Wiktionary Proportionality may refer to Proportionality mathematics , the relationship of two variables whose ratio is constant Proportionality law , A legal principle under municipal law in which the punishment of a certain crime should be in proportion to the severity of the crime itself, and under international law an important consideration when assessing the military necessity of an attack on a military objective Proportionality political maxim , A maxim which states that any layer of government should not take any action that exceeds that which is necessary to achieve the objective of government Wiktionary Proportion Proportion redirects here. Proportion may refer to The ratio of one quantity to another, especially the ratio of a part compared to a whole. In a mathematical context, a proportion is the statement of equality between two ratios. Proportion architecture describes the relationships between elements of a design Body proportions , in art, are the study of relation of human body parts to each other and the whole Proportions, or geometric aspect ratio Proportional redirects here. Proportional may refer to Proportional fair division means that each of math n math players thinks that they received math 1 n math of the cake. A proportional control system is a type of linear feedback control system Proportional representation in electoral systems Typeface Proportion Proportional fonts disambig de Proportion gl Proporcionalidade hom nimos it Proporzionalit nl Proportionaliteit pt Proporcionalidade desambigua o sr sv Proportionalitet ... more details
about proportionality, the mathematical relation other uses of the term Proportionality disambiguation ... product the product of the other and a constant quantity, called the coefficient of proportionality or proportionality constant . In other words, nobr x and y are proportional if the ratio math ... stripes, enlarged or reduced. The duplication scale of a striped triangle is the proportionality ... 221D . Direct proportionality Given two variable math variable s x and y , y is directly proportional ... math k y x , math is called the proportionality constant or constant of proportionality . Examples ... traveling, with the speed being the constant of proportionality. The circumference of a circle is proportional to its diameter , with the constant of proportionality equal to pi . On a map drawn ... between the two locations that the points represent, with the constant of proportionality being the scale ... to the object s mass the constant of proportionality between the mass and the force is known as gravitational ... y, math it follows that if y is proportional to x , with nonzero proportionality constant k , then x is also proportional to y with proportionality constant 1 k . If y is proportional to x , then the graph ... through the Origin mathematics origin with the slope of the line equal to the constant of proportionality it corresponds to linear growth . Inverse proportionality This section is linked from Poliomyelitis The concept of inverse proportionality can be contrasted against direct proportionality . Consider ... will decrease if the other variable increases, while their product the constant of proportionality ... and Y values of each point on the curve will equal the constant of proportionality k . Since neither ... of direct proportionality that locates a point on a line mathematics Ray ray and the constant of inverse proportionality that locates a point on a hyperbola. Exponential and logarithmic proportionality ... the origin 0, 0 , then the two variables are probably proportional, with the proportionality ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 Degressive proportionality is a type of formula for electing the members of a legislature or other decision making body. If a body is elected by a number of regions, states or other subdivisions, degressive proportionality means that while the subdivisions do not each elect an equal number of members, smaller subdivision are overrepresented in terms of their population. If the equal representation of subdivisions is used, then each subdivision elects the same number of members. On the other hand if apportionment on the basis of population is used, then each subdivision elects a number of members strictly proportionate to its population. Degressive proportionality means any intermediate method that is a compromise between these two approaches. As a term it does not describe any one particular formula. European parliament Main Apportionment in the European Parliament Under the Treaty of Lisbon , the European Parliament uses a system of degressive proportionality to allocate its 750 seats among the member states of the European Union . Treaty negotiations, rather than a specific formula, determine the apportionment between member states. Minimum seats Any system that reserves a minimum number seats for a sub body is to some extent degressively proportional. The most famous example is perhaps the election of the Electoral College United States US presidential Electoral College . As each state has a minimum of three members of the college, smaller states such as Wyoming and Vermont effectively have disproportionally more say in the election than larger states, the extreme being California. Advantages Empty section date July 2010 Disadvantages Empty section date July 2010 Methods for allocating weights Penrose method square root of the population Category Voting Election stub ... more details
Proportionality is a principle in law which covers two distinct although related concepts. Within municipal law municipal domestic law it is used to convey the idea that the punishment of an offender should fit the crime. Under international humanitarian law governing the laws of war legal use of force in an armed conflict, proportionality and distinction law distinction are important factors in assessing military necessity . History The proportionality test was first developed in the High State Administrative Courts Oberlandesgericht in Germany in the late 19th century , to review actions by the police. ref Lothar Hirschberg, Der Grundsatz der Verh ltnisma igkeit Schwarz 1981 6 ref The proportionality test originated systematically with the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court, the Bundesverfassungsgericht. ref BVerfGE 3, 383, 399 1954 ref European Union law Seealso EU law In European Union law there generally acknowledged to be four stages to a proportionality test, namely, ref P Craig and G de Burca, EU Law 5th edn OUP 2011 526 ref there must be a legitimate aim for a measure the measure must be suitable to achieve the aim potentially with a requirement of evidence to show ... it pursues, surrounding unfair dismissal , in reducing unemployment. Further examples of the proportionality .... In Law of the United States United States Law , the United States Supreme Court proposed the Proportionality ... 1983 and Tison v. Arizona 1987 , to clarify this key principle of proportionality within the Cruel ... . The fundamental principle behind proportionality is that the punishment should fit the crime ..., How Much is Too Much? An Examination of the Principle of Jus in Bello Proportionality . Israel Defense ... War Crimes , he elucidates this use of proportionality quotation Under international humanitarian ... of proportionality Article 8 2 b iv . p Article 8 2 b iv criminalizes br Intentionally launching ... id 1431179 The History of the General Principle of Proportionality Fran oise Hampson http www.crimesofwar.org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 This article is about proportionality, the political maxim. For other uses of the term proportionality , see Proportionality disambiguation . The principle of proportionality is a political maxim which states that no layer of government should take any action that exceeds that which is necessary to achieve the objective of government Regardless of intent of objective . It was initially developed in the German legal system. It is a fundamental principle of European Union law . According to this principle, the EU may only act to exactly the extent that is needed to achieve its objectives, and no further. This principle has underpinned the European Communities since their inception in 1957. In the presently applicable primary law, the principle of proportionality is clearly formulated in the third paragraph of Article 5 of the Treaty establishing the European Community as follows Quotation Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty. This principle is also explicitly specified in the new Treaty of Lisbon . See also Subsidiarity European Union law Category European Union law Category Legal doctrines and principles Poli stub de Erforderlichkeit ja sv Proportionalitetsprincipen zh ... more details
Multiple issues orphan March 2008 context October 2009 notability March 2008 The main function of deviation from proportionality is to denote the proportion of malapointment in a democracy democratic process . The idea is basically a math ematical relationship between the percentage of votes obtained by a political party and the percentage of parliamentary seats allocated to it. To calculate just subtract a parties vote share from their seat share, add up all of the absolute values i.e. ignore negative signs , and finally divide by two ref http eprints.lse.ac.uk 709 1 BritishAMSSystems04.pdf There are three main ways of measuring deviations from proportionality Bot generated title ref . References references Category Democracy ... more details
orphan date June 2009 primarysources date August 2008 Proportionality for Solid Coalitions is an election methods criterion relating to proportional representation systems. This criterion was invented by Michael Dummett . ref Dummett, M., Voting procedures. Oxford Clarendon Press 1984 ref Tideman Tideman ref Tideman, N. and Richardson, D., Better Voting Methods Through Technology The Refinement Manageability Trade Off in the Single Transferable Vote , Public Choice , Volume 103, Numbers 1 2 April, 2000 ref defines this criterion as blockquote This is the property that if there is a set of voters, V, who rank all candidates in some set, S, ahead of all other candidates, then the number of candidates in S who are elected will be at least as great as the proportion of the electorate who are in V multiplied by the number of candidates to be elected, rounded down to an integer provided that S contains at least that many candidates . blockquote Tideman ref Tideman N., Collective Decisions and Voting , Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Aldershot, 2006 ref calls the equivalent criterion, but based on the Droop quota, k 1 proportionality for solid coalitions. References reflist polisci stub Category Political science stubs Category Political science terms ... more details
In telecommunication s, maximal ratio combining is a method of diversity combining in which br a the signals from each channel communications channel are added together, br b the gain of each channel is made Proportionality mathematics proportional to the rms signal level and inversely proportional to the mean square noise level in that channel. br c different proportionality constants are used for each channel. It is also known as ratio squared combining and predetection combining . Maximal ratio combining is the optimum combiner for independent Additive white Gaussian noise AWGN channels. FS1037C MS188 DEFAULTSORT Maximal Ratio Combining Category Telecommunications terms telecomm term stub MRC can make restore shape of original signal ... more details
orphan date December 2007 Modern war pacifism , sometimes known as just war pacifism or nuclear pacifism is a moral position that holds that Modern warfare modern war can never be morally justified. ref Johnson, James Turner. Just War in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought , p. 258. Ed. David Miller. 1987. ISBN 0631179445. ref It is distinct however from other forms of pacifism in that it recognizes that, in certain historical contexts, wars might have been capable of being justified, and thus it presupposes the validity of the Just War Theory . In the view of modern war pacifism, the destructive potential of modern especially Nuclear weapon nuclear weapons makes it impossible for any modern war to meet the Proportionality law proportionality criterion of the Just War Theory. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Modern War Pacifism Category Pacifism ... more details
Perfect Symmetry may refer to Perfect Symmetry Keane album Perfect Symmetry Keane album , or the title song Perfect Symmetry tour , a concert tour by Keane Perfect Symmetry Fates Warning album Perfect Symmetry Fates Warning album See also Symmetry , a harmonious proportionality, or patterned self similarity disambig es Perfect Symmetry it Perfect Symmetry nl Perfect Symmetry pl Perfect Symmetry ... more details
, proportionality may be relevant, and a law not invalid, if an immunity conferred by a limitation of a power ... Category 1983 in Australia Category Australian constitutional law Category Proportionality in the Australian ... more details
that it was outside the head of power. Proportionality Nationwide News is the key case where the concept of proportionality is discussed. Proportionality is the idea that there should be a reasonable ... the proportionality test as suggested by Mason CJ, arguing that it should be a test of sufficient connection, and not proportionality. See also Australian constitutional law References George Winterton ... constitutional law Category Proportionality in the Australian Constitution cases Category ... more details
U.S. 153 1976 , the Court had incorporated a detailed proportionality analysis into the cruel and unusual ... and Unusual Punishment Clause bore some kind of proportionality analysis. Yet among those six, three supported a proportionality principle that is highly deferential to legislative judgments, while three others supported a more searching proportionality analysis that would have struck down ... reduce the sentence for Harmelin s crime. The proportionality debate The Justices could not agree, however, whether and to what extent the Eighth Amendment imposed a proportionality requirement ... Amendment imposes no proportionality requirement at all. Justice Anthony Kennedy argued in favor of a vague proportionality principle that allowed the Court to uphold Harmelin s sentence. And Justice ..., Scalia argued that the proportionality test from Solem should be overruled. Solem had ... conditions. Because the proportionality requirement was of recent vintage, issued 185 years after ... entirely, or at least limited only to capital cases. White s proportionality argument Justice White s point of departure was the fact that the Amendment does not refer to proportionality in so many ... committed. Accordingly, the Eighth Amendment imposed a strong proportionality requirement not simply ... a proportionality requirement. Second, although the newly formed federal government did not, in 1791 ... states for some time, and so there would be some benchmarks by which to evaluate proportionality ... a proportionality requirement, 20th century decisions of the Court had imposed one. White takes Scalia to task for claiming at once that the Eighth Amendment must have no proportionality guarantee ... of objective factor which forms the basis for the tripartite proportionality analysis set ... because courts will be reviewing sentences for proportionality does not mean that courts will strike ... argues that adopting Scalia s view of the proportionality requirement would strike at the foundation ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 Angle excess , also known as spherical excess is the amount by which the sum of the angle s of a polygon on a sphere exceeds the sum of the angles of a polygon with the same number of sides in a plane mathematics plane . For instance, a plane triangle has an angle sum of 180 an octant is a spherical triangle with three right angles, so its angle sum is 270 , and its angle excess is 90 . The area of any polygon on a sphere is proportionality mathematics proportional to the polygon s angle excess, with the proportionality constant being the square of the sphere s radius when the angle excess is given in radians . In surveying , one checks whether the angles and distances form a closed polygon, and by how much it is off. If the area is sufficiently large, the polygon will not close no matter how accurately measured if it is calculated on a plane. The area of a polygon whose angle excess is 1 second of arc , which is the accuracy and precision precision though not necessarily the accuracy of surveying, is 393 square kilometres, or about 20 kilometres square. Angle deficit is defined similarly in hyperbolic geometry and is likewise proportional to area. See also Defect geometry Spherical trigonometry Steradian References MathWorld title Spherical Excess urlname SphericalExcess Categories Category Spherical trigonometry Interwiki eo Angula kroma o ru ... more details
In mathematics , the Landau Ramanujan constant occurs in a number theory result stating that the number of positive integer s less than x that are the sum of two square number s, for large x , proportionality mathematics varies as math x sqrt ln x . math The mathematical constant constant of proportionality is the Landau Ramanujan constant, which was discovered independently by Edmund Landau and Srinivasa Ramanujan . More formally, if N x is the number of positive integers less than x which are the sum of two squares, then math lim x rightarrow infty frac N x sqrt ln x x approx 0.76422365358922066299069873125. math External links MathWorld urlname Landau RamanujanConstant title Landau Ramanujan Constant OEIS A064533 Category Additive number theory Category Analytic number theory Category Mathematical constants Category Srinivasa Ramanujan Numtheory stub es Constante de Landau Ramanujan fr Constante de Landau Ramanujan it Costante di Landau Ramanujan lmo Custanta da Landau Ramanujan mn ja zh ... more details
saved book title College Mathematics Algebra subtitle A Study Guide for Fullsail Research cover image Termino comun.svg cover color College Mathematics Algebra A Study Guide for Fullsail Research Basic Algebra 0 number 0 Identity element Variable mathematics Variable Integer Monomial Binomial Polynomial Coefficient Routine Functions Simplification Expression mathematics Expression Root of a function Exponentiation Symmetric function Algebraic Structures Pre algebra Algebra of sets Algebraic structure Notation & Symbols Decimal Multiplication Division mathematics Division Fraction mathematics Fraction Factorization Distribution Distributivity Distribution mathematics Distribution Associativity Commutativity Orders of Operations Function mathematics Function Set mathematics Set Binary operation Inverse element Elementary algebra FOIL method Antisymmetric relation Symmetric polynomial Summation Closure mathematics Closure Numbers Zero divisor Negative and non negative numbers Real number Natural number Rational number Irrational number Imaginary number Algebraic number Complex number Special References Portal Algebra Proportionality mathematics Proportionality Equation Word problem mathematics education Word problem Statistical population Category Wikipedia books on mathematics ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 For an optical fiber , the effective mode volume is the square of the product of the diameter of the Near and far field near field pattern and the sine of the radiation angle of the Near and far field far field pattern. The diameter of the near field radiation pattern is defined here as the full width at half maximum and the radiation angle at half maximum radiant intensity . Effective Transverse mode mode volume is Proportionality mathematics proportional to the breadth of the relative distribution of Power physics power amongst the modes in a multimode fiber. It is not truly a spatial volume but rather an optical volume equal to the product of area and solid angle. The power divided by the effective mode volume is proportional to the radiance of the light emitted by the fiber. References FS1037C Category Fiber optics ... more details
In fiber optics , the mode field diameter MFD is an expression of distribution of the irradiance , i.e. , the optical Power physics power per unit area, across the end face of a single Transverse mode mode fiber. For a Gaussian intensity i.e. power density, W m sup 2 sup distribution in a single mode optical fiber , the mode field physics field diameter is that at which the electric field electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced to 1 e of their maximum values, i.e., the diameter at which power density is reduced to 1 e sup 2 sup of the maximum power density, because the power density is Proportionality mathematics proportional to the square of the field strength . See also Beam diameter FS1037C Category Fiber optics ... more details
Multiple issues primary sources April 2012 refimprove April 2012 Wikisource The Land letter was a letter sent to U.S. President George W. Bush by five evangelicalism evangelical Christian leaders on October 3, 2002, outlining their support for a just war pre emptive 2003 invasion of Iraq invasion of Iraq . As its foundation for support, the letter refers to the criteria of just war theory as developed by Christian theologians in the late fourth and early fifth centuries A.D. The letter was written by Richard D. Land , president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention . It was co signed by Charles W. Colson Chuck Colson , founder of Prison Fellowship Ministries Bill Bright , chairman of Campus Crusade for Christ James Kennedy televangelist James Kennedy , president of Coral Ridge Ministries , and Carl D. Herbster, president of the American Association of Christian Schools The letter asserted that a Preemptive war pre emptive invasion of Iraq met the criteria of traditional just war theory because such an action would be defensive the intent is found to be just and noble. The United States does not intend to destroy, conquer, or exploit Iraq it is a last resort because Saddam Hussein had a record of attacking his neighbors, of the headlong pursuit and development of biochemical and nuclear weapons of mass destruction and their use against his own people, and harboring al Qaeda terrorist s it is authorized by a legitimate authority , namely the United States it has limited goals it has reasonable expectation of success non combatant immunity would be observed it meets the criteria of Proportionality law proportionality &mdash the human cost on both sides would be justified by the intended outcome See also opposition to the Iraq War Religious opposition Religious opposition to the Iraq War External links http erlc.com Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission homepage http erlc.com article the so called land letter Text of the Land le ... more details
An exaction is a concept in real property law where a condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires part of the land to be dedicated to public use . ref Casner, A.J. et. al. Cases and Text and Property, Fifth Edition. Aspen Publishers, New York, NY 2004, p. 1221 ref Exactions are similar to impact fees , which are direct payments to local governments instead of conditions on development. ref http www.law.ufl.edu conservation waterways waterfronts pdf exactions.pdf Exactions and Impact Fees. University of Florida Levin College of Law. ref Exactions and takings The Supreme Court of the United States has identified several criteria for identifying when an exaction becomes a taking that requires compensation under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fifth Amendment . ref Casner, p. 1221 ref Essential nexus In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission , the court ruled that an exaction is legitimate if it shares an essential nexus with the reasons that would allow rejection of the permit altogether. In Nollan the court required compensation for a public easement over the dry sand area of the beach as a condition for development, because they found that the easement was not closely related enough to fighting the psychological barrier to beach access that the development would present. ref Casner, p. 1208 ref Rough proportionality In Dolan v. City of Tigard , the court added that an exaction is legitimate only if the public benefit from the exaction is roughly proportional to burden imposed on the public by allowing the proposed land use that is, that the exaction is not excessive to compensate for the externality the proposed land use would impose. This rough proportionality must be shown by an individualized determination, with the burden on the government to show its evidence. In Dolan , the court required compensation for an exaction that required donation of land for a public greenway landscape greenway and bike path, because a ... more details
A scale factor is a number which scaling geometry scales , or multiplies, some quantity. In the equation y Cx , C is the scale factor for x . C is also the coefficient of x , and may be called the constant of proportionality of y to x . For example, doubling distances corresponds to a scale factor of 2 for distance, while cutting a cake in half results in pieces with a scale factor of . The basic equation for it is image over preimage. In the field of measurements, the scale factor of an instrument is sometimes referred to as sensitivity. See also Scale ratio Scale map Scale model Scales Scales of scale models Scaling geometry Scalar mathematics Scaling in gravity Scale parameter Estimation Scaling in statistical estimation Scale factor cosmology https sas.elluminate.com site external jwsdetect playback.jnlp?psid 2010 10 27.1443.M.07F32356C9A0277B892953B0B078DF.vcr&sid 7345 online vclass talking about scale factor Math stub Category Transforms ar ca Factor d escala de Skalenfaktor es Factores de escala coordenadas ortogonales fr Facteur d chelle ko nl Schaalfactor pl Czynnik skali fi Skaalatekij ... more details
File Simple inverse relationship chart.svg thumb Linear inverse relationship An inverse or negative relationship is a mathematical relationship in which one Variable mathematics variable , say y , decreases as another, say x , increases. For a linear straight line relation, this can be expressed as y a bx , where b is a constant value less than zero and a is a constant. For example, there is an inverse relationship between education and unemployment that is, as education increases, the rate of unemployment decreases. Inverse relationships and their counterpart, direct relationship s , are widely used in the physical science s to describe the relationship between two variables in an equation. In economic graph ing, two variables are said to have an inverse relationship if the graph line slopes downward to the right. See also Direct relationship Inverse relation Proportionality mathematics Category Elementary mathematics Inverse relationship math stub stat stub ar fr Relation inverse ... more details
unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Dicdef date February 2012 other uses Commensurability disambiguation Commensurability is the property of two orbit ing objects, such as planet s, Natural satellite satellites , or asteroid s, whose orbital period s are in a rational number rational proportionality mathematics proportion . Examples include the 2 3 commensurability between the orbital periods of Neptune and Pluto , the 3 4 commensurability between the orbital periods of the Saturn ian satellites Titan moon Titan and Hyperion moon Hyperion , the Kirkwood Gaps in the asteroid belt , and the 2 1 commensurability between the extrasolar planet s Gliese 876 b and Gliese 876 c. Commensurabilities are believed to result from orbital resonance effects. See also Harmonic Ratio astronomy stub DEFAULTSORT Commensurability Astronomy Category Asteroids Category Celestial mechanics Category Orbits Category Planetary satellites es Conmensurabilidad astronom a fr Commensurabilit astronomie zh ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
