, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new ... D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution ... ca Protocer tid de Protoceratidae es Protoceratidae fr Protoceratidae nl Protoceratidae ja pl Protoceratidae pt Protoceratidae zh ... more details
Taxobox name Synthetoceratinae image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae subfamilia authority Frick 1937 genus species binomial binomial authority range map range map caption Synthetoceratinae is a subfamily of Protoceratidae deer like herbivorous mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla endemic to North America during the Miocene epoch, living 23.03 3.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 23.03 3.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 96930&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Synthetoceratinae , basic info ref Taxonomy Synthetoceratinae was named by Frick 1937 . Its type is Synthetoceras . It was considered monophyletic by Webb et al. 2003 . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 , Hulbert and Whitmore 2006 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 348 367 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref ref . C. Hulbert and F. C. Whitmore. 2006. Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 1 1 28 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Tribes Synthetoceratinae contains the tribes Kyptoceratini and Synthetoceratini . Within these tribes are the genus Kyptoceras and Syndyoceras respectively. References reflist Category Protoceratids Category Miocene mammals Category Miocene extinctions Category Prehistoric animals of North America ... more details
Taxobox name Protoceratinae image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Protoceratinae genus species binomial binomial authority range map range map caption Protoceratinae is a subfamily of Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla endemic to North America living during the Oligocene to Miocene epoch, 33.9 15.97 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 33.9 15.97 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 97086&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Protoceratinae , basic info ref Taxonomy Protoceratinae was considered paraphyletic by Prothero 1998 and Webb et al. 2003 . It was assigned to Hypertragulidae by Matthew 1908 and to Protoceratidae by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref ref S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 348 367 ref ref W. D. Matthew. 1908. Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27 535 562 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref Members Paratoceras and Protoceras Fossil distribution Fossil evidence is exclusive to Protoceras celar at 33.9 Ma recovered from Saskatchewan . References reflist Category Protoceratids Category Oligocene mammals Category Miocene mammals Category Miocene extinctions Category Prehistoric animals of North America ... more details
Taxobox name Kyptoceratini image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae tribus Kyptoceratini tribus authority Webb 1981 genus species binomial binomial authority range map range map caption Kyptoceratini is an extinct tribe biology tribe of the subfamily Synthetoceratinae , deer like mammals within the family Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla , endemic to North America during the Miocene through Pliocene , living 23.03 3.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 23.03 3.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 97087&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Kyptoceratini , basic info ref Taxonomy Kyptoceratini is a sister taxa to Synthetoceratini . Kyptoceratini was named by Webb 1981 . Its type is Kyptoceras. It was assigned to Synthetoceratinae by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref ref S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 348 367 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Members Kyptoceras type genus , Syndyoceras References reflist Category Protoceratids Category Miocene mammals Category Pliocene mammals Category Pliocene extinctions Category Prehistoric animals of North America ... more details
Taxobox name Lambdoceras image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae tribus Synthetoceratini tribus authority genus Lambdoceras genus authority Stirton 1967 species binomial binomial authority range map Lambdoceras range.png range map caption Range of Lambdoceras based on fossil data Lambdoceras is an extinct genus of Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla subfamily Synthetoceratinae endemic to North America during the Miocene , living epoch 20.6 13.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 20.6 13.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42575&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Lambdoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Lambdoceras was named by Stirton 1967 . Its type is Lambdoceras hessei . It was synonymized subjectively with Prosynthetoceras by Patton 1969 , Patton and Taylor 1971 and Patton and Taylor 1973 . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Stirton 1967 , Tedford et al. 1987 and Albright 1999 and to Synthetoceratini by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref R. A. Stirton. 1967. Relationships of the protoceratid artiodactyls, and description of a new genus. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 72 1 43 ref ref T. H. Patton. 1969. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 14 2 ref ref T. H. Patton and B. E. Taylor. 1971. The Synthetoceratinae Mammalia, Tylopoda, Protoceratidae . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 145 2 119 218 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 17 ref References reflist Category Protoceratids Category Miocene mammals Category Miocene extinctions Category Prehistoric animals of North America ... more details
Taxobox name Toromeryx fossil range Fossil range Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Toromeryx genus authority Wilson 1974 subdivision ranks Species subdivision T. marginensis range map Toromeryx range.png range map caption Range of Toromeryx based on fossil record Toromeryx is a medium sized extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to southwestern North America from the Eocene epoch Late Uintan stage 46.2 42 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 46.2 42 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42585&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Toromeryx , basic info ref Taxonomy Toromeryx was named by Wilson 1974 . Its type is Toromeryx marginensis . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Wilson 1974 , Carroll 1988 , Prothero 1998 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref J. A. Wilson. 1974. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 23 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology Toromeryx resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Poabromylus was smaller than Miocene members of Tylopoda Paratoceras , Protoceras , and Pseudoprotoceras . Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from Candelaria TMM 31281 Colmena Tuff Formation , Presidio County, Texas Casa Blanca Site, Laredo Formation , Webb County, Texas References reflist Category Even toed ungulates Category Protoceratids Category Eocene extinctions Category Eocene mammals Category Prehistoric animals of North ... more details
Taxobox name Kyptoceratini image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae tribus Synthetoceratini tribus authority Webb 1981 genus species binomial binomial authority range map range map caption Synthetoceratini is an extinct tribe biology tribe of the subfamily Synthetoceratinae within the family Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla endemic to North America during the Miocene , living epoch 20.6 4.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 20.6 4.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 97088&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Synthetoceratini , basic info ref Taxonomy Synthetoceratini was named by Webb 1981 . Its type is Synthetoceras . It was assigned to Synthetoceratinae by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Members Lambdoceras , Prosynthetoceras , Synthetoceras References reflist Category Protoceratids Category Miocene mammals Category Miocene extinctions Category Prehistoric animals of North America ru Synthetoceratini ... more details
Taxobox name Prosynthetoceras image image width 240px fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Prosynthetoceras species binomial binomial authority Patton 1967 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. francisi P. orthrionanus P. texanus range map Prosynthetoceras range.png range map caption Range of Prosynthetoceras based on fossil record Prosynthetoceras is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the early Miocene epoch Hemingfordian to Barstovian stages 20.6 13.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 20.6 13.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42580&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Prosynthetoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Prosynthetoceras was named by Patton 1967 named as subgenus of Synthetoceras by Frick 1937 raised to genus level ? . It is not extant. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Patton 1967 and Carroll 1988 and to Synthetoceratini by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref T. H. Patton. 1967. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 29 3 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279 348 367 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology In appearance, Prosynthetoceras looked much like Syndyoceras , Kyptoceras , and Synthetoceras with Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral or snout horns and cranial horns above the orbit anatomy orbital socket s. Body mass Four fossil specimens of Prosynthetoceras ... more details
Taxobox name Syndyoceras image Syndyoceras cooki.jpg image width 250px image caption Skull at the AMNH fossil range Fossil range Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae tribus Kyptoceratini genus Syndyoceras species S. cooki binomial Syndyoceras cooki binomial authority Erwin Hinckly Barbour Barbour , 1905 range map Syndyoceras range.png range map caption Range of Syndyoceras based on fossil record Syndyoceras is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to central North America from the Miocene epoch 24.8 20.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 24.8 20.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42583&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Syndyoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Syndyoceras was named by Barbour 1905 . Its type is Syndyoceras cooki . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Barbour 1905 and Carroll 1988 and to Kyptoceratini by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref E. H. Barbour. 1905. Nebraska Geological Survey 2 3 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology File Syndyoceras model.jpg thumb left Restoration File Syndyoceras.jpg thumb left Restoration by Robert Bruce Horsfall The skull decoration of Syndyoceras looked quite unlike those of a deer. It had two pairs of horn anatomy horn s. The first was a V shaped pair on the snout, fused at the base. The second pair was placed between the eyes and the ears and was curved inwards, the horns facing towards each other in a semicircular shape. Like giraffe ossicones, these protrusions were covered with skin . Th ... more details
Taxobox name Kyptoceras fossil range Fossil range Early Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Synthetoceratinae tribus Kyptoceratini genus Kyptoceras species K. amatorum binomial Kyptoceras amatorum binomial authority Webb, 1981 range map Kryptoceras range.png range map caption Range of Kryptoceras based on fossil record Kyptoceras is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to southeastern North America from the Miocene to Early Pliocene epoch 23.03 3.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 23.03 3.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42574&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Kyptoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Kyptoceras was named by Webb 1981 . Its type is Kyptoceras amatorum . It is the type genus of Kyptoceratini . It was assigned to Kyptoceratini by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Kyptoceras is the last known member of the family. The protoceratids were believed to have been driven to extinction by more advanced grazing herbivores, but in Florida, where there were still relatively large tracts of forest, the protoceratids were able to survive. This species genus name comes from its bent horns, in which the two horns above the eyes curved over its head, and the two nasal horns pointed forward. The species name, amatorum , comes in honor of all amateur fossil collectors, including Frank Garcia Ruskin, Florida the amateur who found it and donated it to the Florida Museum of Natur ... more details
Taxobox name Heteromeryx fossil range Fossil range Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Heteromeryx genus authority Matthew 1905 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Heteromeryx dispar Heteromeryx is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Eocene epoch Duchesnean to Chadronian stage 40.2 33.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 40.2 33.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42573&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Heteromeryx , basic info ref Taxonomy Heteromeryx was named by Matthew 1905 . Its type is Heteromeryx dispar . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Matthew 1905 , Carroll 1988 , Prothero 1998 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref W. D. Matthew. 1905. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morpnhology Heteromeryx resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Body mass Three fossil specimens of Prosynthetoceras were measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology 270 1 90 101 ref Specimen 1 Convert 42.9 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Specimen 2 Convert 46.1 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Specimen 3 Convert 31.7 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from Big Re ... more details
Taxobox name Leptoreodon fossil range Fossil range Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Leptoreodon genus authority Wortman 1898 subdivision ranks Species subdivision range map range map caption Leptoreodon is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Eocene epoch Uintan to Duchesnean stage 40.2 33.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 40.2 33.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42576&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Leptoreodon , basic info ref Taxonomy Leptoreodon was named by Wortman 1898 . It was assigned to Hypertragulidae by Peterson 1919 and to Protoceratidae by Wortman 1898 , Carroll 1988 , Prothero 1998 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref O. A. Peterson. 1919. Annals of Carnegie Museum 12 2 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology Leptoreodon resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Body mass Four fossil specimens of Prosynthetoceras were measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology 270 1 90 101 ref Specimen 1 Convert 12.5 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Specimen 2 Convert 10.3 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Specimen 3 Convert 9.50 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Specimen 3 Convert 10.6 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Fossil distribution ... more details
Taxobox name Poabromylus fossil range Fossil range Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Poabromylus genus authority Peterson, 1931 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. golzi P. kayi P. robustus range map Poabromylus range.png range map caption Range of Poabromylus based on fossil record Poabromylus is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Eocene epoch Uintan to Chadronian stage 46.2 33.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 46.2 33.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42579&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Poabromylus , basic info ref Taxonomy Poabromylus was named by Peterson 1931 . Its type is Poabromylus kayi. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Peterson 1931 , Carroll 1988 , Prothero 1998 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref O. A. Peterson. 1931. Annals of Carnegie Museum 21 2 61 78 ref ref O. A. Peterson. 1919. Annals of Carnegie Museum 12 2 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology Poabromylus resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Body mass Three fossil specimens of Poabromylus were measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology 270 1 90 101 ref The specimens were determined to weigh Specimen 1 Conve ... more details
Taxobox name Paratoceras fossil range Fossil range Miocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Protoceratinae genus Paratoceras genus authority Frick 1937 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. macadamsi P. tedfordi P. wardi range map Paratoceras range.png range map caption Range of Paratoceras based on fossil record Paratoceras is a medium sized extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Miocene epoch, 16.3 15.97 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 16.3 15.97 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42578&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Paratoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Paratoceras was named by Frick 1937 . Its type is Paratoceras macadamsi. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Frick 1937 and Carroll 1988 and to Protoceratinae by Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology Poabromylus resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Poabromylus was larger than Eocene members of Tylopoda Heteromeryx , Leptoreodon , Leptotragulus , Toromeryx , Trigenicus , and Poabromylus . Body mass A single fossil specimen of Poabromylus was measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of ext ... more details
Taxobox name Trigenicus fossil range Fossil range Late Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Trigenicus genus authority Douglass 1903 subdivision ranks Species subdivision T. profectus range map range map caption Trigenicus is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Late Eocene epoch Chadronian stage 37.2 33.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 37.2 33.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42586&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Trigenicus , basic info ref Taxonomy Trigenicus was named by Douglass 1903 and treated as a synonym of Leptotragulus by Tabrum and Nichols 2001, but without discussion of Storer 1996. Its type is Trigenicus socialis. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Douglass 1903 and Prothero 1998 . ref E. Douglass. 1903. Annals of Carnegie Museum 2 5 ref ref D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs eds. , Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431 438 ref Morphology Trigenicus resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Body mass A single specimen of Trigenicus were measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology 270 1 90 101 ref The specimen was determined to weigh Specimen 1 Convert 39.9 kg lb abbr on sigfig 2 Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from Toadstool Park, Chadron Formation , Sioux County, Nebraska Peanut Peak, Chadron Formation , Shannon County, South Dak ... more details
Taxobox name Protoceras image Protoceras skeleton.jpg image width 250px image caption Protoceras celer skeleton fossil range Fossil range Late Oligocene Early Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Artiodactyla familia Protoceratidae subfamilia Protoceratinae genus Protoceras genus authority Othniel Charles Marsh Marsh , 1891 type species Protoceras celer subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. celer P. neatodelpha P. skinneri range map Protoceras range.png range map caption Range of Protoceras based on fossil record Protoceras first horns is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Oligocene through Miocene Orellan to Harrisonian stage 33.9 20.6 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 33.9 20.6 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42581&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Protoceras , basic info ref Taxonomy Protoceras was named by Marsh 1891 . Its type is Protoceras celer . It is the genus of Protoceratidae and subfamily Protoceratinae . It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Marsh 1891 and Carroll 1988 and to Protoceratinae by Matthew 1908 , Webb 1981 , Prothero 1998 , Webb et al. 2003 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref O. C. Marsh. 1891. A horned artiodactyle Protoceras celer from the Miocene. The American Journal of Science and Arts, series 3 41 241 81 82 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref ref W. D. Matthew. 1908. Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27 535 562 ref ref S. D. Webb. 1981. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3 4 ref ref D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss eds. , The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169 176 ref Morphology Protoceras was 1 m 3 ft 4 in long and resembled a deer in terms of body shape. Like some ... more details
Taxobox name Leptotragulus fossil range Fossil range Eocene image image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia Protoceratidae genus Leptotragulus genus authority Scott Osborn 1887 subdivision ranks Species subdivision L. clarki L. medius L. proavus L. ultimus range map Leptotragulus range.png range map caption Range of Leptotragulus based on fossil record Leptotragulus is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla , of the family Protoceratidae , endemic to North America from the Eocene epoch Uintan to Chadronian stage 40.2 33.9 Annum Ma , existing for approximately Mya 40.2 33.9 million years . ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action checkTaxonInfo&taxon no 42577&is real user 1 PaleoBiology Database Leptotragulus , basic info ref Taxonomy Leptotragulus was named by Scott and Osborn 1887 . It was assigned to Leptotragulinae by Matthew 1908 to Hypertragulidae by Peterson 1919 and to Protoceratidae by Scott and Osborn 1887 , Carroll 1988 , Prothero 1998 and Prothero and Ludtke 2007 . ref W. D. Matthew. 1908. Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27 535 562 ref ref O. A. Peterson. 1919. Annals of Carnegie Museum 12 2 ref ref R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1 698 ref Morphology Leptotragulus resembled deer . However they were more closely related to camel camelids . In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral horns above the orbit anatomy orbital cavity . Body mass Four fossil specimens of Prosynthetoceras were measured by M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist for body mass . ref M. Mendoza, C. M. Janis, and P. Palmqvist. 2006. Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates a study on the use of multiple regression. Journal of Zoology 270 1 90 101 ref Specimen 1 ... more details
Taxobox name Oromerycids image fossil range Fossil range Middle Eocene Late Eocene regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Tylopoda familia extinction Oromerycidae familia authority Gazin, 1955 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Eotylopus br Malaquiferus br Merycobunodon br Montanatylopus br Oromeryx Oromerycidae is a small both in size and diversity extinct family biology family of artiodactyl s even toed hoofed mammal s closely related to living camel s, known from the middle to late Eocene of western North America . Oromerycids are placed in the artiodactyl suborder Tylopoda , which also includes camels and a variable number of extinct families such as Protoceratidae . Some researchers have viewed the similarity to camels as strong enough to warrant placement of oromerycids within the family Camelidae as a subfamily, Oromerycinae , but most have favored placement in a distinct family, albeit a closely related one. Oromerycids were very similar to early members of other tylopod families, but they lack the specializations of those families, such as the bony protuberances on the skull s of protoceratids or the strongly elongate limbs of camels. Like other tylopods, oromerycids had selenodonty selenodont teeth and gracile limbs. In fact, oromerycids show only a few specializations that distinguish them from other tylopods, the most notable being fusion of the radius and ulna in the forearm and the presence of a cleft between the entoconid and hypoconulid Cusp dentistry cusp s on the last lower Molar tooth molar . References Prothero, D.R., 1998. Oromerycidae. pp. 426 430 in C.M. Janis, K.M. Scott, and L.L. Jacobs eds. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1 Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0 521 35519 2 Category Prehistoric tylopods Category Eocene mammals Category Prehistoric mammals of North America pt Oromerycidae ... more details
Taxobox name Ruminantia fossil range Fossil range 49 0 Late Eocene Recent image White tailed deer.jpg image width image caption White tailed Deer regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Artiodactyla subordo Cetruminantia Taxobox norank entry taxon Ruminantiamorpha ref name cite journal pmc 2740860 cite journal pmc 2740860 ref Taxobox norank entry taxon Ruminantia Taxobox norank entry authority Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Scopoli , 1777 subdivision ranks Families subdivision Tragulidae Moschidae Cervidae Giraffidae Antilocapridae Bovidae Ruminantia includes many of the well known large grazing or browsing mammal s among them cattle , capra genus goat s, sheep , deer , and antelope . All members of the Ruminantia are ruminant s they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the semi digested cud to re chew it and thus extract the maximum possible food value. Not all ruminants belong to the Ruminantia. ref name Whistler, D. P 2005 Whistler, D. P. and S. D. Webb. 2005. New goatlike camelid from the late Pliocene of Tecopa Lake Basin, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 503 1 40. ref Camel s and llama s are among the exceptions, a suborder known as Tylopoda . ref name Whistler, D. P 2005 Also, there are a number of other large grazing mammals that, while not strictly ruminants, have similar adaptations for surviving on large quantities of low grade food. Kangaroo s and horse s are examples. ORDER artiodactyla ARTIODACTYLA Suborder Suina pig s and peccary peccaries Suborder Tylopoda camel s and llama s Suborder Cetruminantia ruminants and whale s and hippo s unranked Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina paraphyletic Family Prodremotheriidae Family Hypertragulidae Family Praetragulidae Family Protoceratidae ref name cite journal pmc 2740860 Family Tragulidae chevrotain s, 6 living species in 4 genera Family Archaeomerycidae Family Lophiomerycidae In ... more details
Reeve s Bonebed is a geological formation in Presidio County , Texas , with the coordinates of 29.9 N, 104.2 W. It consists of fossiliferous sedimentary rock dating from the late Eocene and early Oligocene . It is well known for its vertebrate fossils, hence the name bone bed . A few invertebrate fossils are also present. Geology Reeve s bonebed lies in the Vieja Formation . Ecology The University of Texas has a large collection of fossils from Reeve s Bonebed which represent numerous different taxonomic groups. In the following table, the number of specimens of each taxon in the university collection from the bonebed is indicated in the abundance column ref cite web last University of Texas, Austin title Reeves bonebed url http www.npl.utexas.edu vpl databases index.php?page 33&page size 10&mode search&action search&searchtype &taxon &locality Reeves Bonebed&county &state &specid &geol form &epoch &site no &showimage &geog &country &others &geol &epoch &period &age &era &strat &formation &group &horizon &member &sorted by ref Mammals class wikitable align center width 100 Order Family Genus Species Abundance ? 870 Notes rowspan 8 Cetartiodactyla rowspan 2 Merycoidodontidae Merycoidodon 91 midly common Bathygenys 709 extremely common hundreds of endocasts see below rowspan 2 Leptomerycidae Hendryomeryx defordi 2 extremely rare Leptomeryx 10 rare Oromerycidae Eotylopus reedi 1 extremely rare Agriochoeridae Agriochoerus 15 average abundance rowspan 2 Protoceratidae Leptotragulus 1 extremely rare Heteromeryx defordi 2 extremely rare rowspan 5 Rodentia Eutypomyidae Eutypomys inexpectatus 13 average abundance rowspan 2 Ischyromyidae Pseudotomus johanniculi 1 extremely rare holotype Leptotomus 1 extremely rare rowspan 2 Cylindrodontidae Ardynomys 1 extremely rare Cylindrodon fontis 3 extremely rare rowspan 4 Perissodactyla Tapiridae Colodon 4 rare Equidae Mesohippus 11 average abundance Hyracodontidae Hyracodon primus 1 extremely rare Brontotheriidae Menodus bakeri 1 extr ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
