Unreferenced date December 2009 Proteincatabolism is the breakdown of protein s into amino acid s and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids RNA and ribosome s. Proteincatabolism, which is the breakdown of macromolecules , is essentially a digestion process. Proteincatabolism is most commonly carried out by non specific endo and exo proteases . However specific proteases are used for cleaving of proteins for regulatory and protein trafficking purposes. One example is the subclass of proteolytic enzymes called oligopeptidase . The amino acids produced by catabolism may be directly recycled, used to make new amino acids, or undergo amino acid catabolism to be converted to other compounds via the Krebs cycle . See also amino acid synthesis . See also Anabolism Metabolism Protein metabolism DEFAULTSORT ProteinCatabolism Category Metabolism Metabolism stub ca Catabolisme de les prote nes es Catabolismo de prote nas sr Proteinski katabolizam ... more details
Image Catabolism schematic.svg thumb 250px right Schematical diagram For the related metabolic process, see anabolism . Catabolism Greek kata downward ballein to throw is the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy . ref cite web url http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iupac bioinorg CD.html 8 title Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry Catabolism accessdate 2007 10 30 last de Bolster first M.W.G. year 1997 publisher International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ref In catabolism, large molecules such as polysaccharide s, lipid s, nucleic acid s and protein s are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharide s, fatty acid s, nucleotide s, and amino acid s, respectively. As molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are made from long chains of these small monomer units mono one mer part , the large molecules are called polymer s poly many . Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules, or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing ... triphosphate ATP . This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy requiring reactions that make up anabolism . Catabolism therefore provides ... include glycolysis , the citric acid cycle , the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino ... tissue to fatty acid s. There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormone ... had an anti proteolytic effect, and in fact suppressed catabolism rather than promoted it. ref cite web title Effects of epinephrine on human muscle glucose and protein metabolism url http ajpendo.physiology.org ... epinephrine greatly decreased the rate of muscle catabolism. ref cite pmid 11500299 noedit ref ... catabolism References reflist metabolism Category Metabolism ar bg ca Catabolisme ... oc Catabolisme pl Katabolizm pt Catabolismo ru sq Katabolizmi simple Catabolism sl Katabolizem ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds. Energy is secured by mitochondrion mitochondria in the form of Adenosine triphosphate ATP . There are several different types of carbohydrate s polysaccharide s e.g., starch , amylopectin , glycogen , cellulose , monosaccharide s e.g., glucose , galactose , fructose , ribose and the disaccharide s e.g., maltose , lactose . Glucose reacts with oxygen in the following redox reaction, C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6O sub 2 sub 6CO sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O, the carbon dioxide and water is a waste product and the chemical reaction is exothermic. The breakdown of glucose into energy in the form of molecules of adenosine triphosphate ATP is therefore one of the most important Metabolic pathway biochemical pathways found in living organisms. Anaerobic respiration is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen . Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration is the pathway where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen . Glycolysis Main Glycolysis The six carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three carbon pyruvate molecules yielding two adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules and two high energy NADH molecules. Anaerobic respiration Main Anaerobic respiration Without oxidative phosphorylation , the NADH molecules cannot be converted to ATP. When all the NAD molecules have been converted to NADH, glycolysis will stop unless the NAD is regenerated by fermentation biochemistry fermentation . Aerobic respiration Main Cellular respiration Pyruvate oxidation The three carbon pyruvate molecule loses a carbon atom and is shepherded into the citric acid cycle by coenzyme A . The Citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle The acetyl ... chain . See also cellular respiration Carbohydrate metabolism DEFAULTSORT Carbohydrate Catabolism ... more details
Pfam box Symbol SpA Name Protein A image Protein A 1DEE 1L6X.png width caption Structure of a domain of protein A as a three helix bundle binding to the heavy variable chain of a VH3 human Fab ref name ... JB, Silverman GJ. title Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab ... month May pmid 10805799 doi pmc 25840 ref left. Minimized protein A bound to Fc fragment of Rituximab ... April pmid 10754313 doi ref Pfam InterPro SMART PROSITE SCOP 1DEE TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1dee , PDB2 1l6x Protein A is a 56 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found ... and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody binding Protein A binds with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b. Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human IgM ... or IgD , nor will it react to mouse IgM, IgA or IgE. The capacity of protein A to bind antibodies with such high .... The protein A used for production of antibodies in bio pharmaceuticals is most commonly bound to a stationary phase chromatography resin. Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L are all ... Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors to aid its survival and, thus, virulence. Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed ... toxin. J. Exp. Med. 2003 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein ... form of Protein A is called MabSelect ref http www.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content 17D93C2E6A580E57C1257628001CE677 file 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules ... beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as blood serum serum or ascites fluid, or coupled with one ... more details
PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle , Washington first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city ... , and protein S journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 4 pages 698 706 year 1977 month February pmid ... Characterization of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human ... 10.1021 bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor ... cite journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr ... MOH.0b013e328309ec97 url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which ... . Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... such as inflammation occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... P, Fuentes Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb ... Protein S has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... Y, Rosing J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein ... of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated ... more details
About a class of molecules protein as a nutrient Protein nutrient other uses pp semi indef File Myoglobin.png thumb right A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X ray crystallography ... folded into a globular protein globular or fibrous protein fibrous form, facilitating a biological ... . The peptide sequence sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the DNA sequence sequence ... archaea pyrrolysine . Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often ... to form stable protein complex es. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharide ... acid s from food. Through the process of digestion , animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins may be protein purification purified from ... made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein ... chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity ... linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. ref Murray ... structures of the peptide bond that links individual amino acids to form a protein polymer The peptide ... angle s in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone. ref Murray et al ., p. 31. ref The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C terminus .... The words protein , polypeptide, and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning. Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable tertiary structure ... structure conformation . Synthesis Main Protein biosynthesis Image Ribosome mRNA translation en.svg thumb A ribosome produces a protein using mRNA as template. File Genetic code.svg thumb The DNA ... more details
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemistry biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of protein synthesis proteins and amino acid synthesis amino acids , and the breakdown of proteins and other large molecules, too by proteincatabolismcatabolism . Protein synthesis Main article Protein biosynthesis . Protein biosynthesis relies on four processes amino acid synthesis RNA synthesis Transcription genetics transcription Translation genetics translation Protein anabolism is the process by which protein are formed from amino acids aka anabolic amino acid synthesis . Protein breakdown See Proteolysis Proteincatabolism is the process by which proteins are broken down to their amino acids. This is also called proteolysis . This can be followed by further amino acid degradation . Metabolism DEFAULTSORT Protein Metabolism Category Metabolism Metabolism stub cs B lkovina Metabolismus b lkovin sr Proteinski metabolizam th ... more details
wiktionarypar proteinProtein is an organic compound made of amino acids. Protein may also refer to Protein nutrient Protein band See also List of topics related to protein disambig es Prote na desambiguaci n lv Prote ni noz mju atdal ana ... more details
Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ... more details
A binding protein is any protein that acts as an agent to Molecular binding bind two or more molecules together. Examples include DNA binding protein Single strand binding protein Telomere binding protein RNA binding protein Poly A binding protein Nuclear cap binding protein complex CREB binding protein Calcium binding protein Calcium binding protein 1 S100 calcium binding protein A1 TATA binding protein Actin binding protein Penicillin binding proteins Retinol binding protein Retinol binding protein 4 EP300 Binding immunoglobulin protein Odorant binding protein Lipopolysaccharide binding protein C4b binding protein Rap GTP binding protein Calmodulin binding proteins Iron binding proteins Thyroxine binding proteins Folate binding protein Sterol regulatory element binding protein GTP binding protein Retinaldehyde binding protein 1 Ccaat enhancer binding proteins Androgen binding protein Maltose binding protein Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 Syntaxin binding protein 3 Insulin like growth factor binding protein Methyl CpG binding domain protein 2 Growth hormone binding protein Vitamin D binding protein Syntaxin binding protein 2 Oxysterol binding protein E3 binding protein Iron responsive element binding protein Polypyrimidine tract binding protein Fatty acid binding protein Myosin binding protein C, cardiac CPE binding protein Category Proteins biochem stub ... more details
Protein supplement may refer to Dietary supplement s Bodybuilding supplement Protein Bodybuilding supplement Protein bar See also Protein Disambig ... more details
Protein K may refer to Protein K porin , a porin expressed in pathogenic strains of E. coli Protein K gene expression , a DNA and RNA binding protein expressed in the nucleus of eukaryotes disambig ... more details
Citrullinated protein may refer to Any protein having undergone citrullination The proteins often cyclic ones being the targets of anti citrullinated protein antibody anti citrullinated protein antibodies disambig ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Protein detoxification is the process by which proteins containing Methyl group methylated arginine are broken down and removed from the body. Arginine Arg is a non essential amino acid and one of the most commonly occurring natural amino acids. Methylated arginine is a modified version of arginine that is commonly formed from protein arginine arginine incorporated in protein ... protein turnover. The protein detoxification pathway eliminates free methylated arginine derivatives ... 46 186 202 ref . Therapeutic strategies that target the protein detoxification pathway aim to reduce ... delay the development of disorders associated with ageing. File Protein detoxification pathway.jpg thumb none left 750px alt Protein detoxification pathway Protein detoxification pathway. History In 1970, it was demonstrated that protein turnover releases the free methylated arginine derivatives ... dimethylaminohydrolase Br J Pharmacol 1996 119 8 1533 40 ref . To describe the process of protein turnover, the elimination of free methylated arginine derivatives and the catabolism of the two asymmetrically ... Trevor Tingate coined the term protein detoxification in 2010. Synthesis and clearance Protein arginine methylation occurs posttranslationally and is catalysed by protein arginine methyltransferase ... acid. The methylation of protein arginine plays an important role in the regulation of many cell processes ... Review An Emerging Regulator of Protein Function Molecular Cell 2005 18 263 272 ref . During protein turnover three arginine methylated derivatives are released L NMMA, SDMA and ADMA. SDMA is not directly ... 1orh EBI.jpg Protein arginine N methyltransferase 1 PRMT1 File PDB 1h70 EBI.jpg Dimethylarginine ... Methylarginine.png N methyl L arginine L NMMA gallery PRMTs Protein arginine methyltransferase s PRMTs ... the three leading causes of death in later years. Protein detoxification removes free methylarginines ... the protein detoxification pathway. This can be achieved by a combination of dietary, behavioural ... more details
M protein may refer to M protein Streptococcus , a virulence factor of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes Another name for viral matrix protein , non structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus capsid Another name for paraprotein , an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, often seen in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance MGUS disambiguation cs M protein ... more details
Protein fingerprinting can refer to any of the several methods for identifying or differentiating proteins Peptide mass fingerprinting , a method developed in 1993 that uses protein mass spectrometry following SDS PAGE Older techniques using two dimensional chromatography and or protein electrophoresis Disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2009 MASP is a protein name abbreviation of Mannan binding lectin MBL associated serine protease. See also MASP2 protein Category Human proteins protein stub ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Protein subfamily is a level of protein classification, especially protein 3D structures. It is under protein family. Protein family in SCOP Structural Classification of Proteins means the members are all related evolutionarily and they share very similar structures with functional similarities. Protein subfamily is when the family members share the same interaction interfaces and interaction partners. This more strict criterion forces that all the subfamily members have to share functionally related. External links http www.scop.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk scop SCOP DB at Cambridge UK http cathdb.info CATH protein structure DB http proteinsubfamily.org ProteinSubfamily wiki portal protein stub Category Proteins Category Protein classification anchor foo ... more details
Rice protein is a vegetarian protein that, for some, is more easily digestible than whey protein . Brown rice can be treated with enzyme s that will cause carbohydrate s to separate from proteins. The resulting protein powder is then sometimes flavored or added to smoothies or health shake s. Rice protein has a more distinct taste than most other forms of protein powder. Like whey hydrosylate, this flavor is not effectively masked by most flavorings however, the taste of rice protein is usually considered to be less unpleasant than the bitter taste of whey hydrosylate. This unique rice protein flavor may even be preferred to artificial flavorings by consumers of rice protein. Rice protein is commonly mixed with pea protein powder. Rice protein is high in the sulfur containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, but low in lysine. Pea protein, on the other hand, is low in cysteine and methionine but high in lysine. Thus, the combination of rice and pea protein offer a superior amino acid profile that is comparable to dairy or egg proteins, but without the potential for allergies or intestinal issues that some users have with those proteins. Moreover, the light, fluffy texture of pea protein tends to smooth out the strong, chalky flavor of rice protein. Category Rice ... more details
Protein A G is a fusion protein Recombinant fusion proteins recombinant fusion protein that combines Immunoglobulin G IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G . Protein A G contains four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons. The binding of Protein A G is less dependent upon pH than Protein A, but otherwise has the additive properties of Protein A and G. Protein A G binds to all subclasses of human IgG, making it useful for purifying polyclonal antibodies polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies monoclonal IgG antibody antibodies whose subclasses have not been determined. In addition, it binds to Immunoglobulin A IgA , Immunoglobulin E IgE , Immunoglobulin M IgM and to a lesser extent Immunoglobulin D IgD . Protein A G also binds to all subclasses of mouse IgG but does not bind mouse IgA, IgM or serum albumin. ref Sikkema, J.W.D. 1989 Amer. Biotech. Lab, 7, 42. ref This allows Protein A G to be used for purification and detection of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, without interference from IgA, IgM and serum albumin . Mouse monoclonal antibodies commonly have a stronger affinity to the Chimera protein chimeric Protein A G than to either Protein A or Protein G. ref Eliasson, M., et al. 1988 J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4323 4327. ref Protein A G also has been used for purification of macaque IgG ref Chackerian, B., et al. 2004 J. Virol. 78, 4037 4047. ref Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A G, other immunoglobulin binding Bacteria bacterial proteins such as Protein A , Protein G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect antibody immunoglobulins . Each of these immunoglobulin binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in terms of the portion of the antibody that is recognized and the species and type of antibodies. References references Category Proteins ... more details
notability Products date November 2011 unreferenced date November 2011 Pea protein is a relatively new form of protein powder which is valued for its high digestibility 90 95 , low potential for allergic responses, and remarkably low price. Pea protein has a light, flurry texture and slightly sweet taste which mixes well in solution. Pea protein, along with soy protein , hemp protein , and rice protein , is a preferred vegan protein powder. Pea protein is less allergenic than soy and is also not associated with health controversies related to any possible negative hormonal effects. Pea protein is often combined with rice protein to achieve a superior amino acid profile than either protein alone. Pea protein is low in the sulfurous amino acids cysteine and methionine but rich in lysine in contrast, rice protein is deficient in lysine but has high levels of both cysteine and methionine. The combination of rice and pea protein RPP also helps mitigate the strong, chalky taste of rice protein on its own. This combination is considered by many to be among the best tasting protein powders. An interesting aspect of pea protein powder is that, unlike whey, when high concentrations of powder are mixed with small amounts of water, the pea protein can be formed into a semi solid mixture which can be used as a jam or spread. This versatility is largely unappreciated, but suggests many additional uses for pea protein beyond its use in protein shakes in place of other forms of protein powder. Category Dietary supplements ... more details
forms a proteinprotein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured patches. 250px Proteinprotein interactions occur when two or more protein s bind together, often to carry out their function biology biological function . Many ... molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein components organised by their proteinprotein interactions. Protein interactions have been studied from the perspectives of biochemistry ... or genetic epigenetic graph theory networks . Indeed, proteinprotein interactions are at the core ... cell are mediated to the inside of that cell by proteinprotein interactions of the signaling molecules ... and in many diseases e.g. cancer s . Proteins might interact for a long time to form part of a protein complex , a protein may be carrying another protein for example, from cytoplasm to cell nucleus nucleus or vice versa in the case of the nuclear pore importins , or a protein may interact briefly with another protein just to modify it for example, a protein kinase will add a phosphate to a target protein . This modification of proteins can itself change proteinprotein interactions. For example ..., proteinprotein interactions are of central importance for virtually every process in a living cell ... for new therapeutic approaches. Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions Main Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions As proteinprotein interactions are so important there are a multitude ... such as yeast two hybrid screening can be used to detect novel proteinprotein interactions. There are also ... methods. ref Mashaghi A et al. Investigation of a protein complex network EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL ... of the human interactome where each point represents a protein and each blue line between them is an interaction. 200px Visualization of proteinprotein interaction networks is a popular application of scientific visualization techniques. Although protein interaction diagrams are common ... more details
Dodecameric is a term pertaining to protein quaternary structure , and describes a protein complex with 12 protein subunits protein chain s . Dodecameric complexes can have a number of Protein subunit subunit topology topologies , but typically only a few of the theory theoretically possible subunit arrangement s are observed in protein structure s. A dodecamer is a protein complex with 12 protein subunits. A common Protein subunit subunit arrangement involves a tetrahedral distribution of subunit protein trimer trimer s or 3 4 Point groups in three dimensions point symmetry . Another observed arrangement of Protein subunit subunits puts two rings of six subunits side by side along the six fold axis or 2 6 point symmetry . Dodecameric proteins include Complete gap junction channel, composed of two hexamers. glutamine synthetase PDB code http www.pdbe.org 2gls 2gls Dodecameric ferritin PDB code http www.pdbe.org 1qgh 1qgh A 42 Amyloid beta 42 References Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank PDB http www.pdbe.org pisa Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies Server PISA part of the http www.pdbe.org PDBe . Category Protein structure biochem stub ... more details
A Nuclear protein is a protein found in the Cell nucleus . ref MeshName Nuclear Proteins ref References reflist External links http npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk user about Nucleus Category Cell nucleus biochem stub ... more details
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