Refimprove date February 2009 The ProtoGreeklanguage is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of GreeklanguageGreek , including Mycenaean Greeklanguage Mycenaean , the ancient Greek ... between Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit suggest that both ProtoGreek and Proto Indo Iranian languageProto Indo Iranian were still quite similar to either late Proto Indo European languageProto Indo ... i.e. after it had already become a Centum language . ProtoGreek changes The primary sound changes separating ProtoGreek from the Proto Indo European language included Debuccalization of s to h ... ProtoGreek it appears, at least as gunai also in Armenian language Armenian . Pronoun The pronouns ... of Classical Greek into ProtoGreek. His reconstruction was ignorant of Mycenaean language Mycenaean ... Macedonian language Paleo Balkan languages Pre Greek substrate Proto Indo European language Kafkania ... periods DEFAULTSORT ProtoGreekLanguage Category Varieties of Greek Category Proto languages ... Macedonian language , either as descended from an earlier Proto Hellenic language, or by definition including it among the descendants of ProtoGreek as a Hellenic languages Hellenic language and or a Greek dialect. ref http multitree.org trees Indo European 20Composite 730997 ref ProtoGreek would ... Greek would have ended as Greeks Hellenic migrants, speaking the predecessor of the Mycenaean language ... century BC at the latest. The evolution of ProtoGreek should be considered with the background ... Aryan protolanguage. Graeco Aryan has little support among linguists, since both geographical and temporal distribution of Greek and Indo Iranian fit well with the Kurgan hypothesis of Proto Indo European. History of the Greeklanguage 310 Phonology File ProtoGreek Area reconstruction.png 300px thumb A reconstruction of the 3rd millennium BC ProtoGreek area , by V. I. Georgiev. ref cite book ... proto greek&q 22The protoGreek region included epirus approximately up to 22 search anchor quote ... more details
of a few words. All the proto languages are hypothetical, or reconstructed languages however sometimes documentation is found that supports their former existence. A protolanguage alternatively known as a parent language , or common ancestor in the tree model of historical linguistics is a hypothetical, or reconstructed, typically extinct language from which a number of attested, or documented, known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, or slow modification of the protolanguage ... and verification of proto languages Typically, the protolanguage is not known directly. It is by definition ... accepted proto languages are Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European , Proto Uralic languageProto Uralic , and Proto Dravidian languageProto Dravidian . In rare instances compared .... For example, Latin is the protolanguage of the Romance languages Romance language family, which includes ... of an unattested protolanguage was August Schleicher he did so for Proto Indo European language ..., in the case of Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and Pre Indo European likewise for Proto Germanic languageProto Germanic and Germanic Parent Language Pre Germanic . As Pre X ... Pre Proto X is sometimes used, for a stage older than the last common ancestor of the attested language ... method Internal reconstruction Historical linguistics Proto Human language References reflist ... Category Proposed language families Category Historical linguistics Category Proto languages ... pt Protol ngua rmy Angluni chhib ru simple Protolanguage sk Prajazyk fi Kantakieli sv ... linguistics. The proto languages stand at the branch points, or nodes 15, 6, 20 and 7. The leaf languages, or end points, are 2, 5, 9 and 31. The root language is 15. By convention, the Proto languages are named Proto 5 9, Proto 2 5 9 and Proto 31, or Common 5 9, etc. The overall Ursprache has a proto name reflecting the ordinary name of the entire family, such as Germanic, Italic, etc ... more details
Infobox language name Greek nativename lang el br transl el ISO Ell nik pronunciation IPA el ... dialects Ancient dialects dia2 Cappadocian Greeklanguage Cappadokian dia3 Cretan Greek Cretan dia4 Cypriot Greek Cypriot dia5 Griko language Grico dia6 Himariote Greek dialect Cheimarriotika dia7 Katharevousa dia8 Maniot dialect Maniot dia9 Pontic Greek Pontic dia10 Tsakonian language Tsakonian dia11 Yevanic language Yevanic dia12 Greek dialects others stand1 Demotic Greek Demotic script Greek ... , Coptic alphabet Coptic , and many other writing systems. The Greeklanguage holds an important ... was written in Koin Greek . Together with the Latin language Latin texts and traditions of the Roman ...?code ell title Greeklanguage publisher SIL International year 2009 ref in Greece, Cyprus, and Greek ... English language English words are derived from the Greeklanguage. History Main History of Greek ... The GreekLanguage http www.kwintessential.co.uk language about greek.html ref The earliest written ... modifications, it is still used today. Periods File ProtoGreek Area reconstruction.png thumb right 235px ProtoGreeklanguageProtoGreek area according to linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev V. I. Georgiev . History of the Greeklanguage 245 The Greeklanguage is conventionally divided into the following periods ProtoGreeklanguageProtoGreek the last unrecorded but assumed ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. ProtoGreek speakers possibly entered the Greece Greek peninsula in the early 2nd millennium BC . Since then, Greek has been spoken uninterruptedly in Greece. Mycenaean Greek the language ... Greek dialects dialects the language of the Archaic Greece Archaic and Classical Greece Classical ... Greek , as it was the original language of the New Testament . Even the Old Testament was translated into the same language via the Septuagint . Medieval Greek , also known as Byzantine Greek the continuation ... state. The Greeklanguage question diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 Law 306 1976 , when ... more details
A protolanguage is a hypothetical or reconstructed language from which a number of known languages are believed to have descended in historical linguistics. Protolanguage may also refer to Protolanguage glottogony , primitive language like systems or forms of communication posited in theories of the origin of languageProto Human language , a hypothetical ancestor of all the world s languages Musical protolanguage , a theory of the origins of music and vocal communication See also Category Proto languages disambig ... more details
The Proto Malayo Polynesian language PMP is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo Polynesian languages , which is by far the largest branch of the Austronesian languages Austronesian language family . Proto Malayo Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan , with the possible exception of the Tai Kadai languages if the hypothesis that Tai Kadai is descended from proto Austronesian but not from Malayo Polynesian is true see Austro Tai languages . See also Proto Austronesian language External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 269 ABVD Proto Malayo Polynesian http www.webcitation.org query?url http www.geocities.com Tokyo 8908 firemount austroframes.html&date 2009 10 25 11 31 10 A Comparison of Austronesian Languages WebCite query result Category Austronesian languages Category Proto languages Malayo Polynesian Au lang stub ... more details
Proto Nahuan is the hypothetical daughter language of the Proto Uto Aztecan language which is the common ancestor from which the modern Nahuatl Nahuan languages have developed. Some phonological changes shared by all Nahuan languages are cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em auto 1em auto style background efefef Proto Uto Aztecan t becomes Proto Nahuan lateral affricate IPA t before Proto Uto Aztecan a ref Dakin 1982 , pp. 25, 67 8 ref PUA ta ka man becomes PN tla ka tla man Proto Uto Aztecan initial p is lost in Proto Nahuan. ref Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale 1962 ref PUA pahi water becomes PN a tla water Proto Uto Aztecan u merges with i into Proto Nahuan i ref Langacker 1977 , p. 23 ref PUA muki to die becomes PN miki to die Proto Uto Aztecan sibilants ts and s split into ts, ch and s, IPA respectively. ref Dakin 1982 , p. 51 62 ref Proto Uto Aztecan fifth vowel reconstructed as IPA or IPA merged with e into Proto Nahuan e ref Langacker 1977 , p. 23 ref PUA IPA n mi to walk becomes PN nemi to live, to walk a large number of Metathesis linguistics metatheses in which Proto Uto Aztecan roots of the shape CVCV have become VCCV. ref Dakin 1982 , p. 62 3 ref PUA pu li to tie becomes PN ilpi to tie Morphology The hypothetical Proto Nahuan is hypothetically an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morpheme s strung together. notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Nahuan, Proto Nahuan, Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Uto Aztecan languages Category Proto languages Uto Aztecan na lang stub ... more details
Proto Eskimo was the ancestor of all the Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo languages . A linguistic reconstruction reconstruction of the Proto Eskimo sound system can be found in Fortescue et al. 1994 xi. References Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. 1994. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates. Alaska Native Language Center. See also Proto Eskimo Aleut language Eskimo Aleut languages DEFAULTSORT Proto Eskimo Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Proto languages Eskimo Category Eskimo Aleut languages lang stub ... more details
Proto Chukotko Kamchatkan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Chukotko Kamchatkan languages . A reconstructed version of the language is presented by Michael Fortescue in his Comparative Dictionary of Chukotko Kamchatkan 2005 . Phonology According to Fortescue, Proto Chukotko Kamchatkan had the following phoneme s, expressed in help IPA IPA symbols. Consonants class wikitable IPA style text align center labial alveolar palatal velar uvular Stop consonant Stops p t c k q Fricative consonant Fricatives v Nasal stop Nasals m n Approximant consonant Approximants w l j Rhotic consonant Rhotic r nowiki nowiki c is a true voiceless palatal stop not the affricate . Note that Proto Chukotko Kamchatkan had only voiceless consonant voiceless stops , no voiced consonant voiced stops such as b d g . However, there is a series of voiced fricative consonant fricatives , IPA v . These have no voiceless counterparts such as f x . nowiki nowiki v is a voiced labiodental fricative like v in English . is a voiced velar fricative like the g in Dutch ogen , modern Greek gamma, Persian q f, etc. . is a voiced uvular fricative like r in French . The entire t n l r series is alveolar i.e. t n are not dentals. Vowels class wikitable style text align center Front vowel Front Central vowel Central Back vowel Back Close vowel Close i u Mid vowel Mid e o Open vowel Open a or central? See also Chukotko Kamchatkan languages Uralo Siberian languages References Fortescue, Michael. 2005. Comparative Chukotko Kamchatkan Dictionary. Trends in Linguistics 23. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. Category Chukotko Kamchatkan languages Category Proto languages Chukotko Kamchatkan ... more details
erwiesen ref Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European voiceless stops are aspirated in Proto ... reduced to w , h or zero in Armenian PIE pots , Armenian otn , Greek pous foot PIE treis , Armenian erek , Greek treis three . The reconstruction of Proto Armenian being very uncertain, there is no general ... I. M. Diakonoff First evidence of the Proto Armenian language in Eastern Anatolia, Annual of Armenian ...pp semi indef History of the Armenian language Indo European The earliest testimony of the Armenian language dates to the 5th century AD the Bible translation of Mesrob Mashtots . The earlier history of the language ... European language , but its development is opaque. In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Hurro Urartian , Greek and Indo Iranian languages Indo Iranian . The Proto Armenian sound laws are varied and eccentric such as dw yielding erk , and in many ... arriving in its historical territory, Proto Armenian would appear to have undergone massive influence ..., Is Armenian an Anatolian Language?, Language, Vol. 18, No. 1 Jan., 1942 , pp. 22 25 Charles R. Barton, The Etymology of Armenian ert am , Language 39, No. 4 Oct., 1963 , p. 620 G. Bonfante, The Armenian ... Robert Minshall, Initial Indo European y in Armenian, Language 31, No. 4 Oct., 1955 , pp. 499 503 J. Alexander Kerns Benjamin Schwartz, On the Placing of Armenian, Language 18, No. 3 Jul., 1942 , pp. 226 228 K. H. Schmidt, The Indo European Basis of Proto Armenian Principles of Reconstruction, Annual ... Phonology I, Language 30, No. 2 Apr., 1954 , pp. 197 201 Werner Winter, Problems of Armenian Phonology II, Language 31, No. 1 Jan., 1955 , pp. 4 8 Werner Winter Problems of Armenian Phonology III, Language 38, No. 3, Part 1 Jul., 1962 , pp. 254 262 Hrachia Acharian . Etymological root dictionary of the Armenian language. Vol. I IV. Yerevan Sate University, Yerevan, 1971 1979. div John A. C ... from the Armenian Highlands Category Proto languages Armenian, proto Category Armenian languages Category ... more details
Proto Eskimo Aleut was the common ancestor of the Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo languages and Aleut language Aleut . Its existence is known through similarities in Eskimo and Aleut. The existence of Proto Eskimo Aleut is generally accepted among linguistics linguists . It was for a long time true that no linguistic reconstruction of Proto Eskimo Aleut had yet been produced, as stated by Allan R. Bomhard Bomhard 2008 209 . Such a reconstruction was offered by Knut Bergsland in 1986. Michael Fortescue 1998 124 125 has offered another version of this system, largely based on the reconstruction of Proto Eskimo languageProto Eskimo in the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary he co authored with Steven Jacobson and Lawrence Kaplan 1994 xi . Possible relation to other language families There are no generally accepted relations between Proto Eskimo Aleut and other language families. A substantial case for a genetic relationship between Proto Eskimo Aleut and several languages of northern Eurasia was published by Michael Fortescue in 1998 in Language Relations across Bering Strait see Uralo Siberian languages . References Knut Bergsland Bergsland, Knut . 1986. Comparative Eskimo Aleut phonology and lexicon. Journal de la Soci t finno ougrienne 80 63 137. Bomhard, Allan R. 2008. Reconstructing Proto Nostratic Comparative Phonology, Morphology, and Vocabulary , 2 volumes. Leiden Brill. Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. 1994. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates. Alaska Native Language Center. Fortescue, Michael. 1998. Language Relations across Bering Strait Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London and New York Cassell. Eskimo Aleut languages Category Proto languages Eskimo Aleut Category Eskimo Aleut languages lang stub ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Kra nativename region Southern China , br Northern Vietnam era familycolor Tai Kadai notice IPA The Proto Kra language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages . It was reconstructed in 2000 by Weera Ostapirat in his Ph.D. dissertation. Lower level reconstructions Ostapirat 2000 provided preliminary phonological reconstructions for several lower level groupings before attempting a reconstruction of Proto Kra. Proto Kra Proto South Western Kra Proto Western Kra Gelao, Lachi Proto Southern Kra Laha Proto Central East Kra Proto Central Kra Paha Proto Eastern Kra Buyang, Qabiao Phonology Consonants Proto Kra has a total of 32 consonants ... colspan 2 IPA o align center colspan 2 Open vowel Open colspan 2 colspan 2 IPA a colspan 2 Proto Kra has 4 diphthong s, which are not found in closed syllable s. ai a ui au Tones Proto Kra had an A B C D tonal system typical of other Tai Kadai languages see Proto Tai language Tones . The tonal descriptions ... short medium See also Proto Tai languageProto Hlai languageProto Austronesian language Austro ... Proto Kra Consonants colspan 2 Labial consonant Labial colspan 2 Alveolar consonant Alveolar ... Rhotic colspan 2 colspan 2 r colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 Vowels Proto Kra ... text align center width 30 Proto Kra Vowels colspan 2 Height colspan 2 Front vowel Front colspan 2 ... Kra languages except for Qabiao language Qabiao . C C is usually accompanied by glottal constriction ... table of phonetic characteristics of Proto Kra tones was adapted from Ostapirat 2000 237 . class wikitable Proto Kra Tonal Characteristics align center A B C D align center Type of final ... Proto Kra . Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 23 1 1 251. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 690 ABVD Proto Kra word list Tai Kadai languages Category Kra languages Category Proto languages Kra ... more details
Refimprove date November 2006 Proto Iranian , is the Linguistic reconstruction reconstructed protolanguage of the Iranian languages branch of Indo European language family, and as such, the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian language Persian , Sogdian language Sogdian , Zazaki , Mazandarani language Mazandarani , Kurdish language Kurdish and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto Iranians , are assumed to have lived in the early 2nd millennium BC , and are usually connected with the Proto Indo Iranians and early Andronovo archaeological horizon. Proto Iranian was a Satem language descended from the Proto Indo Iranian language, which in turn came from the Proto Indo European language . It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from PIE. Proto Indo European and Indo Iranian Phonological Correspondences class wikitable IPA border 1 colspan 2 Proto Indo European language PIE Avestan language Av PIE Av p p p h? sub a sub ter father pi tar father b b b r h sub a sub ter brother b ratar brother t t t uh sub x sub m thou t v?m thou d d d oru wood d ar wood d d d oh sub x sub neh sub a sub grain d ana grain k s d k m? ten da s a ten g z g nu knee z anu knee g z g im s cold z ?maka winterstorm k x c kr uh sub a sub r s bloody x rura bloody g g z h sub a sub u g es strength ao j ah strength g g z dl?h sub x sub g s long dar? g a long k k c k s who k o who g g j g ou cow g au cow class wikitable Proto Indo Iranian Avestan language Avestan ref name Skjaervo cite book title An Introduction to Young Avestan year 2003 last Skj rv first Prods Oktor pages Glossary url http www.fas.harvard.edu iranian Avesta index.html ref Old Persian Vedic Sanskrit a va horse aspa asa native word ref name Fortson cite book title Indo European language and Culture An Introduction year 2004 last Fortson ... Category Proto languages Iranian fa ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Germanic nativename region Northern Europe era evolved into Proto Norse , Gothic language Gothic , Old Frankish language Frankish and Ingvaeonic by the 4th century familycolor ... reconstructed protolanguage of all the Germanic languages , such as modern English language English , Frisian languages Frisian , Dutch language Dutch , Afrikaans language Afrikaans , German language German , Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish , Danish language Danish , Norwegian language Norwegian , Icelandic language Icelandic , Faroese language Faroese , and Swedish language Swedish . ref Another, less common name used in English language literature by a few noteworthy scholars is Primitive Germanic Parent Language . For example, see cite book first Leonard last Bloomfield authorlink Leonard ... year 1984 is ISBN 0 226 06067 5 pages 298 299 ref By definition, Proto Germanic is the stage of the language ... is itself descended from Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European PIE . Although Proto ... 2012 The Proto Germanic language is not directly attested by any surviving texts but has been Linguistic ... in a runic script from Scandinavia dated to c. 200, may represent a stage of Proto Norse language ... and ended with the dispersion of the protolanguage speakers into distinct populations practicing ... from a Common, or Protolanguage at the root of the tree to the attested languages at the leaves of the tree ... in other language varieties Loans from adjoining Indo European groups Loans into Proto Germanic from ... convention for representing this sound in Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European is y ... Bronze Age.png right 237px thumb Map of the Nordic Bronze Age culture, ca. 1200 BC, language unknown, but before the estimated window of Proto Germanic, and therefore possibly Pre Proto Germanic. This region was included in the range of subsequent Iron Age cultures undoubtedly speaking Proto Germanic. clarify date January 2012 citation needed date January 2012 Proto Germanic often abbreviated ... more details
Proto Semitic is the hypothetical protolanguage ancestral to historical Semitic languages of the Middle ... of Sounds with other Afroasiatic languages See table at Proto Afroasiatic language Consonant ... 1ps pronouns e.g. Eg. 3nk , Coptic anak , anok , proto Berber languageproto Berber nakk suggests ... also Afroasiatic languages History of the alphabet Proto Afroasiatic Proto Indo European language References ... Proto Semitic Language and Culture The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language http ... etymology http www.semiticroots.net Semitic Roots Repository DEFAULTSORT Proto Semitic Language Category ... supplementary material . ref The Semitic language family is considered a component of the larger Afroasiatic macro family of languages. Dating The earliest attestations of a Semitic language are in Akkadian language Akkadian , dating to ca. the 23rd century BC see Sargon of Akkad and Eblaite , but earlier ... 2006 Introduction to Semitic Comparative Linguistics ref ref Courtenay, James John 2009 The Language ... has not been proven by archeology. However, a traditional account transmitted by many Greek ... Rawlinson, George 2008 History of Phoenicia p.51 ref Given that Proto Semitic would have been an Afroasiatic language, some believe that the first prehistoric speakers of the ancestral Proto Semitic language came from Ethiopia , which would have been the Proto Semitic homeland. ref e.g. A. Murtonen see Fleming, Harold C. 1968 , Ethiopic Language History Testing Linguistic Hypotheses in an Archaeological ... century BC. This is also supported by the presence of nouns in Proto Semitic that seemingly make an African origin for the language impossible ice , oak , horse and camel . Citation needed date August ... Mesopotamia as the homeland for Proto Semitic, due to the flora and fauna described by it, which include ... make much better sense as the proto Semitic territory, considering the solely African locations of all the rest of the Afrasan family. ref Ehret, Christopher 2004 , The Afrasan Afroasiatic Language ... more details
Proto Dravidian is the protolanguage of the Dravidian languages . It is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian around 500 BC, Citation needed date July 2011 although some linguists Who date July 2011 have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub families points to an earlier split. As a protolanguage, Proto Dravidian has been reconstructed and is not itself found in the historical record. Due to a dearth of comparative linguistics comparative linguistic research in Dravidian studies , Dubious date July 2011 not many details as to the grammar, epoch, or location of Proto Dravidian are known. ref cite news url http www.hindu.com fline fl2022 stories 20031107000807300.htm location Chennai, India work The Hindu title Facts about Dravidian languages , review of The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti Cambridge University Press, Cambridge South Asian edition , 2003. ref Failed verification date July 2011 Reconstructed language Historical phonology Vowels Proto Dravidian contrasted between five short and long vowels a , , i , , u , , e , , o , . The sequences ai and au are treated ... Tamil language Category Dravidian languages Category Proto languages Dravidian Category Pre Indo Europeans fr Proto dravidien hi mr ru ... Methodology publisher Walter de Gruyter year 1990 isbn 3110119080 page 342 ref Consonants Proto Dravidian ... sound is retained in Kota language Kota and Toda language Toda Subrahmanyam 1983 . Malayalam language Malayalam still retains the original alveolar stop sound in gemination. ibid . In Old Tamil ... Unicode k in Proto Dravidian as in many of its daughter languages . Therefore it is not considered a separate phoneme in Proto Dravidian. However, it attained phonemic status in languages like Malayalam, Gondi language Gondi , Konda language Konda and Pengo language Pengo due to the simplification ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Norse nativename pronunciation region Scandinavia era evolved into Old Norse ... languages North Germanic script Elder Futhark notice IPA Proto Norse also Proto Scandinavian , Primitive Norse , Proto Nordic , Ancient Nordic , Old Scandinavian , Proto North Germanic and North Proto Germanic was an Indo European languages Indo European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto Germanic languageProto Germanic over the first ... Germanic languageProto Germanic are rather small, though substantial, as several hundred years separate these language stages. Separating Proto Norse from Northwest Germanic can be said to be a matter ... von Krause, for one, sees the language of the runic inscriptions of the Proto Norse period as an immediate ... Proto Norse Language Category Proto languages Norse Category North Germanic languages Category Proto ... language, and the language Attested language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions ... Germanic Iron Age . It evolved into the dialects of the Old Norse Old Norse language at the beginning ... syllable. Several scholars have proposed that Proto Norse also had a separate pitch accent , which was inherited from Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and has evolved into the tonal accent s of modern Swedish language Swedish and Norwegian language Norwegian , which in turn have evolved into the st d of modern Danish language Danish . ref Kock, Axel, 1901 Die alt und neuschwedische ... advanced theory is that each Proto Norse long syllable and every other short syllable received stress .... I Nordlyd Troms University Working Papers on Language and Linguistics 3. 61 77. ref ref hman ... Consonants Stops Proto Norse had the same six stops as had Old Norse. When one of the voiced stops stands ... has been used for z by texts transcribing Proto Norse inscriptions . multicol Nasals n IPA n m IPA ... z above. multicol end Sources attesting Proto Norse Runic inscriptions Image Einangsteinen inscription2.jpg ... more details
No footnotes date June 2011 The Proto Turkic language is the Protolanguage historical linguistics protolanguage of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples and separation into Oghuz and Oghur branches. The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic language Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century G kt rk khaganate, already show characteristics of the Eastern Turkic languages Eastern branch of Turkic, and reconstruction of Proto Turkic must rely on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western branches, Oghuz languages Oghuz and Kypchak languages Kypchak , as well as the Oghur languages Oghur branch Bulgar language Bulgar , Chuvash language Chuvash , Hunnic language Hunnic , Khazar language Khazar , Turkic Avar . Since attestation of these non Eastern languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto Turkic still rests fundamentally on East Old Turkic of the G kt rks. Phonology Proto Turkic exhibited vowel harmony , a feature sometimes also ascribed to Proto Altaic , distinguishing vowel qualities e, i, o, u vs. , , , besides a , as well as two vowel quantities. The consonant system had a two way contrast of stop consonant s fortis vs. lenis , k, p, t vs. g, b, d , with verb initial b becoming h still in Proto Turkic. There was also an affricate consonant , at least one sibilant s and sonorant ... Proto Altaic . The last two can be reconstructed with the aid of the Oghur languages , which show ... Turkic as Shaz Turkic . An alternate analysis recontructs Proto Turkic z, , holding that Common ... A Computational Reconstruction 1998 . Edward J. Vajda, review of D csy 1998 , Language journal Language ... & Altaic , RoutledgeCurzon 1997 , ISBN 0700709355. Andras Rona Tas, The Reconstruction of Proto Turkic and the Genetic Question , in L. Johanson, The Turkic Languages , Routledge Language Family Descriptions ... Category Agglutinative languages Category Turkic languages Category Proto languages bg ... more details
The Proto Austronesian language PAN is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages , one of the world s major language family language families . However, Ross 2009 ... have also been made, and include Proto Malayo Polynesian languageProto Malayo Polynesian , Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic , and Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian . Recently, linguists ... Polynesian languageProto Malayo Polynesian , Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic , and Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian , the phonemic inventories were continually reduced by merging formerly ... Polynesian transition, while 9 were observed for the Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic to Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian transition. Thus, Proto Austronesian has the most elaborate sound system, while Proto Polynesian has the least phonemes. For instance, the Hawaiian language is famous ... reduction from the 25 consonants of the Proto Austronesian language that was originally spoken in Taiwan ... the following three sound changes. PAn PMP , l, n PAn s PMP h PAn h PMP Proto Oceanic language ... within the Austronesian language family are ref name Blust09 Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic t k ... 43, Number 2, December 2004, pp. 365 410. ref Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian l and r g in Rennellese Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic w and y p in Levei and Drehet Proto Malayo Polynesian w or b Sundanese c or nc Syntax Word order Proto Austronesian is a verb initial language ... as the Austronesian alignment . This alignment was also present in the Proto Austronesian language ... language Vocabulary Pronouns See also Austronesian personal pronouns The Proto Austronesian and Proto ..., pati, pani c 05 faa c 01 five c 02 lima c 03 lima c 04 lima c 05 lima The Proto Austronesian language ... refend See also Proto Malayo Polynesian languageProto Oceanic languageProto Polynesian language ... Proto Mon Khmer languageProto Tibeto Burman languageProto Hmong Mien language Wiktionary Appendix ... more details
Technical date December 2010 Infobox language family name Proto Balto Slavic region northeastern Europe familycolor Indo European children Balto Slavic languages Proto Balto Slavic is Linguistic reconstruction reconstructed protolanguage descending from Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European ... RUKI law , and in Proto Slavic it was probably lost word finally. No attested Slavic language has word ... b rati vs. PSl. b r tej to choose OCS birati See also Proto Indo European languageProto Slavic language ... languages Slavic branches and dialects descended, such as modern Latvian language Latvian , Lithuanian language Lithuanian , Polish language Polish and Russian language Russian . The Proto Balto Slavic language is not directly attested by any surviving texts but has been Linguistic reconstruction ... common innovation from Proto Indo European times, and which can be chronologically arranged. Phonology Proto Indo European phonology Proto Indo European phonological system has exhibited several significant ... voiced and unvoiced stops were preserved in Balto Slavic and Proto Slavic , and aspirated series was deaspirated ... series has been indirectly preserved in Proto Balto Slavic, because Balto Slavic vowel would lengthen ... Iranian, Armenian and Greek branches. Unlike some other Indo European languages, Balto Slavic ... to be borrowings from Centum languages, e.g. Proto Balto Slavic k rw cow Lith. wikt karv Lithuanian k rv , OCS krava , Russ. wikt Russian kor va was likely borrowed from Proto Celtic .... No Balto Slavic language has preserved them, but relative chronology of sound changes shows that they were ... Sanskrit tan was in Balto Slavic reflected as tunHu , and only then as Proto Slavic tunu ku tinu ... as a . Compare PIE PIE h rh deh heron, stork Ancient Greek er di s , Latin wikt ardea Latin ardea Proto Slavic rad Common Slavic roda Serbo Croatian wikt roda Serbo Croatian r da PIE PIE sh l oblique case stem of PIE seh ls salt OPr. sal , Proto Slavic sali OCS wikt Old Church Slavonic sol ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 Proto Polynesian , abbreviated PPN , is the hypothetical protolanguage ... have reconstructed the language using the comparative method , in much the same manner as with Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and Proto Uralic languageProto Uralic . This same method ... IPA , not IPA r . class wikitable colspan 10 Polynesian vocabulary Proto Polynesian Tongan language ... homeland of the people who spoke Proto Polynesian was in the vicinity of Tonga, Samoa, and nearby ... pages 99 119 coauthors Roger Green ref Phonology The phonology of Proto Polynesian is very simple ... consonant Trill IPA r Lateral consonant Lateral IPA l Semivowel Glide IPA w Vowels Proto Polynesian ... pages 31 ref Sound correspondences class wikitable style text align center colspan 4 Proto Polynesian ... rowspan 17 width 8 colspan 3 Tongan language Tongan rowspan 3 IPA p rowspan 3 IPA t rowspan 3 IPA k ... 2 IPA h rowspan 3 IPA l rowspan 2 IPA colspan 3 Niuean language Niuean IPA colspan 3 ? IPA IPA h IPA h IPA l colspan 3 Proto Nuclear Polynesian IPA p IPA t IPA k IPA IPA m IPA n IPA IPA w IPA f IPA s IPA colspan 2 IPA l rowspan 13 width 8 colspan 2 Samoan language S moan rowspan ... rowspan 4 IPA k IPA colspan 2 Tikopia language Tikopian IPA colspan 2 IPA colspan 2 Nukuoro language Nukuoroan IPA IPA h colspan 2 IPA l colspan 2 Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui IPA IPA v h IPA h colspan 2 IPA colspan 2 Proto Eastern Polynesian IPA p IPA t IPA k IPA IPA m IPA n ... 3 IPA IPA v IPA ? v IPA rowspan 7 IPA colspan 2 IPA Tuamotuan language Tuamotuan IPA v IPA f h v rowspan 6 IPA h colspan 2 IPA M ori language M ori IPA w IPA f h colspan 2 IPA Tahitian language Tahitian IPA IPA IPA v IPA f v h colspan 2 IPA North Marquesan language N. Marquesan IPA k IPA k IPA v IPA h colspan 2 IPA South Marquesan language S. Marquesan IPA colspan 2 IPA n IPA v IPA f h colspan 2 IPA Hawaiian language Hawaiian IPA k IPA colspan 2 IPA n IPA w IPA h w colspan ... more details
Citations missing date March 2009 Proto Uralic is the hypothetical language ancestral to the Uralic languages Uralic language family . The language was originally spoken in a small area in about 7000 2000 ... Similarly to the situation for Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European , reconstructions of Proto ... Finno Permic languages, but certain loans from as far back as the Proto Indo European language ... 2.140.PDF ref Grammar Grammatically Proto Uralic was an agglutinative language with at least ..., singular, dual and plural. Proto Uralic was a nominative accusative language. Verbs may have had a separate ..., if it is required that every word reconstructed for the protolanguage should be present in Samoyed ... sanastosta On the vocabulary of the Uralic protolanguage . Journal de la Soci t Finno Ougrienne 77 ... reconstruction may not be a representation of the language itself instead, it may summarize features ..., Proto Uralic diverged into Proto Samoyedic and Proto Finno Ugric . However, reconstructed Proto Finno Ugric differs little from Proto Uralic, and many apparent differences follow from the methods used. Thus Proto Finno Ugric may not be separate from Proto Uralic. Another reconstruction of the split of Proto Uralic has three branches Finno Permic, Ugric and Samoyedic from the start. Recently these tree ... phonemic reconstruction . Vowels Proto Uralic had vowel harmony and a rather large inventory ... sound change, Finnic is known to have adstrate influence from language groups that would not have known ... already in Proto Uralic remains a possibility. ref name PK12 citation last Petri first Kallio title The non initial syllable vowel reductions from Proto Uralic to Proto Finnic year 2012 journal Suomalais ... sequences, and Proto Uralic x year 2012 journal Suomalais Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia volume 264 .... Proto Uralic did not have tones, which contrasts with Yeniseian and some Siberian languages. Neither was there contrastive stress as in Indo European in Proto Uralic the first syllable was invariably ... more details
The Proto Kartvelian language , or Common Kartvelian lang ka , is the hypothesis ... also Proto Indo European language The ablaut patterns of Proto Kartvelian are highly similar to those of the Indo European languages , and so it is widely thought that Proto Kartvelian interacted with Indo ... descendants of Proto Kartvelian are Georgian language Georgian , Mingrelian language Mingrelian , Laz language Laz , and Svan language Svan . Of these, Mingrelian and Laz are often considered dialects of a single language, called Zan languages Zan , although the two are not inherently mutually intelligible. The ablaut patterns of Proto Kartvelian were better preserved in Georgian and particularly ... Kartvelian, Proto, Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Proto languages Kartvelian language Category Kartvelian languages Proto Kartvelian language es Idioma proto kartveliano it Lingua ... of the modern Kartvelian peoples . The existence of such a language is widely accepted by specialists in linguistics, who have reconstructed a broad outline of the language by comparing the existing ... from Indo European, such as the Proto Kartvelian m sub . sub k sub . sub erd breast , and its obvious ..., stable vowel in each word element. ref name Britannica The system of pronoun s of Proto Kartvelian ... survived in Svan language Svan but not in the other languages. Svan also includes a number of archaisms from the Proto Kartvelian era, and therefore it is thought that Svan broke off from Proto Kartvelian at a relatively early stage the later Proto Kartvelian stage called Karto Zan languages Karto Zan split into Georgian language Georgian and Zan languages Zan Mingrelo Laz . ref name Britannica Phonology Vowels class wikitable style text align center Proto Kartvelian vowels ref Gamkrelidze & Machavariani ... wikitable IPA Proto Kartvelian consonants ref Gamkrelidze 1966 , p. 70 ref ref name Fae02 F hnrich ... Universit t place Jena Gamkrelidze, Th. 1966 A Typology of Common Kartvelian , Language, Vol. 42, No. 1 ... more details
Proto Anatolian is the protolanguage from which Anatolian languages emerged. As with all other proto languages, no attested writings have been found the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Anatolian languages as well as other Indo European languages . Phonology For the most part, Proto Anatolian has been reconstructed on the basis of Hittite language Hittite , the best attested Anatolian language. However, the usage of Hittite cuneiform writing system limits the enterprise of understanding and reconstructing Anatolian phonology, partly due to the deficiency of the adopted Akkadian cuneiform syllabary to represent Hittite sounds, and partly due to the Hittite scribal practices. This especially pertains to what appears to be confusion of voiceless and voiced dental stops, where signs dV and tV are employed interchangeably different attestations of the same word. ref name Luraghi 1998 174 Luraghi 1998 174 ref Furthermore, in the syllables of the structure VC only the signs with voiceless stops as usually used. Distribution of spellings with single and geminated consonants in the oldest extant monuments indicates that the reflexes of Proto Indo European phonology PIE voiceless stops were spelled as double consonants and the reflexes of PIE voiced stops as single consonants. This regularity is the most consistent in in the case of dental stops in older texts ref name Luraghi 1998 174 later monuments often show irregular variation of this rule. Vowels Common Anatolian preserves PIE vowel system basically intact. Some ref Lauraghi ... DEFAULTSORT Proto Anatolian Language Category Anatolian languages Category Proto languages Anatolian ... is to indicate vowel quantity according to him the Hittite a contrasts inherits diphonemic Proto Anatolian contrast, reflecting PIE o , a and , and Proto Anatolian a reflecting PIE a . According to Melchert, the lengthening of accented short vowels in open syllables cannot be Proto Anatolian ... more details
Proto Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical protolanguage of the Iroquoian languages . Floyd Lounsbury Lounsbury 1961 estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 for the split of South and North Iroquoian. At the time of first contact, speakers of Iroquoian languages were distributed from the Cherokee in the Allegheny Mountains northwards to the Tuscarora people Tuscarora and Nottoway near the modern Virginia and North Carolina borders, then further north to the Iroquois Five Nations in Upstate New York and the Huron and Neutral Nation Neutral in modern day Ontario . The Iroquoian languages are usually divided into two main groups Southern Iroquoian Cherokee and Northern Iroquoian all others based on the great differences in vocabulary and modern phonology. Northern Iroquoian is then further divided by Lounsbury and Marianne Mithun Mithun into Proto Tuscarora Nottoway and Lake Iroquoian, although Julian 2010 does not believe Lake Iroquoian to be a valid subgrouping. Isolated studies were done by Wallace Chafe Chafe 1977a , Michelson 1988 , and Rudes 1995 . There have also been several works of internal reconstruction for daughter languages, in particular with Seneca language Seneca and Mohawk language Mohawk . A preliminary full reconstruction of proto Iroquoian was not provided until Charles Julian s 2010 work. Phonology Proto Iroquoian as reconstructed shares the Iroquoian languages notable typological traits of small consonant inventories, complex consonant clusters, and a lack of labial consonant s. Vowels The reconstructed vowel inventory for Proto Iroquoian is class wikitable style text align center Front vowel Front Central vowel Central ... Office. DEFAULTSORT Proto Iroquoian language Category Proto languages Iroquoian Category Iroquoian ... IPA a Like later Iroquoian languages, Proto Iroquoian is distinguished in having nasal vowels ... inventory for Proto Iroquoian is given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Hlai nativename region Hainan , China era familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Hlai languages Hlai notice IPA The Proto Hlai language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages . Proto Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff 1988 , Thurgood 1991 , Ostapirat 2004 , and Norquest 2007 . Phonology Peter K. Norquest reconstructs a total of 32 Proto Hlai consonants Norquest 2007 135 , although Weera Ostapirat reconstructs only 19 proto consonants Ostapirat 2007 145 . class wikitable IPA Proto Hlai Consonants br Norquest 2007 colspan 2 Labial ... about the Pre Hlai language as reconstructed by Norquest 2007 , Proto Tai languageProto Southern Kradai . The transition from Proto Tai languageProto Southern Kradai Pre Hlai the predecessor of the Proto Hlai language ancestral to both Hlai language Hlai and Jiamao language Jiamao to Proto ... in Kadai and SE Asian Linguistics III 1 49. See also Proto Tai languageProto Kra languageProto ..., Proto Hlai forms can be both monosyllabic and disyllabic. Some disyllabic forms have medial ... below, proto Hlai consonants marked as green can occur at the end of syllables. class wikitable IPA Proto Hlai Consonants br Ostapirat 2004 colspan 2 Labial consonant Labial colspan 2 Labiodental consonant ... of 4 5 Proto Hlai vowels in Norquest s reconstruction Norquest 2007 238 . Ostapirat 2004 reconstructs ... align center width 30 Proto Hlai Vowels br Norquest 2007 colspan 2 Height colspan 2 Front vowel ... 2 There are 7 possible closed Syllable rime rime s in Norquest s reconstruction of Proto Hlai, not counting ... Pre Hlai, which was sesquisyllabic, was reduced to monosyllabic forms in Proto Hlai. Stop ... affrication After evolving from Pre Hlai, Proto Hlai initials went through 4 main types of sound ..., etc. After the breakup of Proto Hlai, the following sound changes occurred in various Hlai branches ... gradworks.umi.com 32 84 3284367.html A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Hlai . Ph.D. dissertation ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
