About proton pumps in general the protonpump enzyme in plants proton ATPase the protonpump enzyme in the mammalian stomach Hydrogen potassium ATPase A protonpump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving proton s across a cell membrane , mitochondrion , or other organelle . Mechanisms are based on Protein conformation conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle . Function In cell respiration , the pump actively transports protons from the matrix biology matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This action creates a gradient concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, as there are more protons outside the matrix than in. This difference in pH and electric charge ignoring differences in Buffering agent buffer capacity establishes an electrochemical potential that acts as a kind of battery or reservoir of stored energy for the cell, ref Campbell, N.A., 2008. Resource Acquisition ... to remember that the protonpump does not create energy, but instead creates a gradient that stores ... of protons a ion channel proton channel temporarily opens in the inner membrane. The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H sup sup K sup sup ATPase is the protonpump of the stomach , which ... mitochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain protonpump inhibitor uncoupling protein protonophore 2,4 Dinitrophenol ATP synthase V ATPase proton ATPase References reflist External links http www.1lec.com Biochemistry Proton 20Pump index.html ProtonPump Animation MeshName Proton Pumps Ion pumps Proton pumps DEFAULTSORT ProtonPump Category Transport proteins ar ca Canal ... the matrix may have a secondary role as proton pumps because they can deliver protons to the inner ... provided by reduced cytochrome c . In the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the transmembrane ATPase ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes, ATP itself powers this transport. The F sub o ... more details
Merge from Discovery and development of protonpump inhibitors discuss Talk Protonpump inhibitor Merge discussion date February 2012 Drugclassbox Image Protonpump inhibitors structure.svg Alt Caption General structure of a protonpump inhibitor Use Reduction of gastric acid production Biological target ... pump inhibitors Consumer Reports medicinenet protonpump inhibitors rxlist Protonpump inhibitors PPIs ... pharmacology of protonpump inhibitors journal Ailment. Pharmacol. Ther. volume 23 issue 2 pages 2 ... syndrome . The effectiveness of protonpump inhibitors has not been demonstrated in every case, despite their widespread use for these conditions. For example, protonpump inhibitors do not change ... CS, Gearty JC title Continuous treatment of Barrett s esophagus patients with protonpump inhibitors .... ref name fda Adverse effects In general, protonpump inhibitors are well tolerated, and the incidence ... medicine adverse effect s are similar for all of the protonpump inhibitors, though they have been ... . ref Simpson, I. J. 2006 . Protonpump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis Report and analysis ..., it has been suggested that patients at higher risk of pneumonia should be prescribed protonpump ... accessdate ref ref cite journal author Deshpande A title Association between ProtonPump Inhibitor ... use of protonpump inhibitors has been less studied. A 2006 study study of 135,000 people 50 or older ... May FDA labelling change. ref cite journal author de Vries F et al. title Protonpump inhibitors, fracture ... that protonpump inhibitors significantly decreased the effect of clopidogrel on platelets, as tested ... first GM title ProtonPump Inhibitors are Associated with Focal Arrhythmias journal The Journal ... Administration FDA notified healthcare professionals and the public that prescription protonpump inhibitor ... in most cases, longer than one year. ref http www.drugs.com fda protonpump inhibitor ppis safety ... change seen with PPI use. H&E stain . Protonpump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen ... more details
Merge to Protonpump inhibitor discuss Talk Protonpump inhibitor Merge discussion date February 2012 Protonpump inhibitors PPIs block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase H sup sup ,K sup sup ATPase ... emerged by the end of the 1970s that the newly discovered protonpump H sup sup ,K sup sup ATPase ... discovered protonpump to obtain higher pKa values of the pyridine , thereby facilitating accumulation .... As a result of such optimization the first protonpump inhibiting drug was released on the market ..., lansoprazole, pantoprazole, etc. are in the benzimidazole group. Protonpump inhibitors are prodrugs ... , is generated by the gastric H sup sup ,K sup sup ATPase which is a ATP driven protonpump ... cycle. EMBO J 28 11 1637 1643. ref Structure The protonpump, H sup sup ,K sup sup ATPase is a ... Shin, J. M. and G. Sachs 2008 . Pharmacology of protonpump inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10 6 ... acid secretion in the stomach, a protonpump inhibitor PPI . ref name Fellenius 1981 Fellenius, E., T. Berglindh ... name Lindberg Lindberg, P. a. C., E. 2006 . Esomeprazole in the Framework of ProtonPump Inhibitor ... File PPI Omeprazole.svg thumb The protonpump inhibitor omeprazole Omeprazole brand names ... PPI Lansoprazole.svg thumb The protonpump inhibitor lansoprazole Lansoprazole brand names Prevacid ... thumb The protonpump inhibitor pantoprazole Pantoprazole brand names Protonix, Somac, Pantoloc ... and as lyophilized powder for intravenous use. File PPI Rabeprazole.svg thumb The protonpump inhibitor .... In theory, by using pure esomeprazole the effects on the protonpump will be equal in all ... similar effects on the protonpump. ref Schubert Zsilavecz, M, Wurglics, M, Neue Arzneimittel 2009 ... thumb The protonpump inhibitor tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole TU 199 , an imidazopyridine protonpump inhibitor, is a novel compound that has been designed as a new chemical entity with a substantially ..., P. 1990 . Omeprazole, the first protonpump inhibitor. Med. Res. Rev. 10 1 54. ref All PPIs react ... more details
base as a proton acceptor. Likewise, biochemistry biochemical terms such as protonpump and proton ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... symbol SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val ... 9 doi 10.1063 1.2808195 bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric ... model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton ... to contribute only about 1 of the proton s mass. The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind them together. Because the proton ... well defined since the surface of a proton is defined by forces that do not come to an abrupt end, and is therefore somewhat fuzzy. The proton is about 1.6 1.7 Femtometre fm in diameter. ref name Cottingham ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton a proton not bound to nucleons ... distances. Free protons are proton emission emitted directly from atomic nucleus atomic ..., in such an association, the character of the bound proton is not changed, and it remains a proton ... or molecule with which they come in contact, causing the proton and molecule to combine. Such molecules ... acid s. In vacuum, when free electrons are present, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a single ... up quark s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry Proton, the ion, Hydron chemistry chem H Proton, the ion, Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry Protonpump inhibitor , a group of drugs Proton conductor , an electrolyte Proton coupled electron transfer , a chemical reaction mechanism In technology Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman Proton K , a rocket Proton M , a rocket Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry , a technique to monitor volatile organic compounds online In business Proton bank card , an electronic purse for debit cards in Belgium Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Proton supermarkets , a Greek chain of independent retailers Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship See also Proto disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
selfref For Wikipedia project related discussions, see Wikipedia Village pump other uses of pump or pumps Pump disambiguation Image Jet pump.jpg thumb right A small, electrically powered pump Image Wasserwerk pumpe01.jpg thumb right A large, electrically driven pump electropump for Water supply network waterworks near the Hengsteysee , Germany . A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquid s, gas es or Slurry slurries . A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall ... 010 ah810e AH810E05.htm 5.3.1 Pump classifications . Fao.org. Retrieved on 2011 05 25. ref Their names describe the method for moving a fluid. Types Positive displacement pump Image Drehkolbenpumpe.jpg thumb right A lobe pump Image Common Lobe Pump.png thumb right upright lobe pump internals Image Two moving spirals scroll pump.gif thumb Mechanism of a scroll pump A positive displacement pump ... side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity ... is constant given each cycle of operation. Positive displacement pump behavior and safety Positive ..., a truly constant flow rate cannot be achieved. A positive displacement pump must not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shut off head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve will continue to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line will increase, until the line bursts or the pump ... displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer ... types Image Lysholm screw rotors.jpg thumb upright Screw pump A positive displacement pump can ... internal gear, screw, shuttle block, rotary vane pump flexible vane or sliding vane , circumferential piston, helical twisted roots e.g. the Wendelkolben pump or liquid ring vacuum pump s. Reciprocating type positive displacement piston or diaphragm pump s. Linear type positive displacement ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Pump It Cover Pump It.jpg Artist The Black Eyed Peas ... Gold RIAA Last single My Humps br 2005 This single Pump It br 2006 Next single Mas Que Nada ... Pump It is a song by The Black Eyed Peas that heavily incorporates music from the Dick Dale ... writing credit on Pump It, though. He accredited himself as writer in his recorded jazz version. This was released ... for the deluxe edition of the group s fifth studio album The E.N.D. as Pump It Harder. The song was used ... the song Pump It . ref http umusic.ca blackeyedpeas http umusic.ca blackeyedpeas umusic.ca dead link date January 2012 ref Music video The music video for Pump It features The Black Eyed Peas in an indoor ... was also popular in the UK, becoming their 8th hit single there. Pump It peaked at 3 on the UK singles chart , matching the chart success of previous single My Humps . Official versions Pump It 3 35 Charts ... singlechart Australia 6 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Austria 14 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Flanders 1 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Wallonia 11 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Canada 47 artist Black Eyed ... artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It year 2006 week 21 align left Greece IFPI Greece IFPI align center 1 singlechart Finland 12 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart France 13 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Hungary 7 year 2006 week 21 singlechart Ireland 3 year 2006 week 12 singlechart Italy 5 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Dutch100 17 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart New Zealand 2 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Sweden 34 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart Switzerland 8 artist The Black Eyed Peas song Pump It singlechart UKchartstats 3 artist Black Eyed Peas song Pump It songid 1059 singlechart Billboardhot100 18 artist Black Eyed Peas song Pump It artistid 272581 singlechart ... more details
Infobox ESC entry See Wikipedia WikiProject Eurovision Song Contest song Flagicon Finland PumpPump image caption year 1976 country Finland artist Fredi & Yst v t as Fredi & Friends genre language Finnish languages composer Matti Kalevi Siitonen lyricist Vexi Salmi conductor Ossi Runne place 11th points 44 place semi points semi prev Old Man Fiddle prev year 1975 prev link Old Man Fiddle next Lapponia next year 1977 next link Lapponia song For Snoop Doggy Dogg s song named PumpPump , see Doggystyle here PumpPump was the Finland Finnish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1976 , performed in English Language English by Fredi singer Fredi & Yst v t Fredi & Friends . This was Fredi s second Eurovision entry, he had made his debut in Vienna, Austria in Eurovision Song Contest 1967 1967 with Varjoon suojaan , placing 12th in a field of 17. The song was performed eleventh on the night following Greece s Mariza Koch with Panayia Mou, Panayia Mou and preceding Spain s Braulio singer Braulio with Sobran las palabras . At the close of voting, it had received 44 points, placing 11th in a field of 18. The original Finnish language version of the song was called PumpPump and the title was simply kept for the English translation. Fredi however also recorded the song in German, and it was then retitled Bump bump Schon wieder macht mein Herz... . It was succeeded as Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest Finnish representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1977 1977 Contest by Monica Aspelund with Lapponia song Lapponia . References http www.eurovision.tv page history by year contest?event 293 Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year http www.diggiloo.net ?1976fi Lyrics, from Diggiloo Thrush Category Eurovision songs of Finland Category Eurovision songs of 1976 Eurovision Song Contest 1976 Finland stub pt PumpPump fi Pumppump ... more details
class is ATP phosphohydrolase H exporting . H sup sup exporting ATPase is also known as proton ATPase or more simply protonpump . Other names in common use include proton translocating ATPase ... . Function and location The H sup sup ATPase or protonpump creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants , fungi , protists , and many prokaryotes . Here, proton gradients ...,M.G., and Nissen,P. title Crystal structure of the plasma membrane protonpump journal Nature ... Arabidopsis plants with reduced plasma membrane protonpump activity journal Journal of Biological ... activity of the cytoplasmic enzymes . This is controlled by the protonpump. Acid growth . Acidification ... cellular expansion. It is believed that the plant hormone auxin activates the protonpump. The apoplast ... Proton ATPase, E1 ATP state Pfam PF00122 InterPro IPR000695 SMART PROSITE PDOC00139 SCOP TCDB 3.A.3.3 OPM family OPM protein 3b8c PDB Plant proton ATPase PDB3 3b8c This article is about the H sup ... , the proton ATPase EC number 3.6.3.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the following chemical ... and sodium potassium pump Na sup sup K sup sup ATPases are specific for animal cells. These two ... Image Proton ATPase cartoon overview.png thumb 300 right Proton ATPase AHA2 3b8c Structural information on P type proton ATPases are scarce compared to that obtained for SERCA1a . A low resolution ... SR Ca sup 2 sup ATPase and the sodium potassium pump Na sup sup ,K sup sup ATPase . The overall arrangement ..., which negatively regulates the activity of the pump and keeps the enzyme in a low activity ... the necessary precise control of pump activity ref name ekberg2010jbc cite journal last Ekberg ... cell expands in one direction only. The direction of growth is controlled by an asymmetrical proton ... CW year 1981 title The proton translocating ATPase of the fungal plasma membrane journal Biochim ... 90247 2 ATPase DEFAULTSORT Proton Atpase Category EC 3.6.3 Category Enzymes of known structure Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 litre Citro n Straight 4 I4 Transmission 5 speed manual transmission wheelbase convert 2290 mm in 1 abbr on length n a width n a height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 780 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Tiara is a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned to using various Mitsubishi based platforms and developed in house designed models later. Production of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara ... GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models ... with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Official Website http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
mergeto Charged particle beam discuss Talk Charged particle beam Merger proposal date March 2012 Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Accelerator stub Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics Category Lithography ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16, 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission MT AT wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton car Proton between 2001 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from Proton s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by Proton. In its marketing campaign, Proton decided that the Juara was essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but was succeeded six years later by the Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari Kenari and was targeted at young ... of the Town Box Wide. Additionally, optional accessories were offered by Proton to go with the Juara ... the only vehicle in the Proton stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering . Production and reception ... in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, Proton discontinued the production of the Juara altogether. When it was first introduced in 2001, the price tag of the Proton Juara ... failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Official Websites http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton Juara ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Emas image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad production 2010 class Compact body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback engine 1.6L Mitsubishi 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo IntercoolerI4 wheelbase convert 2600 mm in 1 abbr on interior length convert 3555 mm in 1 abbr on interior width convert 1699 mm in 1 abbr on interior height convert 1576 mm in 1 abbr on interior weight n a Proton Emas is a range of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton car Proton . It debuted at the Geneva ... http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author ... for Eco Mobility Advance Solution. The word emas means gold in Malay language Malay . Proton Emas was planned to be Malaysia s and Proton car Proton s first global car and was expected to be in production by 2012. As of February 2012, Proton s website neither lists it as a current model or a concept car. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based on the EMAS ... 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. Specifications class wikitable colspan 2 Powertrain Engine & Performance ... Torsion Beam Brake Front Rear n a See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References reflist Official Websites http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.illinois.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S. E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S. E. Rogers and A. R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO sub 3 sub , BaCeO sub 3 sub and BaZrO sub 3 sub . fact date November 2011 Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare earth ortho niobates and ortho tantalates as well as rare earth tungstates. fact date November 2011 References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image Proton Savvy first generation front , Serdang.jpg 250px A pre 2007 facelift Proton Savvy. name Proton Savvy manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2005 present class Supermini ... on The Proton Savvy is a supermini car supermini hatchback produced by Malaysia n carmaker Proton car Proton . The car was introduced in June 2005 as a successor to Proton Tiara . History Following Proton s decision to discontinue the Citro n AX based Proton Tiara Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for Proton to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model TRM , was partially designed in house by Proton but is powered by a Renault ... Kingdom in September 2005. The Savvy was also among two models alongside the Proton Gen 2 the now defunct MG Rover Group MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton s parent ... on the front and rear of the car. File Proton savvy r3.jpg thumb Proton Savvy R3. In 2006, Proton introduced a Savvy Zerokit variant developed in conjunction with the Proton s motorsports division ... for being the first Proton car to undergo a publicly announced product recall recall . On April 1, 2008, Proton Edar ordered the recall of all 34,000 Savvys on Malaysian roads of which their production ... cause malfunction of its components. The second generation Proton Saga , launched in January 2008 ... Rear Ventilated Disc Drum Design Unlike the Proton Tiara Tiara , the Savvy s exterior design was largely developed in house by Proton, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design for efficient ... 1990s. The Savvy, along with other in house designed Protons such as the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 , Proton Persona Persona , Proton Satria Satria Neo , Proton Waja Waja , Waja Chancellor, and second generation Proton Saga Saga , feature turn indicator switches placed at the left hand side, unlike models introduced earlier, such as the first generation Proton Saga Saga , Proton Wira Wira and Proton Perdana ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... if it went more quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which ... physics classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed ... Nobel Prize in Physics . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined ... them, such as a proton helium 4 producing lithium 5, or two helium 4 nuclei coming together to form ... needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton ... File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III chain reaction Autogenerated using ... . In this reaction, Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher ... reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron ... in the figure of protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star, available ... Session 14. ref See also Triple alpha process CNO cycle References Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Proton is a Greece Greek based retail chain of independent retailers primarily grocery shops operating as a brand and buying group or symbol group . All stores are independently owned. The parent company ELETA LTD is communally owned with each retailer owning a share. As of 2006, the Proton retail network consists of around 390 stores throughout Greece. See also Greek Supermarkets List of Greek supermarkets DEFAULTSORT Proton Supermarkets Category Supermarkets of Greece retail company stub ... more details
Infobox company company name Proton Holdings Bhd. company logo Image PROTON LOGO.svg 200px center The Proton Company logo company type Public company Public Bursa Malaysia Proton foundation May 7, 1983 ... Lotus Cars Lotus homepage http www.proton.com proton.com footnotes Proton is a Malaysian automobile ... of Proton Holdings Limited company Berhad , the holding company which is listed on Bursa Malaysia ... in Proton Holdings for 1.291 billion ringgit 413.1 million from Khazanah Nasional in January 2012 ... and parent Mitsubishi Corp. which each held a 7.93 stake in Proton until they sold it in March 2004. Mitsubishi disposed of its entire 15.86 stake in Proton, most of which were picked up by Khazanah Nasional, which previously owned 42.7 of Proton shares. The Mitsubishi Proton partnership was deemed a failure because of the lack of technology transfer. History Proton was established on 7 May 1983 ... in 1993. Based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors , production of the first model, the Proton ... as technologies were transferred and skills were gained. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989. ref name 100000th cite web url http www.newint.org issue195 proton.htm title The Proton ... ref In 1993, a model called Proton Wira was introduced based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi ... Proton Perdana , based on the Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Galant Eterna , was first produced in 1995, intended for higher end market. The Proton Waja Proton Impian in UK , launched early 2001, is the first car model designed internally by Proton. By 2002 Proton held a market share of over 60 in Malaysia ... in 1996 from ACBN Holdings a company owned by Volkswagen , Proton gained an additional source of engineering and automotive expertise. This led to the production of Proton Gen 2 that was code ... and assembled at the new manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak that is part of Proton City development project. The plant was opened in 26 February 2005. On 8 June 2005, Proton introduced ... more details
about the 2007 car model by Proton company Proton the previous car model sold in Europe and Australia Proton Wira Infobox automobile image Image Proton Persona front , Serdang.jpg 250px Proton Persona front br The Proton Persona is largely similar to the Proton Gen 2 hatchback, with an added Trunk automobile boot , slightly extended roof line and higher profile tyres. name Proton Persona manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2007 2010 model years 2007 2010 class Compact car Compact body style ... in 1 abbr on weight convert 1170 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1195 kg lb 1 abbr on Image Proton Persona rear , Serdang.jpg thumb right Proton Persona rear The Proton Persona is a compact car introduced by Proton car Proton in 2007 for the same model year. Being an in house design by Azlan Othman, the Persona replaced the saloon variant of the successful Proton Wira , whose export name is not confused with this model s same name, as Proton s compact car. It is available as a sedan car sedan and is based upon the platform also shared with the Proton Gen 2 and the Proton Satria Neo . Also available is a Proton Persona Proton Persona SE Special Edition variant . All Personas are currently manufactured at Proton s Tanjung Malim plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak . Specifications class wikitable colspan ... with Stabiliser Bar Brake Front Rear Ventilated disc 15 Drum 8 Design Body The Proton Persona is essentially a Sedan car saloon based on the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 hatchback introduced in 2004, and inherits the Persona name from rebadged Proton Wira Wiras sold in certain countries. It addresses several ... litre Campro engine in the Persona is the same Convert 82 kW hp 0 abbr on unit used in other Proton ... and high rev breathing. Year to year changes Image Proton Persona SE 8 Large.jpg thumb right Proton ... Proton badges now bear the black and silver, rather than a blue and gold. Also, the Proton Persona ...?awReviewId 2440&awCatId RT.ATC.CAR.PV title Persona SE Special Edition Launched By Proton date 2008 ... more details
Proton City tagged as City of the Future is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres 16 km . It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim , a town in Perak , Malaysia , and houses the state of the art ringgit RM 1.8 billion Proton company Proton car assembly plant. To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia s automobile industry. Undertaken by Proton City Development Corp Sdn Bhd, a joint venture between DRB HICOM DRB Hicom Bhd and Proton Bhd, itself a core member of Proton Holdings Bhd, it started in 1996 with an initial investment of RM2.5 billion, beginning with the construction of the Proton plant. The Proton plant has a workforce of more than 2,000 and most of them are expected to live in the area. When Proton City is fully developed, it would have a population of about 240,000. The first settlement in the area 252 units of apartments were formally handed over to the buyers recently. These apartments have common facilities that include car and motorcycle parking bays, children s playground, BBQ area, car wash areas, mosque and a nursery kindergarten on the ground floor of each block and a multipurpose hall. Parcels 19 and 20 when completed in 2007 will have 1,091 apartments, 336 units of single and double storey terrace houses, 86 semi detached houses, 37 bungalows and 36 shop offices. Proton City is also expected to be home to students and staff of the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris UPSI , which a few years ago was known as Sultan Idris Teachers College, one of the country s oldest teachers training institutions. UPSI, occupying 800 acres 3.2 km within Proton City, is expected to have a student population of 20,000 within four years. The next phase of development at Proton City ... within Proton City. External links http proton city.com v1 main.htm Proton City Perak coord missing Malaysia Category Populated places in Perak ms Bandar raya Proton ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton Prev image Deleted image removed File Proton Prev .jpg manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton Prev code name known as P3 21A is the upcoming global car developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It began production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant and it was released on 16 April 2012 ref http www.btimes.com.my Current News BTIMES articles 20120404234331 Article index html ref . The Prev has a price tag starts from RM59,999 for an entry level unit with manual transmission, and RM72,999 for the high line version with automatic transmission. In between, there is a medium line version that may be sold for less than RM70,000. Proton also plans to export Prev to Asean countries three months after its local debut, before shipping it to Australia, the Middle East and China, among others. Specifications On February 7, 2012, the specifications for Proton Prev premium variant was revealed ref http chedet.cc blog ?p 686 ref Proton s new 1.6 liter Campro CFE will be used, which allows Prev to produce the power of a 2.0 liter engine with a smaller displacement. Hot press steel as opposed to cold press steel Vehicle Seek Lamp Wiper Auto Speed Automatic folding wing mirror Push button Start Stop function Automatic Wiper Sensors Automatic Headlamp Sensors GPS navigation system Impact sensing door lock Central Locking Alarm with Immobiliser CVT gearbox with 7 virtual speed manual mode Tiptronic selection on shift lever Steering mounted paddle shifters ABS with Brake Assist 4 airbags Comfortable Leather Seat Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah was exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur ... reflist External Links http protonpreve.com Official Website Proton vehicles Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton Prev ja ... more details
Infobox Automobile image File 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback 01.jpg 250px br 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback Australia . name Proton Satria manufacturer Proton car Proton production ... 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6 CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo ... 1212 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1227 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Satria is a hatchback produced by Malaysian Proton car Proton in 1995 for the first generation and ended in 2005. The new Satria Replacement Model SRM , known as Proton Satria Neo was launched on 16 June 2006. The name Satria which means knight in Sanskrit language Sanskrit was chosen for Proton s 3 door hatchback to reflect the sportiness of the car. Satria 1995 2005 Infobox Automobile generation image Image Proton Satria first generation front , Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A first generation Proton Satria. name First generation aka Proton Compact br Proton Persona Compact br Proton 300 series related Mitsubishi Mirage production 1995 ... . Changes were limited to front end styling and an interior from the bigger Proton Wira Wira . Power ... Proton Satria GTi. The Satria Sports GTi was launched with a convert 138 bhp kW 0 abbr on 1.8 ... this limited edition vehicle wears a Lotus Engineering badge below the Proton Satria GTi badge. Proton claims that the Satria GTi was their fastest car it has ever produced to date. The MMC Mitsubishi ... from mid 2002 until 2005 when Proton ceased production. Satria R3 Main Proton Satria R3 The Proton ... . R3 is a redefined version of Satria Gti by Proton s Racing development team and also Lotus. It houses ... Proton Satria Neo, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A 2006 Proton Satria Neo. name Second generation Satria ... File Proton Satria Neo QLD AUS.jpg 245px left thumb A 2008 Proton Satria Neo GX in Queensland, Australia .... Based on a new platform developed in house by Proton with some parts borrowed from the bigger Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 and Proton Waja Waja , the car is currently only available in a three door hatchback guise ... more details
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