for the scheduling algorithm Proportionally fairProportionaldivision or simple fairdivision is the original and simplest problem in fairdivision . Fairdivision problems are also called cake cutting problems. A proportionaldivision of a cake between math N math people would ensure each of them got at least math 1 N math of the cake by their own valuation. The cake can have an irregular structure, for instance a fruit cake with icing, and the recipients may value the different parts differently. There is no requirement for a division to be envy free . There are two main types of solution studied discrete procedures require one person at a time to divide the resource, moving knife ones have ... for each player. Proportionaldivision, where the entitlement fairdivision entitlements of players ... easily to similar problems in chore division dividing up an undesirable resource . Proportionaldivision .... Fairdivision of indivisible good is however a much harder problem. Two players For two people ... knife procedure also achieves proportionaldivision. It was the first example of a continuous procedure in fairdivision. The knife is passed over the cake from one end to the other. A player says ... each entitled to the same amount. Comparison with Envy free division Obviously, for two players proportionaldivision is the same as envy free envy free division . However, for three players and more, proportionaldivision is weaker than envy free division. It could happen that a player believes he ... of the second player part . See also Allocative efficiency envy free Envy free division References reflist Jack Robertson and William Webb 1998 . Cake Cutting Algorithms Be Fair If You Can , AK Peters Ltd, . ISBN 1 56881 076 8. Steven J. Brams and Alan D. Taylor 1996 . FairDivision From cake cutting to dispute resolution Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 55390 3 Category Fairdivision ... ref continues the division to successively smaller equal portions. The first person divides the resource ... more details
Fair Vote Canada http www.proportional representation.org Why Not Proportional Representation ... 2010 Electoral systems Proportional representation PR is a concept in voting systems used to elect ... districts encourage a two party system. There are many different forms of proportional representation. Some are focused solely on achieving the proportional representation of different political parties such as Party list proportional representation list PR while others permit the voter to chose ... and India. In these nations most alternative systems tend to be described as forms or types of proportional representation . Voting systems that achieve more party proportional representation Proportional ... of proportional representation. For example, a party that receives 15 of the votes under such a system ... articles kolesar.htm title Communism, Race, and the Defeat of Proportional Representation in Cold .... last Kolesar accessdate 2010 05 12 ref However, nations with proportional voting may differ in that some ... to vote for them. Different methods of achieving proportional representation achieve ... Edinburgh ref Party list proportional representation is one approach, in which each political ... of which offer a form of semi proportional representation SPR . The emphasis on political parties ... member constituency Main Party list proportional representation The parties each list their candidates ... system, mixed member system Main Additional Member System mixed member proportional representation parallel voting alternative vote alternative vote top up Mixed member proportional representation Mixed election systems combine a national or regional proportional system with single seat constituencies ... categories government in ireland elections and referenda voting proportional representation Proportional Representation Irish citizens information ref Only in a few cases is this achieved ... scientists argue that STV is more properly classified as semi proportional as there is no assurance ... more details
File Centrifugal governor.png thumb The Centrifugal governor fly ball governor is a classic example of proportional control. A proportional control system is a type of linear feedback control system . Two classic mechanical examples are the toilet bowl float proportioning valve and the Centrifugal governor fly ball governor . The proportional control system is more complex than an on off control system like a bi metallic domestic thermostat , but simpler than a PID controller proportional integral derivative PID control system used in something like an automobile cruise control . On off control will work where the overall system has a relatively long response time, but will result in instability if the system being controlled has a rapid response time. Proportional control overcomes this by modulating the output to the controlling device, such as a continuously variable valve. An analogy to on off control is driving a car by applying either full power or no power and varying the duty cycle , to control speed. The power would be on until the target speed is reached, and then the power would be removed, so the car reduces speed. When the speed falls below the target, with a certain hysteresis , full power would again be applied. It can be seen that this looks like pulse width modulation ... be expressed as correlating to the power to weight ratio of the vehicle. Proportional control is how .... Proportional Control Theory In the proportional control algorithm, the controller output is proportional ... variable . In other words, the output of a proportional controller is the multiplication product of the error signal and the proportional gain. This can be mathematically expressed as center math P mathrm out K p , e t math center where math P mathrm out math Output of the proportional controller math K p math Proportional gain math e t math Instantaneous process error at time t . math e t SP ... links http www.fourmilab.ch hackdiet www subsection1 2 3 0 5.html Proportional control compared ... more details
A proportional counter is a measurement device to count Charged particle particle s of ionizing radiation and measure their energy . File Geiger.png thumb right alt Diagram of an ionization chamber connected to a voltage source and a digital current indicating instrument An ionization chamber operated below the Geiger plateau behaves as a proportional counter. A proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector . Its operation is similar to that of a Geiger counter Geiger M ller counter , but uses a lower operating voltage . An inert gas is used to fill the tube, with a Geiger M ller tube Quenching and dead time quench gas added to ensure each pulse discharge terminates. A common proportional gas mixture is 90 argon, 10 methane, known as P 10. An incoming ionizing particle, if it has sufficient energy, liberates electrons from the atomic orbital s of the gas atoms see ionization potential , leaving an electron and positively charged atom, commonly known as an ion pair. As the charged particle travels through the chamber it leaves a trail of ion pairs along its trajectory. The electrons ..., respectively. A proportional counter differs from an ionization chamber in that the operating ... charge charge created remains proportional to the amount of energy liberated in the original event ... ionizing charged particle is proportional to its energy. The geometry of the electrodes and the voltages ... charge created makes proportional counters useful for charged particle spectroscopy . The energy resolution of a proportional counter, however, is limited because both the initial ionization event and the subsequent multiplication event are subject to statistical fluctuations. Proportional counters ... these can penetrate the entrance window. External articles Patents US patent 3092747 , S. Fine, Proportional counter US patent 2499830 , E. W. Molloy, Air proportional counter References cite journal ... charge distributions in proportional detectors, http www.inst.bnl.gov programs gasnobledet publications ... more details
and proportional reasoning. Mr. Tall Mr.Short was one of his studies. Examples Mr. Tall Mr. Short ... Left right graph.JPG 400px The Constant Product and Constant Sum Relations. Teaching for Proportional ... tool for identifying whether two variables are directly proportional or not. If they are directly proportional, then the values should be on a straight line and that line should intersect the origin ... are most familiar with, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Most relations ... it is always essential that theoretical results agree with experimental data. DEFAULTSORT Proportional ... more details
rightsof.asp Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 at Yale Law School s Avalon Project ref Proportional rates Proportional taxes on consumption are considered by some to be regressive tax regressive ... relationship. The tax rate itself is proportional, with people with higher incomes paying ... time it is taxed creating a proportional rate using an income base. However, consumption taxes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Proportional navigation also known as PN or Pro Nav is a guidance law used in some form or another by most homing air target missiles . It is based on the fact that two vehicles are on a collision course when their direct Line of sight missile Line of Sight does not change direction. PN dictates that the missile velocity vector should rotate at a rate proportional to the rotation rate of the line of sight Line Of Sight rate or LOS rate , and in the same direction. math a n N dot lambda V math Where math a n math is the acceleration perpendicular to missile velocity vector, math N math is the proportionality constant dimensionless , math dot lambda math is the line of sight rate, and V is the velocity. For example, if the line of sight rotates slowly from north to east, the missile should turn to the right by a certain factor faster than the LOS rate. This factor is called the Navigation Constant Knav . image PN.PNG A useful vector notation expresses the acceleration normal to the relative velocity math vec a N vec V r times vec Omega math where math Omega math is the rotation vector of the line of sight math vec Omega frac vec V r times vec R R 2 math A rather simple hardware implementation of this guidance law can be found in early AIM 9 Sidewinder sidewinder missiles. These missiles use a rapidly rotating parabolic mirror as a seeker. Simple electronics detect the directional error the seeker has with its target an Infrared IR source , and apply a moment to this gimballed mirror to keep it pointed at the target. Since the mirror is in fact a gyroscope ..., thereby making missile velocity vector rotation proportional to line of sight rotation. Although this does not result in a rotation rate that is always exactly proportional to the LOS rate which would require a constant airspeed , this implementation is equally effective. The basis of proportional ... DEFAULTSORT Proportional Navigation Category Navigation Category Missile guidance ... more details
Wiktionary Proportional Representation Society PRSA TOC right Proportional Representation Society may refer to Electoral Reform Society Proportional Representation Society of Australia disambiguation ... more details
proportional an electoral system becomes the most proportional being when there is no division into constituencies ... glossary.asp Glossary of Electoral Formulas Category Proportional representation ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Proportional Share Scheduling is a type of scheduling computing scheduling which preallocates certain amount of CPU time to each of the processes. ref http pages.cs.wisc.edu remzi OSFEP cpu sched lottery.pdf ref In a proportional share algorithm every job has a weight, and jobs receive a share of the available resources proportional to the weight of every job. References references Category Scheduling algorithms Comp sci stub ... more details
Merge to Voting system date June 2010 refimprove date June 2010 Electoral systems A Semi proportional voting system is a multi winner voting system whose proportionality lies between that of majoritarianism majoritarian systems like bloc voting and fully proportional methods like the Sainte Lagu method or Single transferable vote STV . ref cite web url http www.mtholyoke.edu acad polit damy BeginnningReading semiproportional.htm title Semiproportional voting systems accessdate 19 June 2011 author Douglas J. Amy ref The choice to use a semi proportional voting system may be a deliberate attempt to find a balance between majority rule and proportional representation semi proportional systems can allow for fairer representation of those parties that have difficulty gaining individual seats while still keeping the possibility of one party gaining a majority when there is a landslide victory . On the other hand, the semi proportional nature of a legislature may arise unintended, from the dynamics of the system itself. Because there are many measures of proportionality, ref cite web url http www.votingmatters.org.uk ISSUE20 I20P4.PDF title Apportionment and Proportionality A Measured View ... threshold, opinions on what constitutes a semi proportional method rather than a majoritarian or a fully proportional one, may differ. Methods where parties can only achieve proportionality by coordinating their voters are usually considered to be semi proportional. ref cite web url http prfound.org basics related semi proportional title Semi Proportional Electoral Methods accessdate 19 June 2011 ref They are not majoritarian, since in the perfect case, the outcome will be proportional, but they are not proportional ... becomes less proportional the more votes each voter has. The other main group usually considered semi proportional consists of additional member systems where the additional members are not apportioned ... Semi proportional electoral systems Category Voting systems ... more details
The Proportional Representation League was an organization founded in 1893 to promote the cause of proportional representation within the United States . Their activities included distributing information to inquirers on the reform. Prominent members included Rhode Island Governor Lucius F. C. Garvin and federal judge Albert Branson Maris . ref http books.google.com books?id xJMDAAAAMAAJ The new encyclopedia of social reform including all social reform movements and activities,and the economic, industrial, and sociological facts and statistics of all countries and all social subjects , William Dwight Porter Bliss, Rudolph Michael Binder. Funk & Wagnalls, 1908. p. 978 ref ref http books.google.com books?id Gr8YAAAAYAAJ Proportional representation , John Rogers Commons. T. Y. Crowell & co., 1896. p. 118 ref ref http books.google.com books?id WVqZEXvvwSIC The Proportional representation review . 1894. p. 143 ref References reflist Category Proportional representation electoral systems Category Voting systems ... more details
party fragmentation in the Knesset . List of presidential systems with proportional representation ... Suriname List of semi presidential systems with proportional representation Algeria Angola Burkina Faso Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo Peru Sri Lanka DEFAULTSORT Proportional Representation In Presidential Systems Category Proportional representation electoral systems ... more details
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival analysis survival models in statistics. Survival ... statistics associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect ... models such as accelerated failure time model s do not exhibit proportional hazards. These models .... The proportional hazards condition ref cite journal doi 10.2307 1402659 last Breslow first N. E. authorlink Norman Breslow title Analysis of Survival Data under the Proportional Hazards Model journal ... math , the hazard responds logarithmically each unit increase in math x math results in proportional ... proportional hazards model can thus be reported as hazard ratio s. David Cox statistician Sir David Cox observed that if the proportional hazards assumption holds or, is assumed to hold then it is possible ... to survival data is called application of the Cox proportional hazards model , ref cite journal ... pages 187 220 jstor 2985181 MR 0341758 ref sometimes abbreviated to Cox model or to proportional hazards ... is a censoring time . The hazard function for the Cox proportional hazard model has the form math lambda ... , the Cox model may be generalized to time varying coefficients as well. That is, the proportional ... hazard function gives the Weibull proportional hazards model . Incidentally, using the Weibull baseline hazard is the only circumstance under which the model satisfies both the proportional ... parametric proportional hazards models can be used to describe proportional hazards models in which the hazard function is specified. The Cox proportional hazards model is sometimes called a semiparametric ..., M. 2006 . Generating survival times to simulate Cox proportional hazards models , Statistics in Medicine 2005 24 1713 1723. doi 10.1002 sim.2369 ref use the term Cox proportional hazards ... field to David Cox. The term Cox regression model omitting proportional hazards is sometimes used to describe ... ambiguous since the Cox proportional hazards model can itself be described as a regression ... more details
NPOV language date August 2011 The Proportional Representation Society of Australia is one of the main electoral reform organisations in Australia . It has branches in South Australia, Victoria Tasmania, New South Wales, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. Its membership includes a number of people that have successfully promoted electoral reform both past and present . ref http www.aph.gov.au SEnate pubs pops pop34 c02.htm Why We Chose Proportional Representation, The Australian Senate, John Ur ref The Society regularly reviews and makes submissions on electoral reform within Australia with a focus on multi member single transferable vote proportional representation voting systems . It has also made numerous submissions to various international organizations including the United Nations and the New Zealand Parliament. History Image Catherine Helen Spence plate, Melrose.jpg ..., A Plea for Pure Democracy , helped the early formation of a proportional representation group called ... form of proportional representation that the SA Electoral Act 1985 prescribes for elections for SA ... of proportional representation counts. Critiques of the above the line voting device unfortunately used in certain Australian proportional representation elections Electronic voting, the introduction and use of computer technology in the conduct of elections Submissions to Government The Proportional ... 20Election Submissions 21 Proportional Representation Society.pdf Submission into the conduct of the Victorian ... emc 2006 20State 20Election Submissions 21 Proportional Representation Society.pdf title Submission into the conduct of the Victorian State Election, 2006 work Proportional Representation ... 2009 11 07 ref Accreditation The Proportional Representation Society s Victoria Tasmania Branch ... Clientele cite web url http www.prsa.org.au clients .htm title PRSA Clients work Proportional Representation ... site http www.electoralreformaustralia.org Proportional Representation Society of Australia NSW http ... more details
Proportional reduction in loss PRL refers to a general framework for developing and evaluating measures of the reliability statistics reliability of particular ways of making observations which are possibly subject to errors of all types. Such measures quantify how much having the observations available has reduced the loss cost of the uncertainty about the intended quantity compared with not having those observations. Proportional reduction in error is a more restrictive framework widely used in statistics, in which the general loss function is replaced by a more direct measure of error such as the mean square error. Examples are the coefficient of determination and Goodman and Kruskal s lambda . ref Upton G., Cook, I. 2006 Oxford Dictionary of Statistics , OUP. ISBN 978 0 19 954145 4 ref The concept of proportional reduction in loss was proposed by Bruce Cooil and Roland T. Rust in their 1994 paper. Many commonly used reliability measures for quantitative data such as continuous data in an experimental design are PRL measures, including Cronbach 27s alpha Cronbach s alpha and measures proposed by B.J. Winer 1971 . It also provides a general way of developing measures for the reliability of qualitative data. For example, this framework provides several possible measures that are applicable when a researcher wants to assess the consensus between judges who are asked to code a number of items into mutually exclusive qualitative categories Cooil and Rust, 1995 . Measures of this latter type have been proposed by several researchers, including Perrault and Leigh 1989 . References references Cooil, B., and Rust, R. T. 1994 , Reliability and Expected Loss A Unifying Principle, Psychometrika , 59, 203 216. available http www2.owen.vanderbilt.edu bruce.cooil Documents 1994 20Psychometrika 20Reliability 20& 20Expected 20Loss.pdf here Cooil, B., and Rust, R. T. 1995 , General Estimators for the Reliability of Qualitative Data, Psychometrika , 60, 199 220. available http www2.owen.vanderbilt.edu ... more details
Electoral systems Mixed member proportional representation , also termed mixed member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP , is a voting system originally used to elect Legislator representatives to the German Bundestag , and nowadays adopted by numerous legislature s around the world. MMP is similar to other forms of proportional representation PR in that the overall total of party members in the elected body is intended to mirror the overall proportion of votes received it differs by including a set of members elected by geographic constituency who are deducted from the party totals so as to maintain overall proportionality. MMP should not be confused with the additional member system used in the United Kingdom , which has no overhang seats and consequently is not completely a form of PR. MMP is known as personalized proportional representation in Germany , where it is used ... seats are compensatory top up . If a party wins more FPTP seats than the proportional quota received ... proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve that. Threshold see also Election threshold As in numerous party list proportional systems , in order to be eligible ... elections that it expects no extra seats in the proportional top up. Some voters may therefore ... candidates to a decoy list liste civetta in the proportional parts, under the name ... of proportional seats they received. Between them, the two decoy lists won 360 of the 475 constituency ... of less than 0.2 of the national proportional part of the vote. In the case of Forza Italia part of the House of Freedoms , the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional ... system Proportional representation Open list Closed list References reflist Further reading Malone ... System Choice DEFAULTSORT Mixed Member Proportional Representation Category Party list PR Category Mixed electoral systems Category Proportional representation electoral systems ca Representaci proporcional ... more details
Entitlement in fairdivision describes that proportion of the resources or goods to be divided that a player can expect to receive. The idea is based on the normal idea of entitlement . Entitlements can in the main be determined by agreeing on a cooperative game and using its value as the entitlement. Even when only money is to be divided and a some fixed amount has been specified for each recipient the problem can be complex. The amounts specified may be more or less than the amount of money and the profit or loss will then need to be shared out. A proportional adjustment is normally used in law nowadays and is the default assumption in the theory of fairdivision. Other rules however are often used and this article describes the basis underlying the common variants. Shared costs or gains Where a number of persons cooperate to pay for a facility or to gain from an enterprise there is the question of how costs or gains should be divided. In general deciding such entitlements is a cooperative game as the various parties can form coalitions against others, for instance as in a union versus ... Fairdivision Category Cooperative games Category Jewish law ... agree then they have an agreed impartial consensus division. ref citation doi 10.1016 j.jet.2007.06.005 title Impartial division of a dollar author Geoffroy de Clippel author2 HerveMoulin ... States this can prove impossible. Ensuring the voting power is proportional to the size of constituencies ... on a proportional basis. The disputed garment problem. If one person claims the whole of a cloth ... The estate division problem. Three wives have claims to 100, 200 and 300 Zuz Jewish coin zuz . Three ..., 75, and if 300 then 50, 100 and 150. ref Nashim Ketubot 93a. The estate division problem ref Profits ... division problem. Ibn Ezra s problem. This is a later problem of estate division that was solved ... the previous estate division These solutions can all be modeled by cooperative game s. The estate division ... more details
The Hokkaido proportional representation block , Hirei daihy Hokkaid burokku is one of eleven proportional representation PR blocks for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists of Hokkaid and is one of two PR blocks that covers only one prefecture, the other is Tokyo proportional representation block Tokyo . Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected nine representatives in the election of 1996. Since 2000 the Hokkaid PR block is represented by eight representatives. Summary of results With eight seats, Hokkaid is the second smallest PR block Shikoku proportional representation block Shikoku has only six seats , and the vote share needed to gain a seat is usually above ten percent. In 2000, when the combined vote of the two major parties reached a historical low of 56.8 , the Social Democratic Party managed to obtain a seat with only 8.9 of the vote for a detailed explanation, see D Hondt method . In addition to the five national parties that emerged from the party realignments of the 1990s, the regionalist one man party New Party Daichi has become a contender for PR seats in Hokkaid . In both elections it fielded candidates, it managed to obtain the third largest vote share and one seat. Following the conviction of NPD chairman Muneo Suzuki , the party s future is unclear. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 bgcolor FFEECC Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 bgcolor CCFFCC Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 bgcolor BBBBFF K meit colspan 3 bgcolor FFAAAA Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 bgcolor FFCCEE Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor c98 New Party Daichi NPD colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor ccc Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats align right align left Japanese general election ... more details
The T hoku proportional representation block , Hirei daihy T hoku burokku is one of eleven proportional representation PR blocks for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists of T hoku region , namely the prefectures of Aomori Prefecture Aomori , Iwate Prefecture Iwate , Miyagi Prefecture Miyagi , Akita Prefecture Akita , Yamagata Prefecture Yamagata and Fukushima Prefecture Fukushima . Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected 16 representatives in 1996. Since 2000, the T hoku PR block elects 14 Representatives. Summary of results All major national parties have managed to obtain at least one of the PR seats in T hoku since the introduction of proportional voting in 1996. The region also contains several strongholds Aomori in particular is a typical conservative kingdom and leans towards the LDP alongside with the Western prefectures along the Sea of Japan coast Iwate is the home of Ichir Ozawa , former NFP, LP and DPJ president and a Democratic kingdom having also the first prefectural parliament in Japan where the Democrats managed to obtain the status of strongest party in 2007. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 General election colspan 3 bgcolor FFEECC Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 bgcolor CCFFCC Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 bgcolor BBBBFF K meit colspan 3 bgcolor FFAAAA Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 bgcolor FFCCEE Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor ccc Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats align right align left Japanese general election, 1996 1996 513,410 11.1 2 1,630,777 35.3 6 colspan 3 442,790 9.6 1 382,271 8.3 1 1,532,987 33.2 6 121,828 2.6 0 align right align left Japanese general election, 2000 2000 1,024,253 21.2 3 1,545,028 32.0 5 474,238 9.8 1 391,055 8.1 1 517,267 10.7 ... more details
The T ky proportional representation block Nihongo Hirei daihy T ky burokku is one of eleven proportional representation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists solely of the prefecture of Tokyo making it one of two blocks covering only one prefecture, the other being Hokkaid proportional representation block Hokkaid . Following the introduction of proportional voting Tokyo elected 19 representatives by PR in the 1996 general election, and 17 since the election of 2000 when the total number of PR seats was reduced from 200 to 180. Summary of results Beyond remote parts of Western Tokyo on the mainland and the Izu and Ogasawara islands, Tokyo s population is concentrated in urban and suburban areas. Reformist and left of center parties have usually won a majority of votes and seats. In the landslide postal privatization election of 2005 though, the LDP won a record 2.6 million votes in Tokyo it would have received eight seats but hadn t nominated enough candidates Of its 30 PR list candidates, 24 concurrently ran in districts 23 won their district races, leaving only a total of seven list candidates to be elected by PR. One seat went to the SDP as it would have been assigned a hypothetical, 18th seat under the d Hondt method. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor 3bf Your Party YP colspan 3 Party shading Other Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats ... more details
The Shikoku proportional representation block Nihongo Hirei daihy Shikoku burokku is one of eleven proportional representation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists of Shikoku region covering Tokushima Prefecture Tokushima , Kagawa Prefecture Kagawa , Ehime Prefecture Ehime and K chi prefecture s. Following the introduction of proportional voting it elected seven representatives in the 1996 general election. When the total number of PR seats was reduced from 200 to 180, the Shikoku PR block shrunk to six seats. Summary of results With a district magnitude of six, Shikoku is the smallest PR block. The vote share necessary to obtain a seat is usually well above ten percent. Since the consolidation of the LDP DPJ party system by the merger of the LP into the DPJ in 2001, only the top three parties have been able to win seats in Shikoku. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 Party shading Other Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats align right align left Japanese general election, 1996 1996 245,323 13.8 1 785,589 41.6 3 colspan 3 227,014 12.1 1 132,868 7.1 0 455,269 24.2 2 39,067 2.1 0 align right align left Japanese general election, 2000 2000 402,457 20.7 1 700,719 36.0 3 266,791 13.7 1 213,729 11.0 1 196,277 10.1 0 162,700 8.4 0 5,316 0.3 0 align right align left Japanese general election, 2003 2003 587,828 31.7 2 708,051 ... more details
The iterative proportional fitting procedure IPFP , also known as biproportional fitting in statistics, RAS algorithm ref cite journal last Bacharach first M. year 1965 title Estimating Nonnegative Matrices from Marginal Data journal International Economic Review volume 6 pages 294 310 doi 10.2307 2525582 jstor 2525582 issue 3 publisher Blackwell Publishing ref in economics and matrix raking or matrix scaling in computer science is an iterative algorithm for estimating cell values of a contingency table such that the marginal totals remain fixed and the estimated table decomposes into an outer product . First introduced by W. Edwards Deming Deming and Stephan in 1940 ref cite journal last Deming first W. E. authorlink W. Edwards Deming last2 Stephan first2 F. F. year 1940 title On a Least Squares Adjustment of a Sampled Frequency Table When the Expected Marginal Totals are Known journal Annals of Mathematical Statistics volume 11 issue 4 pages 427 444 mr 3527 doi 10.1214 aoms 1177731829 ref they proposed IPFP as an algorithm leading to a minimizer of the Pearson X squared statistic , which it does not , ref cite journal last Stephan first F. F. year 1942 title Iterative method of adjusting frequency tables when expected margins are known journal Annals of Mathematical Statistics volume 13 issue 2 pages 166 178 mr 6674 zbl 0060.31505 doi 10.1214 aoms 1177731604 ref and even failed to prove convergence , it has seen various extensions and related research. A rigorous proof of convergence by means of differential geometry is due to Stephen Fienberg Fienberg 1970 . ref cite journal last Fienberg first S. E. authorlink Stephen Fienberg year 1970 title An Iterative Procedure for Estimation in Contingency Tables journal Annals of Mathematical Statistics volume 41 issue 3 pages ... Proportional Fitting Procedure Structure of Accumulation Points and L1 Error Analysis url http ... right handedness can be considered independent. Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Iterative Proportional Fitting ... more details
The Southern Kant proportional representation block Nihongo Hirei daihy Minami Kant burokku is one of eleven proportional representation PR blocks , multi member constituencies for the House of Representatives of Japan House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan . It consists of Southern parts of the Kant region covering Chiba Prefecture Chiba , Kanagawa Prefecture Kanagawa and Yamanashi prefecture s. Following the introduction of proportional voting it initially elected 23 representatives in the 1996 general election, then 21 after the total number of PR seats had been reduced from 200 to 180, and 22 representatives since the reapportionment of 2002. Summary of results With a district magnitude of 22, Southern Kant is the second largest PR block behind Kinki proportional representation block Kinki and gives smaller parties an opportunity to pick up seats. class wikitable align center rowspan 2 general election colspan 3 Party shading Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party Japan DPJ colspan 3 Party shading Liberal Democratic Party Japan Liberal Democratic Party Japan LDP colspan 3 Party shading Komeito K meit colspan 3 Party shading Japanese Communist Party Japanese Communist Party JCP colspan 3 Party shading Social Democratic Party Japan Social Democratic Party Japan SDP colspan 3 bgcolor FFBC00 New Frontier Party Japan NFP 96 Liberal Party Japan, 1998 LP 00 colspan 3 bgcolor 3bf Your Party YP colspan 3 Party shading Other Others Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats Votes Seats align right align left Japanese general election, 1996 1996 1,331,850 23.5 5 1,820,846 32.1 7 colspan 3 403,875 7.1 3 280,391 4.9 1 1,667,552 29.4 7 colspan 3 174,662 3.1 0 align right align left Japanese general election, 2000 2000 1,940,792 27.7 6 1,734,297 24.7 6 871,150 12.4 3 808,453 11.5 2 670,141 9.6 2 839,845 12.0 2 colspan 3 145,858 2.1 0 align right align left Japanese general election, 2003 2003 2,819,165 40.0 ... more details
The Fair may refer to The Fair film The Fair film , a 1960 German drama Miami Dade County Fair & Exposition See also List of people known as the Fair disambig ... more details
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