lands inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians ref cite web first Tomas last Venclova .... Already during the Grand Duchy times, Lithuania Proper was a term designated to land where ... into such historical regions Samogitia , Lithuania Proper and White Ruthenia . ref Authentic map showing Lithuania Proper and adjustant White or Lithuanian Ruthenia br cite web url http www.nlib.ee ... Mer Baltique year 1700 accessdate 2007 08 17 ref Only the northern border of Lithuania proper can be determined .... The process continued at the time of Second Polish Republic Polish rule, as Lithuanian language schools and libraries were closed, and later under Soviet rule, as no Lithuanian schools were in these territories ... part of Lithuania Proper was acknowledged by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Soviets ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan December 2009 Pomerania proper is a term used to distinguish the area of the former Prussia n Province of Pomerania 1815 1945 Province of Pomerania from Pomerelia , which not always is considered to be a part of Pomerania because of a somewhat different history. DEFAULTSORT Pomerania Proper Category Pomerania Germany hist stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A proper frame , or comoving frame , is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations. For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a Free fall free falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. Proper frames can be Inertial reference frame inertial as well as Non inertial reference frame non inertial as in the example above. See also Comoving distance DEFAULTSORT Proper Frame Category Frames of reference Relativity stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In control theory , a strictly proper transfer function is a transfer function where the Degree mathematics degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Example The following transfer function is not strictly proper math textbf G s frac textbf N s textbf D s frac s 4 n 1 s 3 n 2 s 2 n 3 s n 4 s 4 d 1 s 3 d 2 s 2 d 3 s d 4 math because math deg textbf N s 4 nless deg textbf D s 4 math . The following transfer function however, is strictly proper math textbf G s frac textbf N s textbf D s frac n 1 s 3 n 2 s 2 n 3 s n 4 s 4 d 1 s 3 d 2 s 2 d 3 s d 4 math because math deg textbf N s 3 deg textbf D s 4 math . Implications A strictly proper transfer function will approach zero as the frequency approaches infinity. math textbf G pm j infty 0 math which is true for all physical processes. Also, the integral of the real part of a strictly proper transfer function is zero. See also Proper transfer function DEFAULTSORT Strictly Proper Category Control theory eo Severe pozitiva tradona funkcio pl Transmitancja ci le w a ciwa ... more details
For the cosmological notion of proper distance Comoving distance In relativistic physics, proper length is an invariant physics invariant measure of the distance between two spacelike separated Spacetime Basic concepts event s, or of the length of a spacelike Path topology path within a spacetime . The measurement of lengths is more complicated in the theory of relativity than in classical mechanics . In classical mechanics, lengths are measured based on the assumption that the locations of all points involved are measured simultaneously. But in the theory of relativity, the notion of Relativity of simultaneity simultaneity is dependent on the observer. Proper lengths provide an invariant measure, whose value is the same for all observers. Proper length is analogous to proper time . The difference is that proper length is the invariant spacetime interval interval of a spacelike path or pair of spacelike separated events, while proper time is the invariant interval of a timelike path or pair of timelike separated events. Proper length between two events In special relativity , the proper ... at opposite ends of an object, the proper length of the object is the length of the object as measured by an observer which is at rest relative to the object. In any inertial frame of reference, the proper ... zero value for L . Proper length of a path The above formula for the proper length between two events ..., possible to define the proper length of a Path topology path in any spacetime, curved or flat. In a flat spacetime, the proper length between two events is the proper length of a straight path between ... relativity geodesic between two events, so the proper length of a straight path between two events would not uniquely define the proper length between the two events. Along an arbitrary spacelike path P , the proper length is given in tensor syntax by the line integral math L c int P sqrt g mu nu dx ..., or that uses Geometrized unit system geometrized units . See also Invariant interval Proper time Comoving ... more details
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