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Encyclopedia results for Protein Structure Initiative

Protein Structure Initiative





Encyclopedia results for Protein Structure Initiative

  1. Protein Structure Initiative

    Image PSI Logo.png thumb right PSI logo The Protein Structure Initiative PSI is an ongoing effort begun ... function. ref name PSIReport 2007 cite web title Report of the Protein Structure Initiative Assessment ... for a subsequent production phase. ref name PSI 1 cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Pilot Phase Fact Sheet publisher Protein Structure Initiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov ... cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Production Phase Fact Sheet publisher Protein Structure ... and biomedical problems. ref name PSI Biology cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Biology publisher Protein Structure Initiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov Research FeaturedPrograms PSI psi biology ref Phase 1 The first phase of the Protein Structure Initiative ... journal author Adams M, Joachimiak A, Kim R et al. title 2003 NIH Protein Structure Initiative Workshop ... The second phase of the Protein Structure Initiative PSI 2 lasted from July 2005 to June 2010. Its goal ..., the Protein Structure Initiative had solved over 4,800 protein structures over 4,100 of these were ... Structure Initiative into the Protein Data Bank The number of sponsored research centers grew ... Structure Initiative Structural Biology Knowledgebase SBKB publisher Protein Structure Initiative ... of Dr. Joshua LaBaer, ref cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Launches New Resources for the Scientific ... Biology Funding Opportunities cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Biology Funding Opportunities publisher Protein Structure Initiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov ... Thing Off Some Thoughts on the Protein Structure Initiative author Moore, PG journal Structure year ... cite web title Protein Structure Initiative Advisory Committee PSIAC Recommendations for the Future ... Protein Structure Initiative http www.nigms.nih.gov Research FeaturedPrograms PSI psi biology psibiology ... and maintaining high throughput structural genomics pipelines, developing computational protein structure ...   more details



  1. Protein structure

    Refimprove date March 2009 In molecular biology protein structure describes the various levels of organization ... NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins. Protein ... are called conformational change s. Levels of protein structure File Main protein structure levels en.svg thumb left 250px Protein structure , from primary to quaternary structure. There are four distinct levels of protein structure. Primary structure Main Protein primary structure The primary structure ... where the amino group is not involved in a peptide bond. The primary structure of a protein is determined .... The sequence of a protein is unique to that protein, and defines the structure and function ... doi 10.1002 prot.21473 ref Tertiary structure Main Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to three dimensional structure of a single protein molecule. The alpha helices and beta sheets ... the burial of hydrophobic residues from water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein ... structure Main Protein quaternary structure Quaternary structure is a larger assembly of several protein ... alpha and two beta chains of hemoglobin . Domains, motifs, and folds in protein structure File Domain ... domain is an element of the protein s overall structure that is self stabilizing and often ... refer to short segments of protein three dimensional structure or amino acid sequence that were found ... structure from random coil . Protein structure determination Around 90 of the protein structures ... large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers. Structure classification .... Computational prediction of protein structure Main Protein structure prediction The generation of a protein sequence is much easier than the determination of a protein structure. However, the structure ..., a number of methods for the computational prediction of protein structure from its sequence ... methods can build a 3D model for a protein of unknown structure from experimental structures of evolutionary ...   more details



  1. Protein structure database

    see also Sequence database In biology , a protein structure database is a database that is data modeling modeled around the various protein structure Protein structure determination experimentally determined protein structure s. The aim of most protein structure databases is to organize and annotate the protein structures, providing the biological community access to the experimental data in a useful way. Data included in protein structure databases often includes three dimensional coordinates as well ... instances, in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein, also contain ... of entries. Protein structure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as Drug design Structure based structure based drug design , both in developing the computational ... about the function of a protein. The Protein Data Bank main Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank PDB was established in 1971 as the central archive of all experimentally determined protein structure ... protein structure databases Because the PDB releases data into the public domain , the data has been used in various other protein structure databases. Examples of protein structure databases include ... on biological macromolecular structures, and a member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank . http ispc.weizmann.ac.il oca docs oca home.html OCA a browser database for protein structure function The OCA ... that includes visuals of protein structure. Also, includes protein pathways and gene sequences including ... TOPSAN the Open Protein Structure Annotation Network &mdash a wiki designed to collect, share and distribute ..., the primary attribute of a structure database is structural information, whereas Sequence database ... Protein Data Bank wwPDB . The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single archive of macromolecular .... ModBase a database of three dimensional protein models calculated by comparative modeling http .... Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database OPM provides spatial positions of protein three dimensional ...   more details



  1. Protein quaternary structure

    In biochemistry , quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple protein folding folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi subunit complex. Description and examples Many proteins are actually ... are known as protein subunit s. In addition to the tertiary structure of the subunits, multiple subunit nowiki proteins nowiki possess a quaternary structure , which is the arrangement into which the subunits ... complexes also possess quaternary structure. Examples include nucleosome s and microtubule s. Changes in quaternary structure can occur through Protein conformation conformational changes within individual ... complexes before dissociating into monomers. Determination of quaternary structure Protein quaternary structure can be determined using a variety of experimental techniques that require a sample of protein ..., refs. ref Chou, Kuo Chen Chou & Yu Dong Cai 2003 Predicting protein quaternary structure by pseudo ... SH2 domains or proline rich segments SH3 domains . See also Protein primary structure Protein secondary structure Protein tertiary structure Structural biology References reflist External links http ... EBI &mdash Serves a list of the Probable Quaternary Structure PQS for every protein in the Protein ... protein protein interfaces in crystal structures of homologous proteins. Protein quaternary structure Biomolecular structure Category Protein structure Protein structure 4 Category Stereochemistry ... subunit. Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin , DNA polymerase ... a classical approach to biochemistry, established at times when the distinction between a protein and a functional, proteinaceous unit was difficult to elucidate. More recently, people refer to protein protein interaction when discussing quaternary structure of proteins and consider all assemblies of proteins as protein complex es. Nomenclature of quaternary structures The number of subunits ... by meric. border 1 valign top 1 monomer 2 protein dimer dimer 3 protein trimer trimer 4 tetramer protein ...   more details



  1. Protein tertiary structure

    In biochemistry and molecular biology , the tertiary structure of a protein or any other macromolecule is its three dimensional structure, as defined by the atomic coordinates. ref GoldBookRef title tertiary structure file T06282 ref Relationship to primary structure Tertiary structure is considered to be largely determined by the protein s primary structure the sequence of amino acid s of which it is composed. Efforts to predict tertiary structure from the primary structure are known generally as protein structure prediction . However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and allowed ... to be predicted and sequences of known structure in the Protein Data Bank and thus account for environment ... home. ref name foldhome Determinants of tertiary structure main Protein folding In globular ... Protein structure determination The majority of protein structures known to date have been solved ..., and since structure determination is relatively difficult, protein structure prediction has been a long standing problem. The first predicted structure of globular protein s was the cyclol ... Quaternary structure Structural biology Protein contact map Protein Contact Map Proteopedia , a collaborative ... protein bioinformatics http predictioncenter.gc.ucdavis.edu Center.html Critical Assessment of Structure ... www.cathdb.info CATH Protein Structure Classification http ekhidna.biocenter.helsinki.fi dali start ... Home Page a website for community annotation of PDB structures. Protein tertiary structure Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT Tertiary Structure Category Protein structure Protein structure 3 Category ... existing algorithm is yet able to consistently predict a proteins tertiary or quaternary structure given only its primary structure learning how to accurately predict the tertiary and quaternary structure of any protein given only its amino acid sequence and the pertinent cellular conditions would ... one stable configuration protein aggregation diseases such as Alzheimer s Disease and Huntington ...   more details



  1. Protein secondary structure

    Image Myoglobin.png thumb 200px A representation of the 3D structure of the myoglobin protein. alpha ... Protein Data Bank file format PDB file. The rough secondary structure content of a biopolymer ... spectrum. Secondary structure was introduced by Kaj Ulrik Linderstr m Lang at Stanford in 1952. Protein ... methods for defining protein secondary structure e.g. DEFINE, ref cite journal title Identification of structural motifs from protein coordinate data secondary structure and first level supersecondary ... based protein secondary structure assignment journal Proteins year 1995 volume 23 number 4 pages ... biochem tutorials prottute helices.htm title Interactive Protein Structure Tutorial author ... states The Dictionary of Protein Secondary Structure, in short DSSP, is commonly used to describe the protein secondary structure with single letter codes. The secondary structure is assigned based ... protein secondary structure assignment categories exist sharp turns, Omega loops etc. , but they are less ... structure is that of DSSP protein DSSP , which is a purely electrostatic model. It assigns charges ... accepted as a tool for defining secondary structure. Protein secondary structure prediction See also protein structure prediction Predicting protein tertiary structure from only its amino acid sequence is a very challenging problem see protein structure prediction , but using the simpler secondary ... protein adopts helical structure, rather than random coil. Several types of methods ... of tertiary structure , in all but the simplest protein structure prediction homology ... by secondary structure. See also Folding chemistry protein primary structure protein tertiary structure protein quaternary structure translation biology translation structural motif References references Further reading C Branden and J Tooze 1999 . Introduction to Protein Structure 2nd ed. Garland ... for protein secondary structure prediction Protein secondary structure Biomolecular structure Category ...   more details



  1. Graphical models for protein structure

    No footnotes date June 2010 Graphical model s have become powerful frameworks for protein structure prediction , protein protein interaction and Thermodynamic free energy free energy calculations for protein structures. Using a graphical model to represent the protein structure allows the solution of many problems including secondary structure prediction, protein protein interactions, protein drug interaction, and free energy calculations. There are two main approaches to use graphical models in protein structure modeling. The first approach uses discrete variables for representing coordinates or dihedral angle s of the protein structure. The variables are originally all continuous values and, to transform ... for protein structure Markov random field s, also known as undirected graphical models are common representations ... Let X X sub b sub , X sub s sub be the random variables representing the entire protein structure. X ... all other angles in the protein. To extract this structure, researchers use a distance threshold ... constant . Using a PDB file, this model can be built over the protein structure. From this model free ... Graphical Models For Protein Structure Category Graphical models Category Protein methods Category Computational ..., by a sequence of bond length s and dihedral angle s. The probability of a particular Protein structure conformation x can then be written as math p X x Theta p X b x b p X s x s X b, Theta ..., and the problem is then transformed to a side chain placement problem. The structure of the graph is also encoded in math Theta math . This structure shows which two variables are conditionally ... graphical models for protein structures Graphical models can still be used when the variables ... models of protein structures Gaussian graphical models are multivariate probability distributions ... of each other. To learn the graph structure as a multivariate Gaussian graphical model, we can use ... a graph structure and the edge strength of the connected nodes. An edge strength corresponds to the potential ...   more details



  1. Protein structure prediction

    Protein structure prediction is the prediction of the three dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence that is, the prediction of its Protein secondary structure secondary , Protein tertiary structure tertiary , and Protein quaternary structure quaternary structure from its Protein ... problem of protein design . Protein structure prediction is one of the most important goals pursued ... Structure Prediction . Protein structure and terminology Proteins are chains of amino acids ... in the protein structure. The 20 amino acids can be classified according to the chemistry of the side ... not have a side chain and therefore can increase the local flexibility in the protein structure ... stabilizing the whole structure. The protein structure can be considered as a sequence of secondary ... different protein sequences from different evolutionary origins may fold into a similar structure ... side groups within the tertiary three dimensional or quaternary protein subunit structure that can ... structures. 16.Primary structure refers to the linear amino acid sequence of a protein, which chemically ... fit poorly at sequential positions in a known protein structure. Profile columns represent sequential ... score provides an indication as to whether or not the target protein might adopt such a structure. 19.Quaternary structure is the three dimensional configuration of a protein molecule comprising several ... the local secondary structure s of protein s and RNA sequences based only on knowledge of their primary ... to the X ray crystallography crystal structure of the protein for nucleic acids, it may be determined ... this high accuracy allows the use of the predictions in fold recognition and ab initio protein structure ... of current protein secondary structure prediction methods is assessed in weekly Benchmark ... AV year 1965 title Influence of Amino Acid Sequence on Protein Structure journal Biophys. J. pmid 5884309 ... It is reported that in addition to the protein sequence, secondary structure formation depends ...   more details



  1. Protein primary structure

    File Protein primary structure.svg thumb 250px A protein primary structure is a chain of amino acid s. The primary structure of peptides and proteins refers to amino acid sequence the linear sequence of its amino acid Structural unit structural units . The term primary structure was first coined by Kaj Ulrik Linderstr m Lang Linderstr m Lang in 1951. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino terminal N end to the carboxyl terminal C end. Primary structure ... in the Hedgehog protein autoprocessing. History of protein primary structure The proposal that proteins ... , but nucleic acid and protein folding are so complex that knowing the primary structure often doesn ... , Adv. Protein Chem. , 7 , 1 67. Fruton JS. 1979 Early theories of protein structure , Ann .... ISBN 0 387 52830 X Protein primary structure Biomolecular structure Category Protein structure Protein structure 1 Category Stereochemistry ca Estructura prim ria de les prote nes de Prim rstruktur ... polymers, so their primary structure can often be specified by the sequence of amino acid s along ... structure also requires specifying the cross linking atoms, e.g., specifying the cysteine s involved in the protein s disulfide bonds. Other crosslinks include desmosine... The chiral centers ..., which cannot be cleaved by most protease s. Finally, the protein can undergo a variety of posttranslational ... . methylation Several protein residues can be methylated, most notably the positive groups of lysine ... diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis . Ubiquitin ubiquitination and SUMO protein SUMOylation ... that the ubiquitin tagged protein should be degraded. Most of the polypeptide modifications listed above occur post translationally , i.e., after the protein has been synthesized on the ribosome , typically ... in biological systems. Modifications of primary structure In addition to those listed above, the most important modification of primary structure is peptide cleavage See Protease . Proteins ...   more details



  1. Software for protein structure visualization

    Multiple issues context July 2009 refimprove July 2009 This list of software for protein structure visualization is a compilation of bioinformatics software used to view protein structure s. Such tools are commonly used in molecular biology , and bioinformatics . border 0 align center style border 1px solid 999 background color FFFFFF align left bgcolor CCCCCC NAME Link Author BioBlender http www.bioblender.eu BioBlender official web site SciVis team Visual Molecular Dynamics http www.ks.uiuc.edu Research vmd VMD official website Jmol http www.jmol.org Jmol official web site Jmol development team Geneious Geneious Pro implemented Jmol viewer as part of an all in one sequence analysis software package http www.geneious.com Geneious homepage Geneious development team PyMOL http www.pymolwiki.org index.php Main Page PyMOL Wiki Warren Lyford DeLano RasMol http www.rasmol.org Official website Roger Sayle UCSF Chimera http www.rbvi.ucsf.edu chimera Official website UCSF RBVI STING http www.cbi.cnptia.embrapa.br SMS STAR STING Friend http ilyinlab.org friend Valentin Ilyin http www.molsystems.com vp3ds.html VisProt3DS 3D Stereoscopic view anaglyth, side by side, hardware http www.molsystems.com vp3ds.html Official website Nick Vtyurin http polyview.cchmc.org polyview3d.html Polyview 3D Web based high resolution static views and animations using Pymol or Rasmol http polyview.cchmc.org polyview3d.html Official website Aleksey Porollo & Jarek Meller See also Biological data visualization List of molecular graphics systems List of Open Source Bioinformatics software List of software for molecular mechanics modeling List of nucleic acid simulation software Molecular graphics Category Bioinformatics Category Lists of software Protein Structure Category Bioinformatics software science software stub ...   more details



  1. De novo protein structure prediction

    In computational biology , de novo protein structure prediction is the task of estimating a protein s tertiary structure from its primary structure sequence alone. The problem is very difficult and has occupied leading scientists for decades. Research has focused in three areas alternate lower resolution representations of proteins, accurate energy functions, and efficient sampling methods. At present, the most successful methods have a reasonable probability of predicting the fold of a small protein domain within 5 angstrom s. Citation needed date November 2008 ref name pande 2002 De novo protein structure prediction methods attempt to predict tertiary structures from sequences based on general principles that govern protein folding energetics and or statistical tendencies of conformational features that native structures acquire, without the use of explicit protein threading templates . A general paradigm for de novo prediction involves sampling Configuration space conformation space .... To predict protein structure de novo for larger proteins will require better algorithms and larger ..., the potential benefits of structural genomics by predicted or experimental methods make de novo structure prediction an active research field. See also Protein structure prediction Protein structure prediction software Protein design References Reflist refs ref name samudrala 1998a Samudrala R, Moult J. An all atom distance dependent conditional probability discriminatory function for protein structure ... & Baker, D. 2001 . Ab Initio Protein Structure Prediction Progress and Prospects. Annu. Rev. Biophys ... Foldit http fold.it portal Category Bioinformatics Category Protein structure Category Protein methods protein stub bioinformatics stub ... of the properties of native protein conformations ref name samudrala 1998a . De novo methods tend ... Pande, Baker, et.al. Atomistic protein folding simulations on the hundreds of microsecond timescale ...   more details



  1. Open protein structure annotation network

    infobox biodatabase title TOPSAN logo File Database.png description collaborative annotation environment for structural genomics. scope organism center Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute laboratory Joint Center for Structural Genomics author Dana Weekes pmid Weekes & al. 2010 ref name pmid20716366 released 2010 standard format url http www.topsan.org. download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The Open Protein Structure Annotation Network TOPSAN is a wiki designed to collect, share and distribute information about Protein structure protein three dimensional structures ref name pmid20716366 cite journal quotes yes last Weekes first Dana authorlink coauthors Krishna S Sri, Bakolitsa Constantina, Wilson Ian A, Godzik Adam, Wooley John year 2010 month title TOPSAN a collaborative annotation environment for structural genomics journal BMC Bioinformatics volume 11 issue pages 426 publisher location England issn pmid 20716366 doi 10.1186 1471 2105 11 426 bibcode oclc id url pmc 2936398 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also protein structure External links http www.topsan.org. Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Protein structure Category Wikis ...   more details



  1. List of protein structure prediction software

    This list of protein structure prediction software summarizes commonly used software tools in protein structure prediction , including homology modeling , protein threading , ab initio methods, Protein structure prediction Secondary structure secondary structure prediction , and transmembrane helix and signal ... phyre server Protinfo CM Comparative modelling of protein structure using minimum perturbation and loop ... main article De novo protein structure prediction class wikitable style text align center Name ... fragement structure reassembly On line server for protein modeling http zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu ... bioserv.rpbs.univ paris diderot.fr PEP FOLD Server Secondary structure prediction main article Protein ... structure prediction software Category Lists of software Category Protein methods Category Protein ... urbm bioinfo esypred server FoldX Energy calculations and protein design Downloadable program ... http robetta.org server BHAGEERATH H Combination of ab initio folding and homology methods Protein tertiary structure predictions http www.scfbio iitd.res.in bhageerath bhageerath h.jsp server Selvita Protein Modeling Platform Package of tools for protein modeling Free demo, interactive webserver and standalone program including BLAST search, CABS modeling, 3D threading, Psi Pred secondary structure prediction http www.selvita.com selvita protein modeling platform.html Home page SWISS MODEL Local ... servers html index.html Webinterface Threading fold recognition main article Protein threading class wikitable style text align center Name Method Description Link RaptorX software for protein ... structure Webserver http bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk psipred main page MUSTER profile profile alignment Webserver ... download br http ttic.uchicago.edu jinbo articles Selvita Protein Modeling Platform Package of tools for protein modeling Free demo, interactive webserver and standalone program including 3D threading and flexible 3d threading http www.selvita.com selvita protein modeling platform.html Home page ...   more details



  1. Structure specific recognition protein 1

    PBB geneid 6749 Structure specific recognition protein 1 , also known as SSRP1 , is a human protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SSRP1 structure specific recognition protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 6749 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of a heterodimer that, along with SUPT16H, forms chromatin transcriptional elongation factor FACT biology .... This encoded protein contains a high mobility group box which most likely constitutes the structure recognition element for cisplatin modified DNA. This protein also functions as a co activator of the transcriptional activator p63. ref name entrez Interactions Structure specific recognition protein 1 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with NEK9 . ref name pmid14660563 cite .... title Nek9, a novel FACT associated protein, modulates interphase progression journal J. Biol. Chem ... group box protein that recognizes structural distortions to DNA caused by binding of the anticancer ..., et al. title Isolation of cDNAs encoding a human protein that binds selectively to DNA modified by the anticancer ... Dyer MA, Hayes PJ, Baron MH title The HMG domain protein SSRP1 PREIIBF is involved in activation ... factor and the high mobility group protein SSRP1. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue 22 ... the nuclear high mobility group HMG protein SSRP1 in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ... pmc 207616 cite journal author Tan BC, Lee SC title Nek9, a novel FACT associated protein, modulates ... doi 10.1074 jbc.M311477200 refend External links MeshName SSRP1 protein, human gene 11 stub NLM ... controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template PBB Controls for details. PBB Controls update page yes require manual inspection no update protein box yes update summary no update citations yes ...   more details



  1. Initiative

    dablink This piece is about the popular or citizens initiative. For alternative meanings of initiative , see Initiative disambiguation . In political science , an initiative also known as a popular or citizens initiative is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered ... of the day. It is a form of direct democracy . The initiative may take the form of either the direct initiative or indirect initiative . Under the direct initiative, a measure is put directly to a vote after being submitted by a petition. Under the indirect initiative, a measure is first referred ... with the legislature . Such a vote is known, when originating in the initiative process, as an initiative ... a constitutional article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution. The right of initiative ... system does not. If the necessary number of supporters is reached, the initiative will be put ... an amendment, and one for which one they want, the original one from the initiative or the one introduced ... for the initiative was included in the 1922 constitution of the Irish Free State but was hastily ... 1937 constitution has no initiative. United States Main article Initiatives and referendums in the United States The United States has no initiative process at the national level, but the initiative ... granted to the United States Congress Congress of the United States . Establishing a national initiative ... amendments, probably no initiative could have lawfully been voted on notwithstanding the bills passage ..., both the Abourezk Hatfield National Voter Initiative and the Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee ... in the United States initiative and referendum originated in the state of South Dakota . South Dakota adopted initiative and referendum in 1898 by a vote of 23,816 to 16,483. Oregon was the second ... European Union Union level main European Citizens Initiative The rejected Treaty establishing ... for Europe TCE included a limited indirect initiative right Article I 46 4 . The proposal of introducing ...   more details



  1. The Initiative

    otheruses Infobox television episode Title The Initiative Image File The Initiative.jpg 230px Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 4 Episode 7 Airdate November 16, 1999 Production 4ABB07 Writer Doug Petrie Director James A. Contner Guests Marc Blucas as Riley Finn Mercedes McNab as Harmony Kendall Adam Kaufman actor Adam Kaufman as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Parker Abrams Parker Abrams Bailey Chase as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Graham Miller Graham Miller Leonard Roberts as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Forrest Gates Forrest Gates Lindsay Crouse as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Maggie Walsh Maggie Walsh Mace Lombard as Tom Scott Becker as Lost Freshman Episode list List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Prev Wild at Heart Buffy the Vampire Slayer Wild at Heart Next Pangs The Initiative is the seventh episode of season 4 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Written by Doug Petrie and directed by James A. Contner , it originally aired on November 16, 1999 on the The WB Television Network WB network . In The Initiative , Spike is imprisoned in an underground demon research facility, and Riley realizes he has a crush on Buffy. Plot Riley Finn Riley and a couple of friends, Forest and Graham, watch Buffy Summers ... to have drunk the drugged blood, and when the doctors come to get him he attacks. He escapes the Initiative ... The vast set for the Initiative, revealed for the first time in this episode, was filmed at a Skunk ... of the Initiative is established. This episode marks the first of many references to Spike as a neutered animal, or an impotent man, now that he has the Initiative installed inhibitor chip in his ... and Graham, Riley s teammates in the Initiative, and the final appearance of Parker Abrams. References ... 1999 television episodes es The Initiative fr Intrigues en sous sol tr The Initiative ...   more details



  1. Protein A

    Pfam box Symbol SpA Name Protein A image Protein A 1DEE 1L6X.png width caption Structure of a domain of protein A as a three helix bundle binding to the heavy variable chain of a VH3 human Fab ref name ... JB, Silverman GJ. title Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab ... month May pmid 10805799 doi pmc 25840 ref left. Minimized protein A bound to Fc fragment of Rituximab ... April pmid 10754313 doi ref Pfam InterPro SMART PROSITE SCOP 1DEE TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1dee , PDB2 1l6x Protein A is a 56 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found ... and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody binding Protein A binds with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b. Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human IgM ... or IgD , nor will it react to mouse IgM, IgA or IgE. The capacity of protein A to bind antibodies with such high .... The protein A used for production of antibodies in bio pharmaceuticals is most commonly bound to a stationary phase chromatography resin. Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L are all ... Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors to aid its survival and, thus, virulence. Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed ... toxin. J. Exp. Med. 2003 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein ... form of Protein A is called MabSelect. ref http www.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content 17D93C2E6A580E57C1257628001CE677 file 18114994AE.pdf ref Protein A is often coupled to other molecules .... Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as blood serum serum or ascites fluid, or coupled with one ...   more details



  1. Protein

    thumb right A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X ray crystallography ... chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity .... Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable tertiary structure ... structure conformation . Synthesis Main Protein biosynthesis Image Ribosome mRNA translation en.svg ... Protein structure Further2 Protein structure prediction File Chaperonin 1AON.png thumb 300px right The crystal structure of the chaperonin. Chaperonins assist protein folding. File Proteinviews 1tim.png thumb 300px Three possible representations of the three dimensional structure of the protein triose ... distinct aspects of a protein s structure ref Murray et al ., pp. 30 34. ref Primary structure the peptide ... can be present in the same protein molecule. Tertiary structure the overall shape of a single protein ... fold . The tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein. Quaternary structure the structure formed by several protein molecules polypeptide chains , usually called protein ... Discovering the tertiary structure of a protein, or the quaternary structure of its complexes, can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function. Common experimental methods of structure ... by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes. Protein structure prediction ... structure of the protein, which defines the binding site pocket, and by the chemical properties ... directed mutagenesis , researchers can alter the protein sequence and hence its structure, cellular ... prediction and simulation Main protein structure prediction List of protein structure prediction software Complementary to the field of structural genomics, protein structure prediction seeks to develop ... as homology modeling , relies on the existence of a template structure with sequence similarity to the protein ...   more details



  1. Protein S

    Primary structure of bovine vitamin K dependent protein S journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ...PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b binding protein C4BP . In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 ... B, Stenflo J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator ... url ref In 1979, researchers in Seattle , Washington first discovered protein S and arbitrarily ... X Stuart factor , and protein S journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 4 pages 698 706 year 1977 ... RG, Davie EW title Characterization of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein ... March pmid 420821 doi 10.1021 bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation .... ref name pmid18695379 cite journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein ... 18695379 doi 10.1097 MOH.0b013e328309ec97 url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal ... such as macrophages . Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein ... lead to Protein S deficiency which is a rare blood disorder which can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis ... R, Daly ME title The prevalence of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency ... author Garc a de Frutos P, Fuentes Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency ... doi url ref Interactions Protein S has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Factor ... 621 635 of protein S are essential for binding to factor Va journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue ...   more details



  1. Supersecondary structure

    A supersecondary structure is a compact three dimensional protein structure of several adjacent elements of secondary structure that is smaller than a protein domain or a protein subunit subunit . Supersecondary structures can act as nucleation s in the process of protein folding . Examples include Beta hairpin hairpins , helix hairpins, and motifs. See also Structural motif Further reading cite journal author Chiang YS, Gelfand TI, Kister AE, Gelfand IM title New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage. journal Proteins. volume 68 issue 4 pages 915 921 year 2007 pmid 17557333 doi 10.1002 prot.21473 DEFAULTSORT Supersecondary Structure Category Protein structural motifs ...   more details



  1. Protein database

    Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ...   more details



  1. Structure (disambiguation)

    wiktionary structure The structure of a thing is how the parts of it relate to each other, how it is assembled . Structure may also refer to Architectural structure , a man made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy Building , Non building structure & Building disambiguation Canopy ecology structure, organization or three dimensional geometry of a plant canopy Community ecology structure, ecological organization of a biological community Chemical structure , the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule Protein structure Crystal structure , structure of liquids and glasses , the spatial arrangement of ions, atoms, or molecules in condensed matter Data structure , a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently Mathematical structure on a set, additional mathematical objects that in some manner attach to the set, making it easier to visualize or work with, or endowing the collection with meaning or significance Structure mathematical logic Algebraic structure Social structure , a pattern of relations Structure and agency , two confronted theories about human behaviour Structural geology , the three dimensional distribution of rock bodies and their planar or folded surfaces, and their internal fabrics Deep structure logical language structure in linguistics The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , a book by Thomas Kuhn on the history of science Structure journal , a scientific journal describing protein structure s Large scale structure of the cosmos Capital structure Financial structure , a cocept within structured finance Structure, the former name for the Express Men clothing brand Structures Structures Boulez , composition Structures album , by John Digweed Structures from Silence , album by Steve Roach Structures of Death , album by Fleshcrawl See also Struct disambiguation disambig ar br Framm da Struktur flertydig fr Structure gl Estrutura it Struttura hu Strukt ra egy rtelm s t ...   more details



  1. Protein family

    protein structure three dimensional structures , functions, and significant sequence similarity ... critical to the structure and function of the protein . For example, the active site of an enzyme ... of protein function in a given phylogenetic branch. The Enzyme Function Initiative EFI is using protein families and superfamilies as the basis for development of a sequence structure based strategy ... similarity. See also Related articles homology biology homology protein structure protein domains ... structure resources Structural classification of proteins SCOP CATH InterPro Protein families ... by the structures of the isomerase domain s of some of its members. A protein family is a group of evolution arily related protein s, and is often nearly synonymous with gene family . The term protein family should not be confused with Family biology family as it is used in taxonomy. Proteins ... tool for identifying the members of protein families. Currently, over 60,000 protein families have been defined, ref V.Kunin, I. Cases, A.J. Enrigh, V. de Lorenzo, C.A. Ouzounis, Myriads of protein families ... ambiguity in the definition of protein family leads different researchers to wildly varying numbers. Terminology and usage As with many biological terms, the use of protein family is somewhat context ... dimensional structure, or any kind of group in between. To distinguish between these situations, Dayhoff introduced the concept of a protein superfamily. ref Dayhoff, M.O., Computer analysis of protein sequences, Fed. Proc. 33, 2314 2316, 1974. ref ref Dayhoff, M.O., McLaughlin, P.J., Barker, W.C., and Hunt, L.T., Evolution of sequences within protein superfamilies,Naturwissenschaften 62, 154 161, 1975. ref ref Dayhoff, M.O., The origin and evolution of protein superfamilies, Fed. Proc. 35, 2132 2138, 1976. ref Other terms such as protein class , protein group , and protein sub family ... these terms are being used in a particular context. Protein domains and motifs The concept of protein ...   more details



  1. Structure (journal)

    italictitle Infobox journal title Structure cover editor Christopher D. Lima and Andrej Sali discipline Protein structure abbreviation Structure publisher Cell Press country United States frequency 12 year history 1993 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.cell.com structure home link1 http www.cell.com structure archive link1 name Archives link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 28867361 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0969 2126 eISSN boxwidth Structure is a peer review ed scientific journal founded by Wayne A. Hendrickson , Carl Ivar Br nd n and Alan R. Fersht in September 1993. It focuses on protein structure and related issues. The journal is published monthly by Cell Press . The current editors are Christopher D. Lima and Andrej Sali . Reed Elsevier journal stub Category Biochemistry journals Category Cell Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1993 ...   more details



  1. Biomolecular structure

    Biomolecular structure is the structure of biomolecule s, mainly protein s and the nucleic acid s DNA and RNA . The structure of these molecules is frequently decomposed into primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided ... recognizable domains of protein structure and nucleic acid structure , including secondary structure ... . Primary structure Main Protein primary structure Nucleic acid primary structure In biochemistry , the Primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition ... sequence. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino terminal ... doi 10.1016 0092 8674 81 90522 5 ref Secondary structure Main Protein secondary structure Nucleic ... assign its secondary structure by eye and record their assignments in the corresponding Protein ... structure prediction software . Tertiary structure Main Protein tertiary structure Nucleic acid tertiary structure In biochemistry and molecular biology , the tertiary structure of a protein or any other ... Main Protein quaternary structure Nucleic acid quaternary structure In biochemistry , quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple protein folding folded protein or coiling protein molecules ... issue 9 pages 4899 903 ref or spliceosome . Structure determination Main Protein structure determination ... and the structure distances computed using RNAdistance. Main Protein structure prediction Nucleic ... structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence, or of a nucleic acid from its Nucleobase ... structure. Structure prediction is the inverse of biomolecular design. Protein structure prediction ... and beta sheet s for proteins. The terms primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure were ..., un crosslinked biopolymer such as a molecule of DNA , RNA or typical intracellular protein , the primary structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its monomer ic subunits, e.g., the nucleotide ...   more details




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