In particle physics , protondecay is a Hypothesis hypothetical form of radioactive decay in which the proton ... no experimental evidence that protondecay occurs. In the Standard Model , protons, a type ... or new X boson s. Protondecay is one of the few observable effects of the various proposed GUTs ... a spontaneous protondecay. Experimental evidence Protondecay is one of the few unobserved effects ... of major experimental physics efforts starting in the early 1980s. Protondecay was, for a time ... et al. Super Kamiokande Super K Collaboration year 2009 title Search for ProtonDecay via SubatomicParticle ... Theoretical motivation Despite the lack of observational evidence for protondecay, some grand unification ... journal author B. V. Sreekantan year 1984 title Searches for ProtonDecay and Superheavy Magnetic ... protondecay postulated that the proton s half life would be at least 10 sup 31 sup years. As further ... decay time for baryonic matter. Although the phenomenon is referred to as protondecay , the effect .... Decay operators Dimension 6 protondecay operators The classical scaling dimension dimension 6 protondecay operators are math frac qqql Lambda 2 math , math frac d c d c u c e c ... problem . gallery caption ProtonDecay. These graphics refer to the X and Y bosons X bosons and Higgs boson s. widths 250px heights 300px perrow 3 Image Proton decay2.svg Dimension 6 protondecay ... protondecay mediated by the X boson 3,2 su b frac 1 6 in flipped SU 5 GUT Image proton decay4.svg Dimension 6 protondecay mediated by the triplet Higgs T 3,1 su b &minus frac 1 3 and the anti triplet Higgs overline T overline 3 ,1 su b frac 1 3 in SU 5 GUT gallery Dimension 5 protondecay operators ... is the mass scale of the superpartner s. Dimension 4 protondecay operators Image R parity violating ... c sup SubatomicParticle Down squark sup c sup . The protondecay rate is only suppressed by math frac ..., T. Z. Li year title Protondecay, annihilation or fusion? journal Zeitschrift f r Physik C volume ... more details
numbers of neutrons. Stability Main Protondecay The spontaneous decay of free protons has ... unified theory grand unified theories of particle physics predict that protondecay should take place ... bounds on the mean lifetime of the proton for various assumed decay products. Experiments at the Super ... year 2009 title Search for ProtonDecay via SubatomicParticle Proton SubatomicParticle Positron SubatomicParticle ... the decay of a proton from oxygen 16. This experiment was designed to detect decay to any product ... physics ProtondecayProtonproton chain reaction Proton therapy Quark model Subatomic particle ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... symbol SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val ... 9 doi 10.1063 1.2808195 bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric ... model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton ... to contribute only about 1 of the proton s mass. The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind them together. Because the proton ... well defined since the surface of a proton is defined by forces that do not come to an abrupt end, and is therefore somewhat fuzzy. The proton is about 1.6 1.7 Femtometre fm in diameter. ref name Cottingham ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton a proton not bound to nucleons ... distances. Free protons are proton emission emitted directly from atomic nucleus atomic ... more details
wiktionary decay TOCright Decay may refer to Science and technology Bit decay , in computing Software decay , in computing Distance decay , in geography Exponential decay , the decrease of a value in proportion to its value Decay time fall time , in electronics Network decay channel drift , in television programming In music, how quickly the sound drops to the sustain level after the initial peak, see ADSR envelope Biology Decomposition Bacterial decay , decomposition of organic matter Tooth decay dental caries , in dentistry Mitochondrial decay , in genetics Physics Orbital decay , the process of prolonged reduction in the height of a satellite s orbit Particle decay Radioactive decay Optical decay , in quantum physics Mathematics Exponential decaydecay period Psychology and sociology Decay theory , in psychology and memory Social decay decadence , in sociology Urban decay , in sociology Entertainment Decay DC Comics , a comic book character Decay Music , 1976 music album by Michael Nyman Half Life Decay , a computer game add on Deekay , a danish production team Other Beta decay finance See also lookfrom intitle Weathering disambig cs Rozpad ru ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... protondecay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double protondecay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 The Decay scheme of a Radioactive decay radioactive substance is a graphical presentation of all the transitions occurring in a decay, and of their relationships. Decay schemes of radioactive isotopes Image Cobalt 60 Decay Scheme.svg thumb Decay scheme of sup 60 sup Co These relations can be quite complicated a simple case is shown here the decay scheme of the radioactive .... 7 22 ISBN 3 527 28329 3 ref sup 60 sup Co decays by emitting an electron beta decay with a half ... to the ground state of sup 60 sup Ni, via two gamma decays. It is useful to think of the decay scheme ..., and the abscissa is the proton number, increasing from left to right. The arrows indicate the emitted particles. For the Gamma decay gamma rays vertical arrows , the gamma energies are given for the beta decay oblique arrow , the maximum beta energy. Nickel is to the right of cobalt, since its proton number 28 is higher by one than that of cobalt 27 . In beta decay, the proton number increases by one. For a positron decay and also for an alpha decay see below , the oblique arrow would go from right to left since in these cases, the proton number decreases. Since energy is Conservation law ... or at an angle in a decay scheme. Image Au198.PNG left thumb 250 px Decay scheme of sup 198 sup Au A somewhat more complicated scheme is shown here the decay of the nuclide sup 198 sup Au ref name Lieser2 ... be produced by irradiating natural gold in a nuclear reactor . sup 198 sup Au decays via beta decay ... is 80. The excited states decay after very short times 2.5 and 23 ps, resp. 1 picosecond is a millionth of a millionth of a second to the ground state. File Tc 99m Decay Scheme.svg thumb Decay ..., decaying almost immediately after a beta decay see above , the excited state of the technetium isotope ... via gamma decay with a half life of 6 hours. Image Polonium 210.png left thumb Decay Scheme of sup 210 sup Po Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay . It is the decay of the element Polonium ... more details
, an inner atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus. This type of decay is therefore analogous to positron emission and also happens, as an alternative decay route, in all positron emitters . However, the route of electron capture is the only type of decay that is allowed in proton ... Neutron decays by SubatomicParticle Beta decay into a proton SubatomicParticle Proton math ... A Z 1 N e nu e. math SubatomicParticle Beta decay cannot occur in an isolated proton because it requires ... of these particles. In an opposite process to the Beta decay, the weak interaction converts a proton ... File Table isotopes en.svg 250px right If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus , these decay ...Refimprove date May 2011 Image Beta minus Decay.svg thumb 240px SubatomicParticle Beta decay in an atomic .... Nuclear physics In nuclear physics , beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle an electron or a positron is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay beta minus and beta plus . In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta ... is accompanied by an electron neutrino . Beta decay is mediated by the Weak interaction weak ... that participate in the decay. A typical Q is around 1 MeV, but it can range from a few keV to a few ... to the speed of light . Sometimes electron capture decay is included as a type of beta decay and is referred to as inverse beta decay , because the basic process, mediated by the weak force is the same ... Beta decay Image Beta Negative Decay.svg thumb The Feynman diagram for SubatomicParticle Beta decay of a neutron into a proton , electron , and electron antineutrino via an intermediate W boson SubatomicParticle W boson boson . In SubatomicParticle Beta decay, the weak interaction converts ... SubatomicParticle Proton link yes SubatomicParticle Electron Antineutrino link yes ... Beta decay generally occurs in neutron rich nuclei. SubatomicParticle Beta decay see also ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... if it went more quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which ... physics classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed ... into a pair of protons. In 1939, Hans Bethe proposed that one of the protons could beta decay into a neutron ... Nobel Prize in Physics . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined ... them, such as a proton helium 4 producing lithium 5, or two helium 4 nuclei coming together to form ... 5 or 8 the resulting products immediately decay into their initial reactants. The pp I branch ... needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton ... File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III chain reaction Autogenerated using ... . In this reaction, Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher ... reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron ... in the figure of protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star, available ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry Proton, the ion, Hydron chemistry chem H Proton, the ion, Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry Proton pump inhibitor , a group of drugs Proton conductor , an electrolyte Proton coupled electron transfer , a chemical reaction mechanism In technology Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman Proton K , a rocket Proton M , a rocket Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry , a technique to monitor volatile organic compounds online In business Proton bank card , an electronic purse for debit cards in Belgium Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Proton supermarkets , a Greek chain of independent retailers Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship See also Proto disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
In nuclear physics, neutron decay may refer to Neutron emission by an atomic nucleus Free neutron decay Beta decay of a neutron inside an atomic nucleus Baryon decay , as predicted by grand unified theories, also involves neutron decay disambig de Neutronenzerfall ja ... more details
Particle decay is the spontaneous process of one elementary particle transforming into other elementary ... and an intermediate particle such as W boson in Muon Muon decay muon decay . The intermediate particle then transforms into other particles. If the particles created are not stable, the decay process can continue. Particle decay is also used to refer to the decay of hadrons . However, the term is not typically used to describe radioactive decay , in which an unstable atomic nucleus is transformed ... of survival and particle lifetime Particle decay is a Poisson process , and hence the probability ... math 2.6 times 10 8 mathrm seconds , math rowspan 2 Baryon Proton Antiproton math p , , p math 938.2 ... , math W and Z bosons Z boson math Z 0 , math 91,000 math 10 25 mathrm seconds , math Decay rate The lifetime of a particle is given by the inverse of its decay rate, math Gamma math , the probability per unit time that the particle will decay. For a particle of a mass M and four momentum P , the differential decay rate is given by the general formula math d Gamma n frac S left mathcal M right 2 2M d Phi n P p 1, p 2, dots, p n , math where n is the number of particles created by the decay ... the phase space to obtain the total decay rate for the specified final state. If a particle has multiple decay branches or modes with different final states, its full decay rate is obtained by summing the decay rates for all branches. The branching ratio for each mode is given by its decay rate divided by the full decay rate. Two body decay double image right 2 body Particle Decay CoM.svg 140 2 body Particle Decay Lab.svg 160 In the Center of Momentum Frame , the decay of a particle into two equal ... particles would come out at angles different than that of in the center of momentum frame. Decay ... is obtained by requiring that four momentum be conserved in the decay, i.e. math M, vec 0 E 1, vec ... and math d vec p 1 , math integrals in the phase space for a two body final state, one finds that the decay ... more details
of radioactivity, e.g. cluster decay, protondecay , various beta delayed decay modes p, 2p, 3p, n ...Nuclear physics Cluster decay also named heavy particle radioactivity or heavy ion radioactivity is a type of nuclear decay in which a parent atomic nucleus with A nucleons and Z protons emits a cluster of N sub e sub neutron s and Z sub e sub proton s heavier than an alpha particle but lighter than ... overlap cluster decay . A chemical transformation of the parent nucleus leads to a different element ... Nuclide2 radium 223 Nuclide2 carbon 14 Nuclide2 lead 209 This type of rare decay mode was observed in radioisotope s that decay predominantly by alpha emission , and it occurs only in a small percentage ...., title Nuclear Decay Modes publisher Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol year 1996, Eds. pages 1 577 isbn 0 7503 0338 7 ref The branching ratio with respect to alpha decay math B T a T c math is rather ... relative to alpha decay and cluster radioactivity, respectively. Cluster decay, like alpha decay ... radioactive decay . Theoretically any nucleus with Z 40 for which the released energy Q value is a positive ... or in alpha decay, the total kinetic energy is equal to the Q value and is divided between the particles ... decay exists in an intermediate position between alpha decay in which a nucleus spits out a He ... of daughter products, which sets it apart from cluster decay. In cluster decay for a given radioisotope, the emitted particle is a light nucleus and the decay method always emits this same ... between cluster decay and spontaneous cold fission. History The first information about the atomic nucleus ... of time only three kinds of nuclear decay modes alpha decay alpha , beta decay beta and gamma ray ... higher than the observed kinetic energy of the emitted particles. The spontaneous decay can only be explained ... given by G. Gamow for alpha decay. In 1980 A. Sandulescu, D.N. Poenaru, and W. Greiner described calculations indicating the possibility of a new type of decay of heavy nuclei intermediate between ... more details
Truth Decay may refer to in albums Truth Decay album Truth Decay album a 1980 album by American musician T Bone Burnett Truth Decay Hypnogaja Truth Decay Hypnogaja , a 2009 album by American alternative rock band Hypnogaja in bands Truth Decay 1981&ndash 1984 , a defunct American punk rock band from Seattle , Washington Truth Decay American band , an American art rock band from Houston, Texas Truth Decay British band , an English punk rock band from Sheffield, Yorkshire Disambig ... more details
they undergo multiple beta decay s in succession, each converting a neutron to a proton. The first ...In nuclear science , the decay chain refers to the radioactive decay of different discrete radioactive decay product s as a chained series of transformations. Most radioactive elements do not decay directly .... Decay stages are referred to by their relationship to previous or subsequent stages. A parent isotope is one that undergoes decay to form a daughter isotope . The daughter isotope may be stable or it may decay to form a daughter isotope of its own. The daughter of a daughter isotope is sometimes called a granddaughter isotope . The time it takes for a single parent atom to decay to an atom ... pairings of parent and daughter isotopes. While the decay of a single atom occurs spontaneously, the decay of an initial population of identical atoms over time, t , follows a decaying exponential distribution, e sup t sup , where is called a decay constant . Because of this exponential ... half life, any nuclide in the decay chain finally contributes as much as the head of the chain. For example ... radium isotopes significant radioactivity emitters, but as the next stage in the decay chain ... smokers. ref http www.epa.gov radon ref Types Image Radioactive decay chains diagram.svg thumb right 350px This diagram illustrates the four decay chains discussed in the text thorium in blue , radium ... decay are alpha decay , beta decay , inverse beta decay considered as both positron emission and electron capture , and isomeric transition . Of these decay processes, only alpha decay changes the atomic mass number A of the nucleus, and always decreases it by four. Because of this, almost any decay ..., dividing all nuclides into four classes. The members of any possible decay chain must be drawn entirely ... nuclei . Three main decay chains or families are observed in nature, commonly called the thorium series ... 4 n 1, is already extinct in nature, except for the final rate limiting step, decay of bismuth ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 litre Citro n Straight 4 I4 Transmission 5 speed manual transmission wheelbase convert 2290 mm in 1 abbr on length n a width n a height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 780 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Tiara is a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned to using various Mitsubishi based platforms and developed in house designed models later. Production of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara ... GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models ... with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Official Website http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 Image Thorium decay chain from lead 212 to lead 208.svg thumb The decay chain from lead 212 down to lead 208, showing the intermediate decay products. In nuclear physics , a decay product also known as a daughter product , daughter isotope or daughter nuclide is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay . Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps decay chain . For example, U 238 decays to Th 234 which decays to Pa 234 which decays, and so on, to Pb 206 which is stable math mbox U 238 rightarrow overbrace underbrace mbox Th 234 mbox daughter of U 238 rightarrow underbrace mbox Pa 234m mbox granddaughter of U 238 rightarrow ldots rightarrow mbox Pb 206 begin array c mbox decay products of U 238 end array math In this example Th 234, Pa 234m, ,Pb 206 are the decay products of U 238. Th 234 is the daughter of the parent U 238. Pa 234m 234 metastable is the granddaughter of U 238. These might also be referred to as the daughter products of U 238. ref http www.gulflink.osd.mil library randrep du mr1018.7.gloss.html Glossary of Volume 7 Depleted Uranium authors Naomi H. Harley, Ernest C. Foulkes, Lee H. Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C. Ross Anthony of A review of the scientific literature as it pertains to gulf war illnesses . ref Decay products are important in understanding radioactive decay and the management of radioactive waste . For elements above lead in atomic number , the decay chain typically ends with an isotope of lead. In many cases members of the decay chain are far more radioactive than the original nuclide. Thus, although .... Although it cannot be predicted whether any given atom of a radioactive substance will decay at any given time, the decay products of a radioactive substance are extremely predictable. Because of this, decay products are important to scientists in many fields who need to know the quantity or type ... facilities and for other matters. References reflist See also Decay chain DEFAULTSORT Decay Product ... more details
mergeto Charged particle beam discuss Talk Charged particle beam Merger proposal date March 2012 Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Accelerator stub Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics Category Lithography ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16, 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In particle physics the semileptonic decay of a hadron refers to a decay through the weak interaction in which one lepton and the corresponding neutrino is produced in addition to one or more hadron s. An example of a semileptonic decay is SubatomicParticle Kaon0 &rarr SubatomicParticle Electron SubatomicParticle Electron antineutrino SubatomicParticle Pion This is to be contrasted with purely hadronic decays, such as SubatomicParticle Kaon0 SubatomicParticle Pion SubatomicParticle Pion , which are also mediated by the weak force. Semileptonic decays of neutral kaon s have been used to study kaon Oscillation kaon oscillations . See also Kaon Pion CP violation CPT symmetry DEFAULTSORT Semileptonic Decay Category Particle physics Category Electroweak theory hu R szben leptonikus boml s Particle stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Optical decay is process of relaxation of excitation of an excited quantum system, usually due to the spontaneous emission of a photon or a phonon . Optical decay is dominant mechanism of quenching of excitation of active optical media. In solid state laser s the optical decay limits the storage of energy in active medium. Also, the term optical decay is used to the effect of quick reduction of luminosity of astrophysical objects ref name a http edoc.mpg.de 199219 doi 10.1051 0004 6361.20034409 ref Phenomenology of optical decay In the first approximation, the optical decay can be treated as just spontaneous emission , and its rate is determined with the Einstein Coefficients . For the most of laser systems, the effects of decoherence determine the spectral width of the emitted photons, and there is no reason to consider in detail the evolution of isolated quantum mechanical systems which show the optical decay. Shape of specral line at the optical decay of an idealized atom The isolated quantum system atom, ion, molecule or even a quantum dot may have metastable states, weakly coupled to the outer world. Some couliknd should be taken into account otherwize, there is no optical decay. In the idealized case, the evolution of the system is disturbed only by the interaction with the continuum of the modes of the electromagnetic field. Then, the spectral width of the emitted photons is determined by the relaxation rate. For the narrow spectral lines, the decay ... of the exponential decay of the quantum amplitude of probability that the system is still excited ..., Ztschr. Phys. 63, 54 73 1930 ref ref name D Elementary Decay Process. http en.wikisource.org wiki Elementary Decay Process 28Kouznetsov 29 Schroedinger equation and single photon states ref Deformed vacuum The decay rate can be affected by the distortion of uniform density of states of photons ... Optical decay from a Fabry Perot cavity faster than the decay time. JOSA B , http heart c704.uibk.ac.at ... more details
otheruses4 the Marvel Comics villain and member of the Acolytes the member of the Exemplars Decay Exemplar the DC Comics character Decay DC Comics Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image caption character name Decay real name Jacob Lashinski species Mutant Marvel Comics Human Mutant publisher Marvel Comics debut Quicksilver 8 creators alliances Acolytes comics Acolytes aliases powers Ability to replenish his lifeforce by draining the bioenergy from living things Decay Jacob Lashinski was a fictional elderly Mutant Marvel Comics mutant from Marvel Comics who first appeared in Quicksilver 8. Fictional character biography Decay was recruited into the Acolytes comics Acolytes , a group of mutant terrorism terrorists . Decay possessed the ability to drain the life force of others to boost his own failing health. When he did so, the person he had drained would crumble into dust. Decay was probably the oldest member of the Acolytes. He was killed when he overloaded his powers trying to drain the super enhanced High Evolutionary . ref Heroes for Hire and Quicksilver Annual 1998 ref References reflist ref Category Marvel Comics mutants Category Marvel Comics supervillains Marvel villain stub ... more details
unreferenced date September 2011 notability date September 2011 Infobox single Name The Path to Decay Cover Thepathtodecay.jpg Artist Sirenia band Sirenia Album The 13th Floor album The 13th Floor Released December 26, 2008 Format Download single Genre Symphonic metal Length 3 33 small Radio edit small br 4 18 small Album edit small Label Nuclear Blast Writer Morten Veland Producer Morten Veland Last single This single The Path to Decay br 2008 Next single The End Of It All br 2010 Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Type single Cover Sireniapromosingle.jpg Lower caption Promo CD The Path To Decay is a song recorded by the Norwegian band Sirenia band Sirenia . Released as a digital download, it is the first and final single from their album The 13th Floor album The 13th Floor . div style clear left div Track listing The Path To Decay radio mix 3 33 The Path To Decay album version 4 18 Winterborn 77 instrumental 5 33 Morten Veland DEFAULTSORT Path To Decay Category 2008 singles Category Norwegian songs es The Path to Decay ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission MT AT wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton car Proton between 2001 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from Proton s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by Proton. In its marketing campaign, Proton decided that the Juara was essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but was succeeded six years later by the Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari Kenari and was targeted at young ... of the Town Box Wide. Additionally, optional accessories were offered by Proton to go with the Juara ... the only vehicle in the Proton stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering . Production and reception ... in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, Proton discontinued the production of the Juara altogether. When it was first introduced in 2001, the price tag of the Proton Juara ... failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Official Websites http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton Juara ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Emas image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad production 2010 class Compact body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback engine 1.6L Mitsubishi 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo IntercoolerI4 wheelbase convert 2600 mm in 1 abbr on interior length convert 3555 mm in 1 abbr on interior width convert 1699 mm in 1 abbr on interior height convert 1576 mm in 1 abbr on interior weight n a Proton Emas is a range of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton car Proton . It debuted at the Geneva ... http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author ... for Eco Mobility Advance Solution. The word emas means gold in Malay language Malay . Proton Emas was planned to be Malaysia s and Proton car Proton s first global car and was expected to be in production by 2012. As of February 2012, Proton s website neither lists it as a current model or a concept car. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based on the EMAS ... 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. Specifications class wikitable colspan 2 Powertrain Engine & Performance ... Torsion Beam Brake Front Rear n a See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References reflist Official Websites http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.illinois.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S. E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S. E. Rogers and A. R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO sub 3 sub , BaCeO sub 3 sub and BaZrO sub 3 sub . fact date November 2011 Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare earth ortho niobates and ortho tantalates as well as rare earth tungstates. fact date November 2011 References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ... more details
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