Other uses Precursor disambiguation Infobox protein family Symbol Name Propeptides image width caption Pfam Pfam clan InterPro SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family 292 OPM protein 1wn8 CAZy CDD A proteinprecursor , also called a pro protein or pro peptide , is an inactive protein or peptide that can be turned into an active form by posttranslational modification . The name of the precursor for a protein is often prefixed by pro . Examples include proinsulin and proopiomelanocortin . Protein precursors are often used by an organism when the subsequent protein is potentially harmful, but needs to be available on short notice and or in large quantities. Enzyme precursors are called zymogen s or proenzyme s. Examples are enzymes of the digestive tract in humans. Some protein precursors are secreted from the cell. Many of these are synthesized with an N terminal signal peptide that targets them for secretion. Like other proteins that contain a signal peptide, their name is prefixed by pre . They are thus called pre pro proteins or pre pro peptides . ref name cell cite book author Alberts, Bruce title Molecular biology of the cell publisher Garland Science location New York year 2002 isbn 0 8153 3218 1 oclc doi page 760 ref The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . ref name cell An example is preproinsulin . References reflist Category Proteins protein stub de Pr kursor Proteine fr Pr curseur prot ique it Precursore nl Prote ne precursor ... more details
Secretases are enzymes that snip pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane . image APP processing.png thumb 300px right Processing of the amyloid precursorprotein Among other roles in the Cell biology cell , secretases act on the amyloid precursorprotein APP to cleave the protein into three fragments. Sequential cleavage by Beta secretase secretase BACE and gamma secretase secretase produces the Abeta amyloid peptide fragment that aggregates into clumps called plaques in the brain s of Alzheimer s disease patients. If alpha secretase secretase acts on APP first instead of BACE, no amyloid is formed because secretase recognizes a target protein sequence closer to the cell surface than BACE. The non pathogenic middle fragment formed by an cleavage sequence is called P3. Structure The protein structure structure of the three secretases varies widely. The secretase gene has not been conclusively identified but is believed to be a metalloproteinase . BACE is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular aspartic acid protease Domain biology domain . secretase is actually a protein complex containing presenilin , nicastrin , APH 1 , and PEN 2 . Presenilin is believed to harbor the protease domain and represents an important example of an uncommon type of protease that cleaves targets within the cell membrane. Function Besides their involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s, these proteins also have other functional roles in the cell. secretase plays a critical role in signal transduction developmental signalling by the transmembrane receptor Notch signaling Notch , freeing the cytoplasmic tail of Notch to travel to the cell nucleus to act as a transcription factor . Although BACE cleaves the extracellular domains of several transmembrane proteins, its physiological function remains unknown. External links MeshName Secretase Proteases Category Enzymes Category Integral membrane proteins id Sekretase ... more details
structure of an antiparallel dimer of the human amyloid precursorprotein E2 domain journal Mol. Cell ... url issn ref Amyloid precursorprotein APP is an integral membrane protein expressed in many biological ... and function is modulated by the amyloid precursorprotein journal J. Neurosci. volume 26 issue ... title Roles of amyloid precursorprotein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity ... Duce JA et al. title Iron Export Ferroxidase Activity of Amyloid PrecursorProtein Is Inhibited by Zinc ... K, Furuya H, Sakaki Y title Genomic organization of the human amyloid beta proteinprecursor gene ... kilobase amyloid precursorprotein gene in transgenic mice corrected journal Nat. Genet. volume 5 issue ... author Zheng H, Koo EH title The amyloid precursorprotein beyond amyloid journal Mol Neurodegener .... ref name Zheng Mutations in critical regions of Amyloid PrecursorProtein, including the region ... L, Haynes A, Irving N, James L title Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursorprotein ... Murrell J, Farlow M, Ghetti B, Benson MD title A mutation in the amyloid precursorprotein associated ... amyloid precursorprotein gene journal Nature volume 353 issue 6347 pages 844 6 year 1991 month October ... P, Vigo Pelfrey C, Lieberburg I, Selkoe DJ title Mutation of the beta amyloid precursorprotein in familial ... factor like domain of Alzheimer amyloid precursorprotein journal Nat Struct Biol volume 6 issue ... Structural studies of the Alzheimer s amyloid precursorprotein copper binding domain reveal how it binds ... Proteolytic processing and cell biological functions of the amyloid precursorprotein journal J ... Amyloidogenic processing of the Alzheimer beta amyloid precursorprotein depends on lipid rafts journal ... S, Teraoka R, Mori H, Tomiyama T. 2007 . Inverse correlation between amyloid precursorprotein ... precursorprotein A PP and all associated secretases are expressed early in development and plays ... hCG increases A PP expression ref Porayette, P. et al 2007 Amyloid precursorprotein expression ... more details
wiktionary Precursor or Precursors may refer to A word meaning predecessor Gehrlein Precursor , a glider Precursor chemistry , a compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound Precursor physics , a phenomenon of wave propagation in dispersive media Earthquake precursor , a diagnostic phenomenon that can occur before an earthquake Precursor bird , a hypothesized genus of fossil birds that was actually composed of fossilized parts of unrelated animals The Precursors video game , a video game from Kiev based developer Deep Shadows LNWR Whale Precursor Class , type of passenger locomotive developed for the London and North Western Railway Precursor , a novel set in the Foreigner universe by C. J. Cherryh Precursors, a fictional race now extinct of ancient beings in the board game Cosmic Encounter Precursors, a fictional alien race in the Star Control video game series Precursors, a fictional race of ancient beings in the video game Jak and Daxter The Precursor Legacy Precursors, a fictional alien race in Galactic Civilizations II Dread Lords video game Precursor , a Half Life 2 Episode Two Modification See also Forerunner disambiguation Herald disambig cs Prekurzor fr Pr curseur ... more details
In chemistry , a precursor is a chemical compound compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound. In biochemistry , the term precursor is used more specifically to refer to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway . See also Chemical synthesis Derivative chemistry Metabolism Project STOP Proteinprecursor DEA list of chemicals Category Chemical synthesis Category Metabolism bg ca Precursor qu mica cs Prekurzor chemie de Pr kursor es Precursor qu mico eo Prekursoro fr Pr curseur chimie he lt Pirmtakai ar hu Prekurzor nl Precursor ja pt Precursor qu mica ru sk Prekurzor sv Prekursor th uk ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox neuron neuron name Precursor Cell image neuron caption neuron location function neurotransmitter morphology afferents efferents NeuroLex Precursor Cell NeuroLexID sao467424240 In Cell biology cytology , a precursor cell , also called a blast cell or simply blast , is a type of partially differentiated, usually Unipotency unipotent cell that has lost most or all of the stem cell multipotency . Usually precursor cells are cells capable of differentiating into one or two closely related final forms. Sometimes precursor cell is used as an alternative term for multipotent stem cells. A blastoma is a type of cancer created by malignancies of precursor cells. In embryology , precursor cells are group of cells that differentiate later into one organ. Cytological types Oligodendrocyte precursor cell Myeloblast Thymocyte Meiocyte Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Melanoblast Lymphoblast Bone marrow precursor cells Normoblast Angioblast endothelial precursor cells Myeloid precursor cells References http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 474470 precursor cell Precursor cell Britannica Online Encyclopedia External links http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Precursor 20Cell 22 NIF Search Precursor Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework Stem cells Category Cell biology Category Stem cells Cell biology stub fr Blaste pl kom rka blastyczna ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Precursor mRNA pre mRNA is an Post transcriptional modification immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA . pre mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by transcription genetics transcription . Pre mRNA comprises the bulk of heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA . The term hnRNA is often used as a synonym for pre mRNA, although, in the strict sense, hnRNA may include nuclear RNA transcripts that do not end up as cytoplasmic mRNA. Once pre mRNA has been completely processed, it is termed mature messenger RNA , mature mRNA , or simply mRNA . Processing Eukaryote Eukaryotic pre mRNA exists only briefly before it is fully processed into mRNA. Pre mRNAs include two different types of segments, exon s and intron s. Exons are segments that are retained in the final mRNA, whereas introns are removed in a process called splicing genetics splicing , which is performed by the spliceosome except for self splicing introns . Additional Post transcriptional modification processing steps attach modifications to the 5 end 5 and 3 end 3 ends of Eukaryotic pre mRNA. These include a 5 cap of 7 methylguanosine and a poly A tail . In addition, eukaryotic pre mRNAs have their introns spliced out by spliceosomes made up of snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoproteins . ref Weaver, Robert F. 2005 . Molecular Biology , p.432 448. McGraw Hill, New York, NY. ISBN 0072846119. ref ref Cite doi 10.1016 j.cell.2009.02.009 ref When a pre mRNA strand has been properly processed to an mRNA sequence, it is exported out of the nucleus and eventually Translation biology translated into a protein a process accomplished in conjunction with ribosome s. In Prokaryota prokaryotes , the splicing is done either autocatalytically or through endolytic cleavage. Autocatalytic cleavages, in which no proteins are involved, are usually reserved for sections that code for rRNA, whereas endolytic cleavage corresponds to tRNA precursors. References Reflist External links ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 Taxobox name Precursor status fossil fossil range Early Eocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Aves subclassis Neornithes superordo Neoaves ordo see text genus Precursor genus authority genus authority subdivision ranks Species subdivision Precursor litorum br Precursor magnus br Precursor parvus small type species type small br but see text Precursor is a controversial prehistoric bird genus from the Early Eocene Verify source date November 2007 original text has unsourced 32 mya which is Late Eocene . It was established based on fossil s found in England , e.g. in the famous London Clay deposits. Three species have been named, but the supposed genus seems to be a chimera paleontology chimera composed from remains of different and quite unrelated Neornithes . At least some of the remains seem to belong to a sort of Psittaciformes psittaciform , of which today various parrot s and cockatoo s exist. Initially, it was even supposed that the fossils belonged to some family biology family that is still extant. By now, it seems more likely however that the psittaciform material of the Precursor paratype belongs into the Pseudasturidae of which Halcyornithidae may be the correct name . These were either basal evolution basal in or immediately outside the Psittaciformes, and looked more like puffbird s in Morphology biology habitus though they were almost certainly not at all closely related to the latter. True parrots probably originated in the approximate region of Australia or perhaps neighboring Antarctica and did not reach Europe until less than 30 million years ago. Unfortunately, it is unknown what the affiliations of the holotype material are. The fact that it was originally perceived to be something similar to a pratincole or courser suggests that the revised taxon Precursor may belong into the Charadriiformes . Certainly the Glareolidae are an ancient lineage, possibly originating more than 60 million years ago. If the charadriimorph ... more details
mode of wave propagation. This non specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns ...?id 89648 , X. Ni and R. R. Alfano, Brillouin Precursor Propagation in the THz Region in Lorentz Media ... phenomenon, the amplitude at any distance and time of a precursor wave propagating in one ... type of precursor known as the Sommerfeld precursor . ref name sommerfeld See A. Sommerfeld ... phase approximation can be used to analyze the form of precursor waves without solving the general ... and time math t math , the dominant frequency math omega D math of the precursor is the frequency whose ... x t . math Therefore, one can determine the approximate period of a precursor waveform at a particular ... have a faster group velocity than low frequency ones, so the front of the precursor should ... time, components with lower and lower frequencies arrive, so the period of the precursor ... arrive, the amplitude of the precursor also increases. The particular type of precursor characterized by increasing period and amplitude is known as the high frequency Sommerfeld precursor . In a region ... ones, the opposite of the above situation occurs the onset of the precursor is characterized by a long period, and the period of the signal decreases with time. This type of precursor is called a low frequency Sommerfeld precursor . In certain situations of wave propagation for instance, fluid ... that for certain values of time and distance, the precursor waveform will consist of a superposition ... to single frequencies, so at these points there will be a contribution from a precursor signal with a constant period this is known as a Brillouin precursor . References references Category Radiation ... more details
. ref name SoaringNov83 ref name FAAReg The Precursor is of all metal construction and features a fixed monowheel landing gear, with a small tail caster. Only one Precursor was built. ref name SoaringNov83 Operational history PIlot reports indicate that the Precursor climbs well in thermals and exhibits ... . ref name SoaringNov83 ref name FAAReg Specifications Precursor Aircraft specs ref Soaring ref ... more details
Pfam box Symbol SpA Name Protein A image Protein A 1DEE 1L6X.png width caption Structure of a domain of protein A as a three helix bundle binding to the heavy variable chain of a VH3 human Fab ref name ... JB, Silverman GJ. title Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab ... month May pmid 10805799 doi pmc 25840 ref left. Minimized protein A bound to Fc fragment of Rituximab ... April pmid 10754313 doi ref Pfam InterPro SMART PROSITE SCOP 1DEE TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1dee , PDB2 1l6x Protein A is a 56 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found ... and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody binding Protein A binds with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b. Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human IgM ... or IgD , nor will it react to mouse IgM, IgA or IgE. The capacity of protein A to bind antibodies with such high .... The protein A used for production of antibodies in bio pharmaceuticals is most commonly bound to a stationary phase chromatography resin. Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L are all ... Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors to aid its survival and, thus, virulence. Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed ... toxin. J. Exp. Med. 2003 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein ... form of Protein A is called MabSelect ref http www.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content 17D93C2E6A580E57C1257628001CE677 file 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules ... beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as blood serum serum or ascites fluid, or coupled with one ... more details
PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle , Washington first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city ... , and protein S journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 4 pages 698 706 year 1977 month February pmid ... Characterization of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human ... 10.1021 bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor ... cite journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr ... MOH.0b013e328309ec97 url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which ... . Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... such as inflammation occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... P, Fuentes Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb ... Protein S has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... Y, Rosing J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein ... of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated ... more details
About a class of molecules protein as a nutrient Protein nutrient other uses pp semi indef File Myoglobin.png thumb right A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X ray crystallography ... folded into a globular protein globular or fibrous protein fibrous form, facilitating a biological ... . The peptide sequence sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the DNA sequence sequence ... archaea pyrrolysine . Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often ... to form stable protein complex es. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharide ... acid s from food. Through the process of digestion , animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins may be protein purification purified from ... made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein ... chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity ... linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. ref Murray ... structures of the peptide bond that links individual amino acids to form a protein polymer The peptide ... angle s in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone. ref Murray et al ., p. 31. ref The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C terminus .... The words protein , polypeptide, and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning. Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable tertiary structure ... structure conformation . Synthesis Main Protein biosynthesis Image Ribosome mRNA translation en.svg thumb A ribosome produces a protein using mRNA as template. File Genetic code.svg thumb The DNA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 29 microRNA precursor image RF00074.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 29 Symbol mir 29 AltSymbols Rfam RF00074 miRBase MI0000087 miRBase family MIPF0000009 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData miR 29 microRNA precursor is a small non coding RNA that is involved in regulating gene expression . ref cite journal last Ambros first V year 2001 title microRNAs tiny regulators with great potential journal Cell volume 107 pages 823&ndash 826 pmid 11779458 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 01 00616 X issue 7 ref This microRNA miRNA has been predicted or confirmed in a wide range of species http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000009 MIPF0000009 . Animal miRNAs are transcribed as an approximately 70 nucleotide precursor and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a 22 nucleotide product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3 arm of the precursor RNA. The products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA. Targets of miR 29 It has been shown that miR 29 regulates the level of the Mcl 1 protein . ref name pmid17404574 cite journal author Mott JL, Kobayashi S, Bronk SF, Gores GJ title mir 29 regulates Mcl 1 protein expression and apoptosis journal Oncogene volume 26 issue 42 pages 6133 year 2007 pmid 17404574 doi 10.1038 sj.onc.1210436 pmc 2432524 ref Mcl 1 is an anti apoptosis apoptotic member of the Bcl 2 family of proteins. It has been shown that miR 29 regulates the level of Tcl1 protein . ref name pmid17178851 cite journal author Pekarsky Y, Santanam U, Cimmino A, et al. title Tcl1 expression in chronic ... name mir 29 microRNA precursor http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000009 MIPF0000009 Category MicroRNA miRNA precursor families molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Protein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment called an intein is removed from a precursorprotein with a ligation of C terminal and N terminal external proteins called extein s on both sides. The splicing junction of the precursorprotein is mainly a cysteine or a serine , which are amino acid s containing a nucleophilic side chain . The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate ATP or guanosine triphosphate GTP . Normally, splicing is associated only with Splicing genetics pre mRNA splicing . Types of inteins The type of the splicing proteins is categorized into four classes maxi intein, mini intein, trans splicing intein, and alanine intein. The maxi inteins are N and C terminal splicing domains containing an endonuclease domain. The mini inteins are typical N and C terminal splicing domains however, the endonuclease domain is not present. The trans splicing inteins are split inteins which are divided into N termini and C termini. Alanine inteins have the splicing junction of an alanine instead of a cysteine or a serine, in both of which the protein splicing occurs. History Protein splicing was reported by two groups Anraku and Stevens in 1990. They both discovered a Saccharomyces cerevisiae VMA1 in a precursor of a vacuolar H sup sup ATPase . The amino acid sequence of the N and C termini corresponded to 70 of that of a vacuolar H sup sup ATPase from other organisms, while the amino acid sequence of the central position corresponded to 30 of that of the yeast HO nuclease External links http starokadomskyy.narod.ru work intein eng.html Short review http starokadomskyy.narod.ru Protein splicing eng.pdf Starokadomskyy PL. Protein Splicing, 2007 http www.neb.com neb inteins.html Protein splicing mechanism and intein structure MeshName Protein Splicing Category Proteins Category Protein biosynthesis de Proteinsplei en fa ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 24 microRNA precursor family image RF00178.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 24 Symbol mir 24 AltSymbols Rfam RF00178 miRBase MI0000080 miRBase family MIPF0000041 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The miR 24 microRNA precursor is a small non coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression. microRNA s are transcribed as 70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a mature 22 nucleotide product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3 arm of the precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA. miR 24 has been identified in human and mouse. ref cite journal last Lagos Quintana first M coauthors Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T year 2001 title Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs journal Science volume 294 pages 853&ndash 858 pmid 11679670 doi 10.1126 science.1064921 issue 5543 ref ref cite journal last Ambros first V year 2001 title microRNAs tiny regulators with great potential journal Cell volume 107 pages 823&ndash 826 pmid 11779458 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 01 00616 X issue 7 ref Targets of miR 24 Lal et al. suggested that miR 24 suppresses the tumor suppressor p16 INK4a . ref name pmid18365017 cite journal author Lal A, Kim HH, Abdelmohsen K, et al editor1 last Preiss editor1 first Thomas title p16 INK4a translation suppressed by miR 24 journal PLoS ONE volume 3 issue 3 pages e1864 year 2008 pmid 18365017 pmc 2274865 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0001864 url ref Wang et al. . have shown that miR 24 reduces the mRNA and protein levels of human ALK4 ... precursor family http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000041 miRBase family MIPF0000041 DEFAULTSORT Mir 24 Microrna Precursor Family Category MicroRNA miRNA precursor ... more details
Infobox rfam Name lin 4 microRNA precursor image RF00052.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of lin 4 Symbol lin 4 AltSymbols Rfam RF00052 miRBase MI0000002 miRBase family MIPF0000303 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData lin 4 is a microRNA miRNA that was identified from a study of developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans ref cite journal author Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V year 1993 title The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin 4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin 14 journal Cell volume 75 issue 5 pages 843&ndash 854 pmid 8252621 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 93 90529 Y ref ref cite journal last Rougvie first AE year 2001 title Control of developmental timing in animals journal Nat Rev Genet volume 2 pages 690&ndash 701 pmid 11533718 doi 10.1038 35088566 issue 9 ref . It was the first to be discovered of the miRNAs, a class of non coding RNA s involved in gene regulation ref cite journal last Ambros first V year 2001 title microRNAs tiny regulators with great potential journal Cell volume 107 pages 823&ndash 826 pmid 11779458 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 01 00616 X issue 7 ref . lin 4 is found on chromosome II in C. elegans and is complementary to sequences in the 3 untranslated region UTR of lin 14 mRNA. lin 4 acts to developmentally repress the accumulation of LIN 14 protein ref name pmid10642801 cite journal author Olsen PH, Ambros V title The lin 4 regulatory RNA controls developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans by blocking LIN 14 protein synthesis after the initiation ... 10.1006 dbio.1999.9523 ref . lin 4 also targets lin 28 and reduces protein expression ref name pmid16122423 ... External links Rfam id RF00052 name lin 4 microRNA precursor http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000002 MirBase entry for lin 4 miRNA precursor families Category MicroRNA ... more details
The London and North Western Railway LNWR had two classes of steam locomotive identified as Precursor Class LNWR Webb Precursor Class of 1874 , by Francis Webb , a 2 4 0 . LNWR Whale Precursor Class 1904 by George Whale , a 4 4 0 . LNWR Precursor Tank Class , a 4 4 2T 4 4 2 tank engines based on the Whale precursors dab ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 181 microRNA precursor image RF00076.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 181 Symbol mir 181 AltSymbols Rfam RF00076 miRBase MI0000269 miRBase family MIPF0000007 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData miR 181 microRNA precursor is a small non coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs are transcribed as 70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a 22 nucleotide mature product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 5 arm of the precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to target mRNAs. miR 181 which has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide number of vertebrate species http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000007 MIPF0000007 . It has been shown that miR 181 is preferentially expressed in the lymphocyte B lymphoid cells of mouse bone marrow , ref name pmid14657504 cite journal author Chen CZ, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP title MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation journal Science volume 303 issue 5654 pages 83 6 year 2004 pmid 14657504 doi 10.1126 science.1091903 ref but also in the retina and brain . ref name pmid17102797 cite journal author Ryan DG, Oliveira Fernandes M, Lavker RM title MicroRNAs of the mammalian eye display distinct and overlapping tissue specificity journal Mol. Vis. volume 12 issue pages 1175 84 year 2006 pmid ... protein Hox A11 and participates in establishing muscle tissue. ref name pmid16489342 cite journal ... protein Hox A11 during mammalian myoblast differentiation journal Nat. Cell Biol. volume 8 issue ... links Rfam id RF00076 name mir 181 microRNA precursor http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000007 MIPF0000007 Category MicroRNA miRNA precursor families molecular ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 148 mir 152 microRNA precursor family image RF00248.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 148 Symbol mir 148 AltSymbols Rfam RF00248 miRBase MI0000253 miRBase family MIPF0000056 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData In molecular biology , miR 148 is a microRNA whose expression has been demonstrated in human http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000253 MI0000253 , mouse http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000550 MI0000550 , rat http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000616 MI0000616 and zebrafish http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0002015 MI0002015 . ref name lagos 2002 cite journal last Lagos Quintana first M coauthors Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T year 2002 title Identification of tissue specific microRNAs from mouse journal Curr Biol volume 12 pages 735&ndash 739 pmid 12007417 doi 10.1016 S0960 9822 02 00809 6 issue 9 ref ref cite journal last Kim first J coauthors Krichevsky A, Grad Y, Hayes GD, Kosik KS, Church GM, Ruvkun G year 2004 title Identification of many microRNAs that copurify with polyribosomes in mammalian neurons journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 101 pages 360&ndash 365 pmid 14691248 doi 10.1073 pnas.2333854100 issue 1 ... sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0001189 MI0001189 . These predicted hairpin precursor sequence are related ... Dnmt3b by binding to a region in the protein coding region. ref name pmid18367714 cite journal author Duursma AM, Kedde M, Schrier M, le Sage C, Agami R title miR 148 targets human DNMT3b protein ... miR 152 microRNA precursor family http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000056 miRBase family page miRNA precursor families Category MicroRNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 124 microRNA precursor family image RF00239.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 124 Symbol mir 124 AltSymbols Rfam RF00239 miRBase MI0000443 miRBase family MIPF0000021 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The miR 124 microRNA precursor is a small non coding RNA molecule that has been identified in flies http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000373 MI0000373 , ref cite journal last Lai first EC coauthors Tomancak P, Williams RW, Rubin GM year 2003 title Computational identification of Drosophila microRNA genes journal Genome Biol volume 4 pages R42&ndash pmid 12844358 doi 10.1186 gb 2003 4 7 r42 issue 7 pmc 193629 ref Caenorhabditis elegans nematode worms http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000302 MI0000302 , ref cite journal last Lim first LP coauthors Lau NC, Weinstein EG, Abdelhakim A, Yekta S, Rhoades MW, Burge CB, Bartel DP year 2003 title The microRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans journal Genes Dev volume 17 pages 991&ndash 1008 pmid 12672692 doi 10.1101 gad.1074403 issue 8 pmc 196042 ref mouse http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000150 MI0000150 and human http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc MI0000443 MI0000443 . ref cite journal last Lagos Quintana first M coauthors Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T year 2002 title Identification of tissue ... loop hairpin precursor sequences by the Dicer enzyme, and in this case originates from the 3 arm ... targets the mRNA of the anti neural function protein SCP1 small C terminal domain phosphatase 1 . ref ... 3139456 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00239 name miR 124 microRNA precursor family ... 124 Category MicroRNA miRNA precursor families molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 30 microRNA precursor image RF00131.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 30 Symbol mir 30 AltSymbols Rfam RF00131 miRBase MI0000088 miRBase family MIPF0000005 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035068 GO 0035195 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData miR 30 microRNA precursor is a small non coding RNA that regulates gene expression . Animal microRNA s are transcribed as 70 nucleotide stem loop precursor and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a mature 22 nucleotide product. In this case the mature sequence comes from both the 3 miR 30 ref cite journal last Lagos Quintana first M coauthors Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T year 2001 title Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs journal Science volume 294 pages 853&ndash 858 pmid 11679670 doi 10.1126 science.1064921 issue 5543 ref and 5 mir 97 6 ref cite journal last Mourelatos first Z coauthors Dostie J, Paushkin S, Sharma A, Charroux B, Abel L, Rappsilber J, Mann M, Dreyfuss G year 2002 title miRNPs a novel class of ribonucleoproteins containing numerous microRNAs journal Genes Dev volume 16 pages 720&ndash 728 pmid 11914277 doi 10.1101 gad.974702 issue 6 pmc 155365 ref arms of the precursor. The products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA ref name pmid11779458 cite journal author Ambros V title microRNAs tiny regulators with great potential journal Cell volume 107 issue 7 pages 823 6 year 2001 pmid 11779458 ... of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs Mir 17 microRNA precursor ... been suggested that the TP53 protein may be a target of miR 30c and miR 30e. An immunoblot analysis ... protein 1 pathway journal PLoS Genet. volume 6 issue 1 pages e1000795 year 2010 month January pmid 20062521 ... links Rfam id RF00131 name mir 30 microRNA precursor Category microRNA miRNA precursor families ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 172 microRNA precursor family image RF00452.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 172 Symbol mir 172 AltSymbols Rfam RF00452 miRBase MI0000215 miRBase family MIPF0000035 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The mir 172 microRNA is thought to target mRNA s coding for APETALA2 like transcription factor s. ref cite journal last Jones Rhoades first MW coauthors Bartel DP year 2004 title Computational Identification of Plant MicroRNAs and Their Targets, Including a Stress Induced miRNA journal Mol Cell volume 14 pages 787&ndash 799 pmid 15200956 doi 10.1016 j.molcel.2004.05.027 issue 6 ref It has been verified experimentally in the model plant , Arabidopsis thaliana mouse ear cress . ref cite journal last Park first W coauthors Li J, Song R, Messing J, Chen X year 2002 title CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, and HEN1, a novel protein, act in microRNA metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana journal Curr Biol volume 12 pages 1484&ndash 1495 pmid 12225663 doi 10.1016 S0960 9822 02 01017 5 issue 17 ref ref cite journal last Mette first MF coauthors van der Winden J, Matzke M, Matzke AJ year 2002 title Short RNAs can identify new candidate transposable element families in Arabidopsis journal Plant Physiol volume 130 pages 6&ndash 9 pmid 12226481 doi 10.1104 pp.007047 issue 1 pmc 1540252 ref The mature sequence is excised from the 3 arm of the stem loop hairpin . References reflist 1 Further reading cite journal author Zhang B, Pan X title Expression of microRNAs in cotton journal Mol. Biotechnol. volume 42 issue 3 pages 269 74 year 2009 month July pmid 19288227 doi 10.1007 s12033 009 9163 ... mir 172 microRNA precursor family http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna entry.pl?acc ... miRNA precursor families molecular cell biology stub Category microRNA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name mir 199 microRNA precursor image RF00144.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir 199 Symbol mir 199 AltSymbols Rfam RF00144 miRBase MI0000242 miRBase family MIPF0000040 RNA type Gene MicroRNA miRNA Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0035195 GO 0035068 SO SO 0001244 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The miR 199 microRNA precursor homology biology homologous to miR 215 , is a short non coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation . miR 192 and miR 215 have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in Mus musculus mouse , Homo sapiens human and a further 21 other species. ref name pmid12554859 cite journal author Lagos Quintana M, Rauhut R, Meyer J, Borkhardt A, Tuschl T title New microRNAs from mouse and human journal RNA volume 9 issue 2 pages 175 9 year 2003 pmid 12554859 doi 10.1261 rna.2146903 pmc 1370382 ref ref name pmid12919684 cite journal author Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA title Embryonic stem cell specific MicroRNAs journal Dev. Cell volume 5 issue 2 pages 351 8 year 2003 pmid 12919684 doi 10.1016 S1534 5807 03 00227 2 ref ref name pmid12554860 cite journal author Dostie J, Mourelatos Z, Yang M, Sharma A, Dreyfuss G title Numerous microRNPs in neuronal cells containing novel microRNAs journal RNA volume 9 issue 2 pages 180 6 year 2003 pmid 12554860 doi 10.1261 ... 0432.CCR 07 1231 ref Comparative miRNA array led to the isolation of several Bone morphogenetic protein 2 Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 BMP2 responsive miRNAs. Among them, miR 199a is of particular interest ... cite journal author Lin EA, Kong L, Bai XH, Luan Y, Liu CJ title miR 199a, a bone morphogenic protein ... medical hypoxia . Endothelin Endothelin 1 ET 1 is a protein that constricts blood vessels and raises ... links Rfam id RF00144 name mir 199 microRNA precursor http microrna.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin sequences mirna summary.pl?fam MIPF0000040 miRBase family MIPF0000040 miRNA precursor families Category ... more details
PBB geneid 259 Protein AMBP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMBP gene . ref name pmid1708673 cite journal author Vetr H, Gebhard W title Structure of the human alpha 1 microglobulin bikunin gene journal Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler volume 371 issue 12 pages 1185 96 year 1991 month Jun pmid 1708673 pmc doi ref ref name pmid1385302 cite journal author Salier JP, Simon D, Rouet P, Raguenez G, Muscatelli F, Gebhard W, Guenet JL, Mattei MG title Homologous chromosomal locations of the four genes for inter alpha inhibitor and pre alpha inhibitor family in human and mouse assignment of the ancestral gene for the lipocalin superfamily journal Genomics volume 14 issue 1 pages 83 8 year 1992 month Dec pmid 1385302 pmc doi 10.1016 S0888 7543 05 80287 3 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene AMBP alpha 1 microglobulin bikunin precursor url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 259 accessdate ref Interactions Alpha 1 microglobulin bikunin precursor has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with CD79A . ref name pmid6196366 cite ... Isolation of human complex forming glycoprotein, heterogeneous in charge protein HC , and its IgA ... protein HC. journal FEBS Lett. volume 266 issue 1 2 pages 167 70 year 1990 pmid 1694784 doi 10.1016 ... title The protein HC chromophore is linked to the cysteine residue at position 34 of the polypeptide chain by a reduction resistant bond and causes the charge heterogeneity of protein HC. journal J. Biol ... blood protein pre alpha inhibitor. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 266 issue 2 pages 747 51 year ... M ndez E, Fern ndez Luna JL, Grubb A, Leyva Cobi n F title Human protein HC and its IgA complex are inhibitors ... R title Sequence of a full length cDNA coding for human protein HC alpha 1 microglobulin . journal ... protein HC . journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 14 issue 20 pages 7839 50 year 1986 pmid 2430261 ... terminal half of the protein. journal Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler volume 366 issue 1 pages 19 21 year 1985 ... more details
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