ProtoDravidian is the proto language of the Dravidian languages . It is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian around 500 BC, Citation needed date July 2011 although some linguists Who date July 2011 have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub families points to an earlier split. As a proto language, ProtoDravidian has been reconstructed and is not itself found in the historical record. Due to a dearth of comparative linguistics comparative linguistic research in Dravidian studies , Dubious date July 2011 not many details as to the grammar, epoch, or location of ProtoDravidian are known. ref cite news ... July 2011 Reconstructed language Historical phonology Vowels ProtoDravidian contrasted between five ... Methodology publisher Walter de Gruyter year 1990 isbn 3110119080 page 342 ref Consonants ProtoDravidian ... Unicode k in ProtoDravidian as in many of its daughter languages . Therefore it is not considered a separate phoneme in ProtoDravidian. However, it attained phonemic status in languages like Malayalam ... Tamil language Category Dravidian languages Category Proto languages Dravidian Category Pre Indo Europeans fr Proto dravidien hi mr ru ... title Facts about Dravidian languages , review of The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti ... h has been proposed by Bh. Krishnamurthi to account for the Old Tamil Aytam ytam and other Dravidian comparative phonological phenomena Krishnamurthi 2003 . Notes Reflist See also Elamo DravidianDravidian languages Dravidian Sanskrit References Krishnamurti, B., The Dravidian Languages , Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0 521 77111 0 Subrahmanyam, P.S., Dravidian Comparative Phonology , Annamalai University, 1983. Zvelebil, Kamil., Dravidian Linguistics An Introduction , PILC Pondicherry ... burrow index.html title Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, 2nd Edition accessdate 2008 10 ... more details
Wiktionary Dravidian or Dravida may refer to TOCright Language and culture Dravidian languages , a family of languages spoken mainly in South India and North Eastern Sri Lanka ProtoDravidian , a model of the common ancestor of the above languages Elamo Dravidian languages, a proposed language family Dravidian University , a university situated in Andhra Pradesh Dravidian Linguistics Association , based in Kerala Ancient Dravidian culture South Indian culture , modern Dravidian culture Dravidian architecture , a style of Temple construction Dravidian martial arts , a style of martial arts Geography Dravida Nadu , a proposed country for the southern Dravidian languages South India , the region which is called Dravida in the Indian anthem Ethnicity Dravidian people , Ethnic groups in North and South India. Homo Dravida , a historically defined race, propagated also by Devaneya Pavanar Adi Dravida , the first Dravidians , a Dalit caste Dravidology , a field of study Pancha Dravida Brahmins, a division of Indian Brahmin s Politics Dravidian parties , a collective term used for political parties, that trace their ideologies and origin from Dravidar Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam , a former political party in Tamil Nadu Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu All India Latchiya Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu Self respect movement , sometimes called the Dravidian movement or the Periyar movement Others Dravidians Organization , a non governmental organization See also Dravid surname Davidian disambiguation reflist disambiguation fa pt Dravidiano th ... more details
Wiktionary protoProto is a prefix meaning first . Proto may also refer to TOC right Organizations Proto tools , a tool company formerly Plomb Tools , now a division of Stanley Black & Decker Proto Motors , a South Korean sports car manufacturer and refitter Proto Records, a British record company active in the 1980s see Barry Evangeli People Proto Malay , an ethnic group in Malaysia Non fictional Silvio Proto , a Belgian goalkeeper Proto see Protus and Hyacinth , a Christian martyr during the persecution of Valerian I Fictional Proto, one of the Nereids in Greek mythology Proto Ghost in the Shell Proto Ghost in the Shell , a fictional character in Masamune Shirow s Ghost in the Shell anime and manga Publications Proto magazine Proto magazine , a national science magazine Science and technology Siebe Gorman Proto , a type of rebreather breathing set SEAT Proto , concept cars See also Lookfrom proto Intitle proto disambiguation fr Proto it Proto ja ... more details
Dravidian studies also Dravidology is the academic field devoted to the Dravidian languages , Dravidian literature literature and Dravidian culture culture . It is a superset of Tamil studies and a subset of South Asian studies . History 16th to 18th century missionaries who wrote Tamil grammars or lexica include Henriques Henrique , Roberto de Nobili , Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Constantino Giuseppe Beschi . The recognition that the Dravidian languages were a phylogenetic unit separate from Indo European dates to 1816, and was presented by Francis Whyte Ellis F. W. Ellis , Collector of Madras, at the College of Fort St. George. Pioneers of the field were Robert Caldwell , Johan van Manen , U. V. Swaminatha Iyer , T. R. Sesha Iyengar , V. Kanakasabhai , P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar , S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar , K. A. Nilakanta Sastri , V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar , C. P. Brown , Ferdinand Kittel ... and Bhadriraju Krishnamurti . Contemporary programs The Dravidian University at Kuppam , Andhra Pradesh has created Chairs in the names of Western and Dravidian scholars to encourage research in individual Dravidian languages as well as comparative Dravidian studies Robert Caldwell Bishop Caldwell s Chair for Dravidian Studies, C. P. Brown s Chair for Telugu language Telugu Studies, Ferdinand Kittel ... Dravidian University fellowships , The Hindu , Saturday, Aug 26, 2006 ref See also Indology ProtoDravidian Elamo Dravidian References reflist Literature Robert Caldwell , Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages 1856 revised edition 1875 . citebook title The Dravidian Languages ... studies 22 tamil Thomas R. Trautmann, Languages and nations the Dravidian proof in colonial ... Dravidian Studies Selected Papers author Murray Barnson Emeneau year 1994 publisher Motilal Banarsidass id ISBN 8120808584 External links Dravidian studies in the Netherlands, IIAS newsletter 2005 ... southasia dravidian india.htm Extracts from T.R.Sesha Iyengar s Dravidian India by Dr. Samar Abbas ... more details
The term Dravidian civilization refers to the civilization of the ancient speakers of the protoDravidian languages. Due to the obscure history of the protoDravidian speakers, and prevalence of several theories about their origin, the term Dravidian civilization is used to describe many concepts Many scholars believe that before the arrival of the Indo Aryans in the Indian subcontinent, the speakers of the protoDravidian languages Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian, Proto South Dravidian were widespread throughout the subcontinent, including Ganges Gangetic valley. This pre Vedic civilization is often referred to as Dravidian civilization . ref cite book last Wells first Herbert George authorlink H. G. Wells title The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind ... that the people of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization were protoDravidian speakers, and hence refer to it as Dravidian civilization . The hypothesized family of Elamo Dravidian languages is also ... country and beyond. They found a civilization already scattered over India, the Dravidian civilization ..., whose characteristics we have already described. They revived and changed this Dravidian civilization ... with Lemuria continent Lemuria used the term Dravidian civilization to describe the civilization of the hypothetical ... cite book last Iyengar first T. R. Sesha title Dravidian India publisher Orient Longman year 1995 ..., believe that there is no tangible archaeological or literary evidence of any early purely Dravidian or Indo Aryans Aryan civilization, and Aryan or Dravidian elements cannot be sought out in the Culture ... in India, conclusive and beyond doubt, of any early purely Dravidian civilization. It is indeed possible that to try to seek out this or that Aryan or Dravidian trait or element in the enormously ... there is neither archaeololgical nor literary evidence of any previous Dravidian civilization ... Association for Asian Studies ref References reflist See also Dravidian people Elamo Dravidian ... more details
other uses2 Dravidian Infobox language family name Dravidian map Dravidische Sprachen.png mapcaption region mostly Southern India familycolor Dravidian family Dravidian protoname ProtoDravidian language ProtoDravidian child1 Northern child2 Central child3 Southern iso2 dra iso5 dra sil 1282 16 The Dravidian ... languages genealogy further ProtoDravidian language Merge from History of Dravidian languages date ... date August 2011 ProtoDravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian, Proto South Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian around 500 BCE, although ... particles, enclitics, adverbs, interjections, onomatopoetic words, echo words . ProtoDravidian ... liquids . Historical phonology main ProtoDravidian Vowels ProtoDravidian had ten vowels a , ... 2003 . Consonants ProtoDravidian is reconstructible with the following consonantal phonemes Subrahmanyam ... ProtoDravidian Hindi Sanskrit 1 o dru ondhu onnu onji Unicode oka i okkod Unicode o a Unicode ... 2003 p36 since it is rich in retroflex phonemes reconstructible back to the ProtoDravidian language ProtoDravidian stage See Subrahmanyam 1983 p40, Zvelebil 1990, Krishnamurti 2003 . A more ... in other countries such as Malaysia and Singapore . The most widely spoken Dravidian languages ... . There are also small groups of Dravidian speaking List of Scheduled Tribes in India scheduled tribes , who live beyond the mainstream communities. It is often speculated that Dravidian languages are native to India . Early Indian epigraphy Epigraphically the Dravidian languages have been attested since the 6th century BCE . Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India, Brahui language Brahui and Dhangar language Dhangar , a dialect of Kurukh language Kurukh . Dravidian place ... as Dravidian grammatical influence such as clusivity in the Marathi language Marathi , Gujarati ... but not in Punjabi language Punjabi or Hindi language Hindi , suggest that Dravidian languages ... more details
. ref harvnb Zvelebil 1990 p xxi ref Origins Main ProtoDravidianDravidian homeland Substratum in Vedic ... strong evidence for a protoDravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilization. Some scholars ... and Proto Australoid are commonly used to indicate Indo Aryan and Dravidian ancestry, in this paper we will use the terminology of Caucasoid for Indo Aryan and Proto Australoid for Dravidian interchangeably ... Australoid , Austro Asiatic Mundari speakers Proto Australoid and Dravidian Gondi or Kuvi speakers ...Other uses Dravidian disambiguation Infobox ethnic group image File Dravidische Sprachen.png 200px caption Areas in South Asia where Dravidian languages are currently spoken group Dravidian pop approx ... flagcountry Sri Lanka pop12 ref12 languages Dravidian languages religions Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism ... s Telugu people Telugus Tamil people Tamils Tuluva s Indo Aryan peoples Dravidian people or peoples ... to the Dravidian languages Dravidian language family . Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in South India Southern India . Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central ... Dravidian people are the Telugu people Telugus , Tamil people Tamils , Kannadigas and the Malayali people Malayalis . Smaller Dravidian communities with 1 5 million speakers are the Tuluvas , Gonds and Brahui people Brahui . Classification There are two definitions for Dravidian ethnicity which are generally divided between proposing that Dravidian people are an ethnic group in their own right, or Dravidian peoples are a collective group of Ethnolinguistics ethnolinguistic ethnicities. The World Book encyclopedia, Volume 10 says Most southern Indians belong to the Dravidian ethnic group referring ... 8 Volume 21 refers to Dravidian ethnic groups , suggesting the latter definition. ref cite book title ... and context, both Dravidian people and Dravidian peoples may be used. Etymology The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar ... more details
refimprove date July 2007 Infobox university logo File Dravidian University logo.jpg name Dravidian University native name latin name image motto established 1997 type Public university Public endowment staff faculty president principal rector chancellor ESL Narasimhan, Governor of Andhra Pradesh vice chancellor Cuddapah Ramanaiah dean head label head students undergrad postgrad doctoral city Kuppam state Andhra Pradesh country India campus Urban areas Urban free label free colors colours mascot nickname affiliations University Grants Commission India UGC website official http www.dravidianuniversity.ac.in The Dravidian University , Kuppam , Chittoor district , Andhra Pradesh , India was founded on October 20, 1997 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh , with the initial support extended by the governments of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Kerala for an integrated development of Dravidian languages . Vice chancellors V. I. Subramoniam, Pro Chancellor 1997 2000 P. V. Arunachalam, Vice Chancellor 1997 2001 Cuddapah Ramanaiah, Vice Chancellor until August 22, 2011 ref name farewell cite news url http articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com 2011 08 24 hyderabad 29921813 1 eunuchs professors vc title Dravidian varsity VC s farewell jig with eunuchs Times Of India work indiatimes.com accessdate 25 August 2011 date 24 August 2011 ref Academics It offers courses in Comparative Dravidian Literature And Translation Studies Human And Social Sciences Education And Human Resources Development Comparative Dravidian Arts And Aesthetics Science, Information And Technology Distance Education UG & PG courses MBA & MCA M.Phil & Ph.D Till CY 2009 Controversies The university was involved in controversy over awarding 8,000 Ph.D. degrees through distance education over the years 2009 2011. ref name farewell The government appointed a committee to investigate which recommended action against the VC. ref name retire cite web url http www.deccanchronicle.com channels cities hyderabad state lets errant ... more details
Dravidian politics col Dravidian parties lang ta include an array of List of recognised ... to the Self Respect Movement Dravidian movement of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy . ref name Cho cite news ... stories 20040423007201600.htm accessdate 2008 04 19 ref The Dravidian movement was based on the linguistic divide in India, ref cite news last Omvedt first Gail title The Dravidian movement pages publisher ... the South Indian languages are classified as Dravidian languages Dravidian . ref cite web title Dravidian Language Family publisher University of Pennsylvania date url http www.nvtc.gov lotw months ... 2008 04 09 ref Dravidian politics has developed by associating itself to the Dravidian people Dravidian community . The original goal of Dravidian politics was to achieve social equality, ref .... Thus Dravidian politics incorporates elements of Tamil Nationalism and has found support only in Tamil ... accessdate 2008 04 19 ref Most Dravidian parties are offshoots of Dravidar Kazhagam .... Nevertheless, both the former and the latter are considered as Dravidian parties because of the similarities ... players among the Dravidian parties since the mid 1960s. ref name Wyatt cite journal last Wyatt ... name murmaran ref name vajpayee ref name BBC Other major Dravidian party is Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . Political media is pervasive in Dravidian politics, with five of the seven chief ministers ... 2008 02 19 ref Rise of Dravidian politics Background Most of the Indian population are classified ... Aryan , whereas most southern Indian languages are Dravidian languages . Sanskrit , a classical ... India n state of Madras Presidency , it was a commonly held opinion in that the Dravidian tongues were inferior. ref name epw cite journal last Pinto first Ambrose title End of Dravidian Era in Tamil ... towards Sanskrit compounded with the animosity against the Brahimins paved the way for the rise of Dravidian politics in Madras Presidency. ref name hardriots Early Dravidian politics File Theagaroya ... more details
to the evolution of Dravidian architecture through the ages. Dravidian styled architecture can also ... Amman temple.jpg 500px thumb Meenakshi temple The Meenakshi temple complex of Madurai Dravidian ... . Pallavas were pioneers of south Indian architecture. The earliest examples of temples in the Dravidian ... or Dravidian idiom of architecture. Pandya File Srivilliputhoor Aandaal Temple.jpg 250px right thumb ... specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples ... , Karnataka in the period AD 753 973 built some of the finest Dravidian monuments at Ellora the Kailasanatha ... of them all is the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora . The temple is a splendid achievement of Dravidian ... used was dravidian. It does not contain any of the Shikharas common to the Nagara style and was built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal in Karnataka. ref name Dravidian cite web ... 1998 2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc accessdate 2006 11 17 ref shows distinct Dravidian influences. The Hoysala ... centuries. ref name blossom Art critic, Percy Brown calls Vijayanagar architecture a blossoming of Dravidian ... www.tamilnation.org culture architecture temple.htm Dravidian Temple Architecture http www.varalaaru.com ... Architecture of India DEFAULTSORT Dravidian Architecture Category Architectural styles Category ... more details
BC. Proponents of an Elamo Dravidian relationship have looked for similarities between the Proto Elamite and the Indus script . ref David McAlpin Linguistic prehistory the Dravidian situation , in Madhav ...History of Iran The Proto Elamite period is the time of ca. 3200 BC to 2700 BC when Susa , the later ... in the world, which began around 3400 BC . The Proto Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing ... 3200 BC to 2700 BC . Department of Oriental Antiquities, Louvre . Besides Susa, one important Proto Elamite site is Teppe Sialk , where the only remaining Proto Elamite ziggurat is still seen. Texts in the undeciphered Proto Elamite script found in Susa are dated to this period. It is thought that the Proto ... seems to have occurred between the Proto Elamite period and the later Elamites. But because ... Alden, maintain that Proto Elamite influence grew rapidly at the end of the 4th millennium BC ... later. Proto Elamite pottery dating back to the last half of the 5th millennium BC has been found in Sialk , where Proto Elamite writing, the first form of writing in Iran , has been found on tablets of this date. The first cylinder seal s come from the Proto Elamite period, as well. http www.anaviangallery.com ancient iranian preface.html Proto Elamite script File Economic tablet Susa Louvre Sb3047.jpg thumb right Economic tablet with numeric signs. Proto Elamite script in clay, Susa , Uruk ... the Proto Elamite script may be considered the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite . Both scripts .... A few Proto Elamite signs seem either to be loans from the slightly older proto cuneiform Late Uruk period Uruk tablets of Mesopotamia, or perhaps more likely, to share a common origin. Whereas proto cuneiform is written in visual hierarchies, Proto Elamite is written in an in line style numerical ..., although the majority are entirely abstract. Proto Elamite was used for a brief period around 3000 ... corpus The Proto Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area, stretching from ... more details
linguistics. The proto languages stand at the branch points, or nodes 15, 6, 20 and 7. The leaf languages, or end points, are 2, 5, 9 and 31. The root language is 15. By convention, the Proto languages are named Proto 5 9, Proto 2 5 9 and Proto 31, or Common 5 9, etc. The overall Ursprache has a proto name reflecting the ordinary name of the entire family, such as Germanic, Italic, etc ... of a few words. All the proto languages are hypothetical, or reconstructed languages however sometimes documentation is found that supports their former existence. A proto language alternatively known ... languages are believed to have descended by evolution, or slow modification of the proto language ... and verification of proto languages Typically, the proto language is not known directly. It is by definition ... languages. If the entire set can be accounted for by descent from the proto langage, which must contain the proto forms of them all, the tree, or phylogeny, is regarded as a complete explanation and by Occam ... accepted proto languages are Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European , Proto Uralic language Proto Uralic , and ProtoDravidian language ProtoDravidian . In rare instances compared to the hundreds of proto languages, scant evidence may be found that increases the probability of a proto ... the Proto Germanic hypothesis. In a few fortuitous instances, which have been used to verify .... For example, Latin is the proto language of the Romance languages Romance language family, which includes such modern languages as French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish. Likewise, Proto Norse ... of an unattested proto language was August Schleicher he did so for Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European in 1861. ref harvnb Lehmann 1993 p 26 . ref Proto X vs. Pre X Normally, the term Proto X refers to the ancestor of a group of languages, occasionally attested but most commonly ..., in the case of Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European and Pre Indo European likewise ... more details
, Toward Proto Elamo Dravidian , Language vol. 50 no. 1 1974 David McAlpin Elamite and Dravidian, Further ... McAlpin, Proto Elamo Dravidian The Evidence and its Implications , Transactions of the American Philosophical ..., and early Proto Elamite script. See also Portal Ancient Near East Dravidian languages References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Elamo Dravidian Languages Category Elamite language Category Proposed language ...Infobox language family name Elamo Dravidian altname controversial region South Asia familycolor superfamily family Elamo Dravidian child2 Dravidian languages Dravidian child1 Elamite language Elamite The Elamo Dravidian languages are a hypothesised language family which links the living or protoDravidian languages of India to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam present day southwestern Iran . Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief proponent of the Elamo Dravidian Hypothesis. The Elamo Dravidian hypothesis proposes that the extinct Harappan language the language or languages of the Indus Valley Civilization may also be part of the same family. Linguistic arguments McAlpin 1975 in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20 of Dravidian ... and Dravidian possess similar second person pronoun s and parallel declension case ending s. They have ... the Dravidian situation , in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook Aryan and Non Aryan ... correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families. Proposed cultural links Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo Dravidian ... links between the two regions. The distribution of living Dravidian languages, concentrated mostly ... Brahui and in Central and East India Kurukh, Malto , suggests to some a wider past distribution of the Dravidian languages. However, northern Dravidian languages like Brahui language Brahui , Kurukh ... Houben ref They call themselves immigrants. ref P. 45 The Brahui language, an old Dravidian language ... more details
Proto religion may refer to notions of an Urreligion early stages in the origin of religion in the course of human evolution Paleolithic religion within the context of a reconstructed proto language Proto Indo European religion Proto Semitic religion disambig ... more details
Infobox Automobile name SEAT Proto C image Image Seat Proto C. 6 .jpg 250px SEAT Proto C manufacturer SEAT SEAT, SA parent company Volkswagen Group aka production 1990 assembly predecessor successor class Concept car body style layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length width height weight fuel capacity related designer Giorgetto Giugiaro The SEAT Proto T 1989 , the SEAT Proto C ref cite web url http www.italdesign.com dinamic gallery gallery scheda.php?id 178&num rows 6&family a&data a year 1990 title SEAT Proto C work Italdesign ref 1990 and the SEAT Proto TL ref cite web url http www.italdesign.com dinamic gallery gallery scheda.php?id 172&num rows 6&family a&data a year 1990 title SEAT Proto TL work Italdesign ref 1990 are all concept cars designed for SEAT by Giorgetto Giugiaro s Italdesign . SEAT Proto T 1989 The SEAT Proto T was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1989. SEAT Proto C 1990 The SEAT Proto C was presented at the Paris Motor Show in 1990. Brakes and tires Driveline Front wheel drive Exterior dimensions and weight Length Width Height mm 3910 x 1670 x 1120 SEAT Proto TL 1990 The SEAT Proto TL was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 1990. Brakes and tires Driveline Front wheel drive Exterior dimensions and weight Length Width Height mm 4375 x 1715 x 1435 References references commonscat SEAT Proto C SEAT Volkswagen Group brands Category Concept automobiles Category SEAT vehicles Proto es SEAT Proto ... more details
Proto human may refer to Archaic Homo sapiens , a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of Homo Proto Human language , a designation of the hypothetical most recent common ancestor of all the world s languages disambig ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Muschampia proto status image Muschampiaproto.jpg image width 240px image caption Figure of Muschampia proto in Adalbert Seitz Seitz .The underside is shown on the left. regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Hesperiidae genus Muschampia species M. proto binomial Muschampia proto binomial authority Ferdinand Ochsenheimer Ochsenheimer , 1816 synonyms The Sage Skipper Muschampia proto is a butterfly of the Hesperiidae family. It is found in Morocco , Algeria , the Iberian Peninsula , southern France , Italy , Sicily , Greece and in Republic of Macedonia Macedonia . The length of the forewings is 14 15 mm, although there are specimens with a forewing length of 15 17 mm in Morocco. Adults are on wing in April, May or even later in one generation. The larvae feed on Phlomis species. External links http www.leps.it indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages MuschProto.htm Leps It http www.lepiforum.de cgi bin lepiwiki.pl?Muschampia Proto Lepiforum http mitglied.lycos.de aneuwald mproto.htm All butterflies of Europe Category Pyrginae Pyrginae stub de Muschampia proto fr Hesp rie de l herbe au vent ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Infobox company name Proto Motors br small logo File Proto Motors logo.png frameless caption Proto Motors logo location South Korea products sports car s foundation 1997 Proto Motors lang ko is a South Korea n sports car manufacturer and coachbuilder. It was established in 1997, and has forged partnerships with Hyundai Motor Company , Kia Motors , and GM Daewoo . It introduced the Spirra a production model of PS ll at the 4th Seoul Motor Show. Presently, the company specializes in redesigning existing models by developing electric car s or convertible s based on them. In 2001, the company custom made a convertible limousine for Cheongwadae , the South Korean presidential residence. Models RT X 1998 PS II 2000 Proto Spirra Spirra 2007 present Kia Carnival Kia Grand Carnival Limousine 2006 present See also Portal Companies List of Korean car makers External links http www.protomotors.com Proto Motors Homepage KAMA Automotive industry in South Korea Category Motor vehicle manufacturers of South Korea Category Coachbuilders Category Motor vehicle companies Category Companies established in 1997 auto company stub ast Proto Motors de Protomotors fa fr Proto Motors ko io Proto Motors ms Proto Motors ja fi Proto Motors tr Proto Motors vi C ng ty t Proto ... more details
Proto 87 is a model railroad special interest group founded in 1978 , dedicated to providing a finescale alternative to traditional H0 scale . Due to manufacturing restrictions and considerations such as durability, ease of operation and price, most model railroad products feature significant compromises that inhibit their viability as accurate scale models of their prototypes. The most visible of these are wheels and Rail tracks track , which can be significantly thicker than the prototype. Proto 87 has its own online store that offers various components and kits to help correct these scale inaccuracies, such as kits for assembling accurate, to scale trackwork and Railroad switch switches , finescale wheels for locomotive s and rolling stock , etc. See also Rail transport modelling scales Model railway scales External links http www.proto87.org Proto 87 SIG Official website http www.clubproto87.com Club Proto 87 fr icon http perso.orange.fr proto87.team Proto87 proto87.html Proto 87 International Team fr icon http www.proto87stores.com Proto 87 Stores http www.fremo.org fremo87 Fremo 87 German and English Category Model railroad scales fr Proto mod lisme ferroviaire ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Proto industrialisation also spelled proto industrialization is a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market oriented craft production, mainly through the putting out system organized by merchant capitalists. It was a decentralised method of production which was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers located in different places unlike the industrialised era in which the production became centralised. Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, proto industrialization led to specialization in both industrial production as well as commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large scale, capital intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed. Proto industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization, such as greater independence of women and children who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of Industrialization , machines were not used. They were not even invented at that time. People could only use their hands or any hand made material to produce required goods. Also see Black Country References Mendels, F.F. 1972. Proto industrialization The first phase of the industrialization process. Journal of Economic History 32 241 261. Hudson, P. 1990. Proto industrialisation. Recent Findings of Research ... stub de Proto Industrialisierung fr Proto industrie it Protoindustrializzazione nl Proto industrie ... more details
Frank Proto United States American composer and bassist . Proto was born on July 18, 1941, Brooklyn, New York . Double Bass student of Fred Zimmermann and David Walter. Graduate of the Manhattan School of Music 1966 Master of Music . Self taught composer. Proto has played and composed for a wide range of ensembles and soloists including Dave Brubeck , Eddie Daniels , Duke Ellington , Cleo Laine , Sherrill Milnes , Gerry Mulligan , Roberta Peters , Francois Rabbath , Ruggiero Ricci , Doc Severinsen and Richard Stoltzman . Proto worked as a double bassist and composer in residence with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra from 1966 to 1997. The orchestra premiered over 25 new works including concertos and solo works for Violin, Cello, Double Bass, Clarinet, Trumpet, Tuba and Percussion. He also composed and arranged music for Young People s and Pops concerts including Casey at the Bat an American Folk Tale for Narrator and Orchestra and A Carmen Fantasy for Trumpet and Orchestra. Proto is among the most prolific composers of music for the double bass . His output includes 7 works with orchestra and over 30 solo and chamber music works. He has also composed extensively for the violin , viola and clarinet . His 2007 CD DVD Bridges Eddie Daniels plays the music of Frank Proto consisting of a series of works written for clarinet virtuoso Eddie Daniels was nominated for a Grammy Award . Proto s 30 year collaboration with the French Syrian virtuoso Francois Rabbath has resulted in 5 works for double bass and orchestra. As a solo double bassist Proto has been widely recorded in an ongoing series of his chamber works by Red Mark Records. External links http www.liben.com protocont.html Frank Proto s Web Page http www.liben.com FPList.html Frank Proto s Compositions http www.liben.com Redmark.html 9212 Frank Proto Recordings Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Proto ... DEFAULTSORT Proto, Frank Category 1941 births Category Living people Category 20th century classical ... more details
Infobox Company company name Proto company logo Image Proto logo.png 200px company type Subsidiary parent Stanley Black & Decker foundation 1907 in Los Angeles, California founder Alphonso Plomb, Jacob Weninger, Charles Williams location New Britain, Connecticut key people num employees industry Manufacturing revenue products Industrial tools homepage http www.stanleyproto.com www.stanleyproto.com Stanley Proto more commonly known simply as Proto and historically known as Plomb is an United States American industrial hand tool company. It is a division of Stanley Black & Decker . The company is credited with creating the first wrench combination wrench . History Proto was founded in 1907 by Alphonso Plomb, Jacob Weninger, and Charles Williams as the Plomb Tool Company, a small blacksmith shop making chisels in Los Angeles . In the 1930s, Plomb released what is commonly credited as the first wrench combination wrench . ref cite web work Alloy Artifacts title Plomb A Gallery of Tools url http home.comcast.net alloy artifacts plomb gallery p2.html combo accessdate 2010 01 31 ref Plomb acquired a number of companies during the 1940s, including Cragin Tool of Chicago, Illinois in 1940, P&C ... York in 1947. ref cite web author Stanley Proto title Company History url http www.stanleyproto.com ... 27 ref The company began manufacturing its tools with the Proto name, a portmanteau of professional ... gallery.html accessdate 2010 01 31 ref In 1964, Proto was acquired by Ingersoll Rand , and in 1984, it was acquired by Stanley and became Stanley Proto Industrial Tools. ref cite web last Thomas first ... reflist External links http www.stanleyproto.com Stanley Proto web site http plombtools.com ... Plomb A Gallery of Tools http home.comcast.net alloy artifacts proto empire.html Alloy Artifacts The Proto Empire Tool manufacturers Category Tool manufacturers Category Manufacturing companies ... Black & Decker brands es Proto Herramientas ... more details
Image SU10 Cover.jpg thumb alt Summer 2010 cover Summer 2010 cover Proto is a national science magazine and website produced by Massachusetts General Hospital in collaboration with Time Inc. Content Solutions. The quarterly magazine was launched in 2005 and covers news in the field of biomedicine and health care, focusing on basic and clinical research, policy and technology. Recently featured topics include post traumatic stress disorder , medical algorithms and medical devices . The magazine also includes interviews with major figures in the medical world and personal essays about patients experiences with health care. Articles from the magazine have been reprinted and cited in a number of well known venues, including The Washington Post , and a Proto radio show was launched May 17, 2010, on ReachMD . Proto targets physicians, researchers, policymakers, health care leaders and others with an interest in science and health care. References http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2009 03 09 AR2009030902247.html Reprint of The Social Robot in The Washington Post http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2009 05 11 AR2009051102793.html Reprint of Yes. No. Maybe in The Washington Post http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2009 07 06 AR2009070602917.html Reprint of The Rare Few in The Washington Post http www.rushlimbaugh.com home daily site 072909 content 01125114.guest.html Discussion of The Future of Obesity on Rush Limbaugh s radio show http www.foliomag.com 2009 2009 eddie and ozzie award winners Proto the winner of Eddie for Best Full Issue, Single Article, Custom Magazine http www.asja.org awards awar2010.php Tim Gower s Proto story on repurposing ... pearlawards winners 2006.asp Proto named Best New Publication Magazine in Pearl Awards, 2006 http reachmd.com xmradioseries.aspx?sid 67 Proto on ReachMD External links http www.protomag.com Proto magazine homepage Category Medical magazines Category Science and technology magazines Category ... more details
Ludovic Proto born April 30, 1965 in Pointe a Pitre , Guadeloupe is a French boxer who competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the men s light welterweight division . ref http www.sports reference.com olympics athletes pr ludovic proto 1.html sports reference Retrieved 21 July 2011 ref References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Proto, Ludovic ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Boxer DATE OF BIRTH April 30, 1965 PLACE OF BIRTH Pointe a Pitre , Guadeloupe DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Proto, Ludovic Category French boxers Category Olympic boxers of France Category French people of Guadeloupean descent Category 1965 births Category Living people Category People from Pointe Pitre Category Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics France boxing bio stub fr Ludovic Proto ... more details
Infobox football biography playername Silvio Proto image File Silvio Proto 2011.jpg 150px caption With R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht in 2011 height convert 1.83 m ftin abbr on dateofbirth birth date and age df yes 1983 5 23 cityofbirth Charleroi countryofbirth Belgium currentclub R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht clubnumber 1 position Goalkeeper association football Goalkeeper youthyears1 1989 1996 youthclubs1 Couillet youthyears2 1996 1999 youthclubs2 R.O.C. de Charleroi Marchienne Olympic Charleroi years1 1999 2005 clubs1 R.A.A. Louvi roise La Louvi re caps1 115 goals1 0 years2 2005 clubs2 R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht caps2 102 goals2 0 years3 2008 clubs3 K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot Germinal Beerschot loan caps3 29 goals3 1 nationalyears1 2004 nationalteam1 Belgium national football team Belgium nationalcaps1 12 nationalgoals1 0 pcupdate 18 15, 18 May 2011 UTC ntupdate 16 00, 18 May 2011 UTC Silvio Proto born 23 May 1983 in Charleroi is a Belgium Belgian Association football football Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper who plays for R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht . His other clubs include R.A.C.S. Couillet, R.O.C. de Charleroi Marchienne Olympic Charleroi and R.A.A. Louvi roise La Louvi re . He has also represented the Belgium national football team . On 28 September 2008, he scored his first goal in his career. References http www.national football teams.com v2 player.php?id 10042 National Football Teams Belgian Professional Goalkeeper of the Year Anderlecht Squad use dmy dates date December 2010 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Proto, Silvio ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION footballer DATE OF BIRTH 23 May 1983 PLACE OF BIRTH Charleroi , Belgium DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Proto, Silvio Category 1983 births Category Living people Category ... de Silvio Proto es Silvio Proto fr Silvio Proto it Silvio Proto nl Silvio Proto pl Silvio Proto pt Silvio Proto ... more details
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