Protonemission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of protonemission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed protonemission. Protonemission can ... is known as beta delayed protonemission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Protonemission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed protonemission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit protonemission. The study of protonemission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... emission of two protons was observed from the nucleus Iron Isotopes Iron 45 in experiments at Gesellschaft ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonEmission Categories Category Nuclear physics Category Radioactivity Interwiki de Protonenemission fr ... more details
distances. Free protons are protonemission emitted directly from atomic nucleus atomic ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... symbol SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val ... 9 doi 10.1063 1.2808195 bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric ... model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton ... to contribute only about 1 of the proton s mass. The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind them together. Because the proton ... well defined since the surface of a proton is defined by forces that do not come to an abrupt end, and is therefore somewhat fuzzy. The proton is about 1.6 1.7 Femtometre fm in diameter. ref name Cottingham ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton a proton not bound to nucleons ..., in such an association, the character of the bound proton is not changed, and it remains a proton ... or molecule with which they come in contact, causing the proton and molecule to combine. Such molecules ... acid s. In vacuum, when free electrons are present, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a single ... up quark s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks up, up, down , the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quark s. The proton has ... more details
wiktionary emission emissions Emission may refer to Flue gas , also Exhaust gas , flue gas occurring as a result of the combustion of a fuel Emission of Air pollution air pollutant s Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas emissions Emission of greenhouse gases , a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range Emission electromagnetic radiation , the process by which the energy of a photon is released by another entity Emission radiocommunications , the radio signal usually modulated emitted from a radio transmitter Emission coefficient , a coefficient in the power output per unit time of an electromagnetic source Emission factor Emission line , or spectral line , a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum Emission nebula , a cloud of ionized gas emitting light of various colors Emission spectroscopy , photoemission spectroscopy, flame emission spectroscopy and other types of spectroscopy Emission standard , requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment Emission theory , a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the Michelson Morley experiment Emission theory vision , the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by rays of light emitted by the eyes Emissions trading , a market based approach used to control pollution ... , the ejecting of semen from the penis also, specifically Nocturnal emission , ejaculation experienced during sleep Light emission Thermionic emission , the flow of charged particles called thermions ... Noise emission see Noise Exhalation , especially where the velocity of exhaled air can influence the harmonic ... See also Emissions control disambiguation disambiguation als Emission bg cs Emise da Emission de Emission fr mission lv Emisija lt Emisija nl Emissie ja no Emisjon nn Emisjon pl Emisja pt Emiss o rm Emissiun ru simple Emission sr fi Emissio sv Emission uk ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Nuclear physics Positron emission or beta plus decay Beta particle sup sup decay is a particular type of radioactive decay, called beta decay , in which a proton is converted to a neutron , and it releases a positron and a neutrino . Isotope s which undergo this decay and thereby emit positrons include carbon 11 , Isotopes of potassium potassium 40 , nitrogen 13 , Isotopes of oxygen oxygen 15 , fluorine 18 , and Isotopes of iodine iodine 121 . As an example, the following equation describes the beta plus decay of carbon 11 to boron 11, emitting a positron and a neutrino Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.12 User SkyLined Phykiformulae C 11 B 11 e ve 0.96 MeV border 0 style height 2em Nuclide Link carbon 11 Nuclide Link boron 11 SubatomicParticle link yes Positron SubatomicParticle link yes Electron Neutrino 0.96 electron volt MeV Inside protons and neutrons, there are fundamental particles called quark s. The two most common types ... sub 3 sub charge. Quarks arrange themselves in sets of three such that they make proton s and neutron s. In a proton, whose charge is 1, there are two up quarks and one down quark. Neutrons, with no charge .... It is this that causes beta radiation. Positron emission happens when an up quark changes into a down quark. These isotopes are used in positron emission tomography , a technique used for medical ... of a proton to a neutron, or which decrease by less than 2 m sub e sub , do not spontaneously decay by positron emission. Nuclei which decay by positron emission may also decay by electron capture . For low ... goes up, so does the branching ratio towards positron emission. However, if the energy difference is less than 2 m sub e sub c sup 2 sup , then positron emission cannot occur and electron ... for positron emission. External links Image Ndslivechart.png http www nds.iaea.org livechart The LIVEChart of Nuclides IAEA with filter on sup sup decay nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Positron Emission ... more details
Infobox company company name Proton Holdings Bhd. company logo Image PROTON LOGO.svg 200px center The Proton Company logo company type Public company Public Bursa Malaysia Proton foundation May 7, 1983 ... Lotus Cars Lotus homepage http www.proton.com proton.com footnotes Proton is a Malaysian automobile ... of Proton Holdings Limited company Berhad , the holding company which is listed on Bursa Malaysia ... in Proton Holdings for 1.291 billion ringgit 413.1 million from Khazanah Nasional in January 2012 ... and parent Mitsubishi Corp. which each held a 7.93 stake in Proton until they sold it in March 2004. Mitsubishi disposed of its entire 15.86 stake in Proton, most of which were picked up by Khazanah Nasional, which previously owned 42.7 of Proton shares. The Mitsubishi Proton partnership was deemed a failure because of the lack of technology transfer. History Proton was established on 7 May 1983 ... in 1993. Based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors , production of the first model, the Proton ... as technologies were transferred and skills were gained. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989. ref name 100000th cite web url http www.newint.org issue195 proton.htm title The Proton ... ref In 1993, a model called Proton Wira was introduced based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi ... Proton Perdana , based on the Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Galant Eterna , was first produced in 1995, intended for higher end market. The Proton Waja Proton Impian in UK , launched early 2001, is the first car model designed internally by Proton. By 2002 Proton held a market share of over 60 in Malaysia ... in 1996 from ACBN Holdings a company owned by Volkswagen , Proton gained an additional source of engineering and automotive expertise. This led to the production of Proton Gen 2 that was code ... and assembled at the new manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak that is part of Proton City development project. The plant was opened in 26 February 2005. On 8 June 2005, Proton introduced ... more details
Primarysources article date October 2008 Infobox Automobile image File Proton Arena solid bed cover front , Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px br An upmarket Fastback Proton Arena. name Proton Arena aka Proton Jumbuck manufacturer Proton car Proton class Pickup truck production 2002 present predecessor body style 2 door coup utility similar Subaru Brumby br Ford Bantam br Opel Corsa Opel Corsa Pickup br VW Caddy Volkswagen Caddy Pickup br Fiat Strada engine 1.5 L Mitsubishi Orion engine 4G15 Straight 4 ... convert 1045 kg lb 0 abbr on The Proton Arena or the Proton Jumbuck in the United Kingdom , Taiwan and Australia is a small front wheel drive coup utility manufactured by Malaysia n automaker Proton car Proton . Introduced in 2002, the Arena is the only form of pickup truck pickup by Proton, and is the only Proton model to enjoy significantly more popularity in its export market than domestically ... Injected EFI Mitsubishi Orion engine 4G15 Mitsubishi 4G15 engine fitted with Proton s proprietary EMS ... to have met Europe s European emission standards Euro 2 emission standards , and was also claimed ... Body design The Arena is based largely on Proton s Proton Wira Wira Persona saloon , sharing similar ... Proton Cars Australia publisher Proton.com.au date accessdate 2011 02 06 ref Chassis Like the Wira, the Arena ... 09 crash test results cite web url http www.theage.com.au drive proton gwm utes fare poorly in ncap crash tests 20090928 g91a.html title Proton, GWM utes fare poorly in NCAP crash tests accessdate 2008 ... for the one star crash test result. ref name Arena 09 crash test results Proton Cars Australia ... since the demise of the Subaru Brumby . References reflist Official Websites http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Compact cars Category Proton vehicles Arena Category Front ... in 2001 Category Pickup trucks de Proton Arena fa ms Proton Arena ja pl Proton Arena pt Proton Arena ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry Proton, the ion, Hydron chemistry chem H Proton, the ion, Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry Proton pump inhibitor , a group of drugs Proton conductor , an electrolyte Proton coupled electron transfer , a chemical reaction mechanism In technology Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman Proton K , a rocket Proton M , a rocket Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry , a technique to monitor volatile organic compounds online In business Proton bank card , an electronic purse for debit cards in Belgium Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Proton supermarkets , a Greek chain of independent retailers Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship See also Proto disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 litre Citro n Straight 4 I4 Transmission 5 speed manual transmission wheelbase convert 2290 mm in 1 abbr on length n a width n a height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 780 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Tiara is a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned to using various Mitsubishi based platforms and developed in house designed models later. Production of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara ... GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models ... with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Official Website http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton ... more details
mergeto Charged particle beam discuss Talk Charged particle beam Merger proposal date March 2012 Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Accelerator stub Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics Category Lithography ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16, 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission MT AT wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton car Proton between 2001 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from Proton s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by Proton. In its marketing campaign, Proton decided that the Juara was essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but was succeeded six years later by the Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari Kenari and was targeted at young ... of the Town Box Wide. Additionally, optional accessories were offered by Proton to go with the Juara ... the only vehicle in the Proton stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering . Production and reception ... in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, Proton discontinued the production of the Juara altogether. When it was first introduced in 2001, the price tag of the Proton Juara ... failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Official Websites http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton Juara ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Emas image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad production 2010 class Compact body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback engine 1.6L Mitsubishi 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo IntercoolerI4 wheelbase convert 2600 mm in 1 abbr on interior length convert 3555 mm in 1 abbr on interior width convert 1699 mm in 1 abbr on interior height convert 1576 mm in 1 abbr on interior weight n a Proton Emas is a range of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton car Proton . It debuted at the Geneva ... http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author ... for Eco Mobility Advance Solution. The word emas means gold in Malay language Malay . Proton Emas was planned to be Malaysia s and Proton car Proton s first global car and was expected to be in production by 2012. As of February 2012, Proton s website neither lists it as a current model or a concept car. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based on the EMAS ... 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. Specifications class wikitable colspan 2 Powertrain Engine & Performance ... Torsion Beam Brake Front Rear n a See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References reflist Official Websites http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.illinois.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S. E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S. E. Rogers and A. R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO sub 3 sub , BaCeO sub 3 sub and BaZrO sub 3 sub . fact date November 2011 Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare earth ortho niobates and ortho tantalates as well as rare earth tungstates. fact date November 2011 References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A spurious emission is any radio frequency not deliberately created or transmitted, especially in a device which normally does create other frequencies. A harmonic or other signal outside a transmitter s assigned channel would be considered a spurious emission. From ITU, 1.145 Spurious emissionEmission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products but exclude out of band emissions. DEFAULTSORT Spurious Emission Category Radio technology ja Telecomm stub ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image Proton Savvy first generation front , Serdang.jpg 250px A pre 2007 facelift Proton Savvy. name Proton Savvy manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2005 present class Supermini ... on The Proton Savvy is a supermini car supermini hatchback produced by Malaysia n carmaker Proton car Proton . The car was introduced in June 2005 as a successor to Proton Tiara . History Following Proton s decision to discontinue the Citro n AX based Proton Tiara Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for Proton to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model TRM , was partially designed in house by Proton but is powered by a Renault ... Kingdom in September 2005. The Savvy was also among two models alongside the Proton Gen 2 the now defunct MG Rover Group MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton s parent ... on the front and rear of the car. File Proton savvy r3.jpg thumb Proton Savvy R3. In 2006, Proton introduced a Savvy Zerokit variant developed in conjunction with the Proton s motorsports division ... for being the first Proton car to undergo a publicly announced product recall recall . On April 1, 2008, Proton Edar ordered the recall of all 34,000 Savvys on Malaysian roads of which their production ... cause malfunction of its components. The second generation Proton Saga , launched in January 2008 ... Rear Ventilated Disc Drum Design Unlike the Proton Tiara Tiara , the Savvy s exterior design was largely developed in house by Proton, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design for efficient ... 1990s. The Savvy, along with other in house designed Protons such as the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 , Proton Persona Persona , Proton Satria Satria Neo , Proton Waja Waja , Waja Chancellor, and second generation Proton Saga Saga , feature turn indicator switches placed at the left hand side, unlike models introduced earlier, such as the first generation Proton Saga Saga , Proton Wira Wira and Proton Perdana ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... if it went more quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which ... physics classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed ... Nobel Prize in Physics . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined ... them, such as a proton helium 4 producing lithium 5, or two helium 4 nuclei coming together to form ... needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton ... File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III chain reaction Autogenerated using ... . In this reaction, Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher ... reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron ... in the figure of protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star, available ... Session 14. ref See also Triple alpha process CNO cycle References Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Proton is a Greece Greek based retail chain of independent retailers primarily grocery shops operating as a brand and buying group or symbol group . All stores are independently owned. The parent company ELETA LTD is communally owned with each retailer owning a share. As of 2006, the Proton retail network consists of around 390 stores throughout Greece. See also Greek Supermarkets List of Greek supermarkets DEFAULTSORT Proton Supermarkets Category Supermarkets of Greece retail company stub ... more details
about the 2007 car model by Proton company Proton the previous car model sold in Europe and Australia Proton Wira Infobox automobile image Image Proton Persona front , Serdang.jpg 250px Proton Persona front br The Proton Persona is largely similar to the Proton Gen 2 hatchback, with an added Trunk automobile boot , slightly extended roof line and higher profile tyres. name Proton Persona manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2007 2010 model years 2007 2010 class Compact car Compact body style ... in 1 abbr on weight convert 1170 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1195 kg lb 1 abbr on Image Proton Persona rear , Serdang.jpg thumb right Proton Persona rear The Proton Persona is a compact car introduced by Proton car Proton in 2007 for the same model year. Being an in house design by Azlan Othman, the Persona replaced the saloon variant of the successful Proton Wira , whose export name is not confused with this model s same name, as Proton s compact car. It is available as a sedan car sedan and is based upon the platform also shared with the Proton Gen 2 and the Proton Satria Neo . Also available is a Proton Persona Proton Persona SE Special Edition variant . All Personas are currently manufactured at Proton s Tanjung Malim plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak . Specifications class wikitable colspan ... with Stabiliser Bar Brake Front Rear Ventilated disc 15 Drum 8 Design Body The Proton Persona is essentially a Sedan car saloon based on the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 hatchback introduced in 2004, and inherits the Persona name from rebadged Proton Wira Wiras sold in certain countries. It addresses several ... litre Campro engine in the Persona is the same Convert 82 kW hp 0 abbr on unit used in other Proton ... and high rev breathing. Year to year changes Image Proton Persona SE 8 Large.jpg thumb right Proton ... Proton badges now bear the black and silver, rather than a blue and gold. Also, the Proton Persona ...?awReviewId 2440&awCatId RT.ATC.CAR.PV title Persona SE Special Edition Launched By Proton date 2008 ... more details
Proton City tagged as City of the Future is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres 16 km . It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim , a town in Perak , Malaysia , and houses the state of the art ringgit RM 1.8 billion Proton company Proton car assembly plant. To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia s automobile industry. Undertaken by Proton City Development Corp Sdn Bhd, a joint venture between DRB HICOM DRB Hicom Bhd and Proton Bhd, itself a core member of Proton Holdings Bhd, it started in 1996 with an initial investment of RM2.5 billion, beginning with the construction of the Proton plant. The Proton plant has a workforce of more than 2,000 and most of them are expected to live in the area. When Proton City is fully developed, it would have a population of about 240,000. The first settlement in the area 252 units of apartments were formally handed over to the buyers recently. These apartments have common facilities that include car and motorcycle parking bays, children s playground, BBQ area, car wash areas, mosque and a nursery kindergarten on the ground floor of each block and a multipurpose hall. Parcels 19 and 20 when completed in 2007 will have 1,091 apartments, 336 units of single and double storey terrace houses, 86 semi detached houses, 37 bungalows and 36 shop offices. Proton City is also expected to be home to students and staff of the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris UPSI , which a few years ago was known as Sultan Idris Teachers College, one of the country s oldest teachers training institutions. UPSI, occupying 800 acres 3.2 km within Proton City, is expected to have a student population of 20,000 within four years. The next phase of development at Proton City ... within Proton City. External links http proton city.com v1 main.htm Proton City Perak coord missing Malaysia Category Populated places in Perak ms Bandar raya Proton ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton Prev image Deleted image removed File Proton Prev .jpg manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton Prev code name known as P3 21A is the upcoming global car developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It began production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant and it was released on 16 April 2012 ref http www.btimes.com.my Current News BTIMES articles 20120404234331 Article index html ref . The Prev has a price tag starts from RM59,999 for an entry level unit with manual transmission, and RM72,999 for the high line version with automatic transmission. In between, there is a medium line version that may be sold for less than RM70,000. Proton also plans to export Prev to Asean countries three months after its local debut, before shipping it to Australia, the Middle East and China, among others. Specifications On February 7, 2012, the specifications for Proton Prev premium variant was revealed ref http chedet.cc blog ?p 686 ref Proton s new 1.6 liter Campro CFE will be used, which allows Prev to produce the power of a 2.0 liter engine with a smaller displacement. Hot press steel as opposed to cold press steel Vehicle Seek Lamp Wiper Auto Speed Automatic folding wing mirror Push button Start Stop function Automatic Wiper Sensors Automatic Headlamp Sensors GPS navigation system Impact sensing door lock Central Locking Alarm with Immobiliser CVT gearbox with 7 virtual speed manual mode Tiptronic selection on shift lever Steering mounted paddle shifters ABS with Brake Assist 4 airbags Comfortable Leather Seat Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah was exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur ... reflist External Links http protonpreve.com Official Website Proton vehicles Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton Prev ja ... more details
Infobox Automobile image File 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback 01.jpg 250px br 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback Australia . name Proton Satria manufacturer Proton car Proton production ... 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6 CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo ... 1212 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1227 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Satria is a hatchback produced by Malaysian Proton car Proton in 1995 for the first generation and ended in 2005. The new Satria Replacement Model SRM , known as Proton Satria Neo was launched on 16 June 2006. The name Satria which means knight in Sanskrit language Sanskrit was chosen for Proton s 3 door hatchback to reflect the sportiness of the car. Satria 1995 2005 Infobox Automobile generation image Image Proton Satria first generation front , Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A first generation Proton Satria. name First generation aka Proton Compact br Proton Persona Compact br Proton 300 series related Mitsubishi Mirage production 1995 ... . Changes were limited to front end styling and an interior from the bigger Proton Wira Wira . Power ... Proton Satria GTi. The Satria Sports GTi was launched with a convert 138 bhp kW 0 abbr on 1.8 ... this limited edition vehicle wears a Lotus Engineering badge below the Proton Satria GTi badge. Proton claims that the Satria GTi was their fastest car it has ever produced to date. The MMC Mitsubishi ... from mid 2002 until 2005 when Proton ceased production. Satria R3 Main Proton Satria R3 The Proton ... . R3 is a redefined version of Satria Gti by Proton s Racing development team and also Lotus. It houses ... Proton Satria Neo, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A 2006 Proton Satria Neo. name Second generation Satria ... File Proton Satria Neo QLD AUS.jpg 245px left thumb A 2008 Proton Satria Neo GX in Queensland, Australia .... Based on a new platform developed in house by Proton with some parts borrowed from the bigger Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 and Proton Waja Waja , the car is currently only available in a three door hatchback guise ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton Inspira image File Proton inspira truck.jpg 250px Proton Inspira manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2010 present model years 2010 present class Compact body style 4 vehicle door door sedan automobile saloon sedan predecessor Proton Waja engine 1.8 L DOHC Mitsubishi ... weight convert 1300 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Inspira , ref name Enter the Inspira cite web title ...?id 1671 accessdate 15 October 2010 ref or previously referred to as Proton New Sedan , ref cite ... 2010 10 13 proton p3 90a based on mitsubishi lancer preview drive title Proton P3 90A based ... produced by Malaysian carmaker Proton car Proton as the successor to the Proton Waja . The sedan car is essentially a rebadged 9th generation and current Mitsubishi Lancer . Initially, Proton s inaugural model in September 1985, the Proton Saga , was based largely on the 4th generation, and then current ... at Proton s Shah Alam plant 1.8 litre Manual, 1.8 litre CVT Automatic and 2.0 litre CVT Automatic ... With Mitsubishi Motors Corp Proton renewed a technological transfer agreement with Mitsubishi Motors , an agreement that in the mid 1980s was fundamental to Proton s origins. Mitsubishi would ..., but the investment Proton made to produce the model locally entitles it to financial incentives that allow ... in Malaysia, but Proton gets a big chunk because it has the biggest investments, including R&D. However, Proton has been criticised because taking advantage of their relationship with Mitsubishi Motors. This is because Proton has added Lotus handling and auto cruise to the Proton Inspira that makes ... MIVEC engines paired with CVTs. The engines have not been retuned for Proton, but the suspension ... by Proton s engineers has given the car sharper handling without sacrificing ride comfort. This Sedan was reproduced with a better handling than the current Lancer Lancer EX . Proton group managing director Datuk Syed Zainal Abidin Syed Mohamed Tahir has reportedly said that it would cost Proton as much ... more details
Infobox automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Waja first generation front , Serdang.jpg 250px A pre facelifted Proton Waja. name Proton Waja aka Proton Impian United Kingdom manufacturer Proton automobile Proton production 2000 2011 class Compact car Compact successor Proton Inspira body style 4 ... L Proton company Proton Campro engine Campro S4PH Straight 4 I4 br 1.8 L Renault F Type ... S40 br Mitsubishi Carisma The Proton Waja is a saloon car designed in house by Malaysia n automotive company, Proton automobile Proton , first released in August 2000. The Waja is the first Malaysian ... models. The name was chosen partly to counter the perception in the domestic market that Proton cars were durable compared to its competitors. In the United Kingdom , the Waja is sold as Proton Impian , Impian being another derivative of the Malay language, meaning dream . History The Proton Waja is the first model designed in house by Proton automobile Proton . The development of the Waja began ... was still in progress at the time of its launch and therefore Proton had to source the 4G18 engine ... in August 2000 together with the introduction of Proton s new corporate logo. Early batches .... The first minor facelift was in mid 2006 which only involved rear lights. The 2007 Proton Waja with a more substantial facelift was launched on 19 January 2007 together with the face lifted Proton Savvy ... equipment. At the end of 2005, Proton additionally introduced another variant of the Waja, known as Proton Waja Chancellor , to be used by representatives of the Association of Southeast Asian ... to that used in Proton Perdana Proton Perdana V6 , also sourced from Mitsubishi. By 2008, an updated ... Multi link with Stabiliser Bar Brake Front Rear Ventilated disc Solid Disc Safety Features File Proton ... thumb right 300px The Royal Malaysian Police Proton Waja first generation, first facelift police car . The Waja Impian is currently the only Proton car to have undergone a Euro NCAP test, receiving only ... more details
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic ... to a lower energy state. Each element s emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify the elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances. Emission In physics , emission is the process ... one through the emission of a photon , resulting in the production of light . The frequency of light ... of the object through the Stefan Boltzmann law . For most substances, the amount of emission ... of color temperature and emission lines . Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy . Emission of radiation is typically ... in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element s emission spectrum. The fact that only certain colors appear in an element s atomic emission spectrum means that only ... by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon ... Emission spectrum H.svg none 757px thumb Emission spectrum of Hydrogen File Emission spectrum Fe.svg none 757px thumb Emission spectrum of Iron Radiation from molecules As well as the electronic transitions .... Emission spectroscopy Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore ... of energy. The emission spectrum can be used to determine the composition of a material, since it is different ... identifying the composition of star s by analysing the received light. The emission spectrum ... emission spectrum. Not all lights emitted by the spectrum are viewable to the naked eye, it also includes ultra violet rays and infra red lighting, an emission is formed when an excited gas is viewed ... emissionEmission spectroscopy is a spectroscopy spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths ... can be determined. Emission spectroscopy developed in the late 19th century and efforts in theoretical ... more details
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