Protontherapy is a type of particle therapy which uses a beam of proton s to irradiation irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer . The chief advantage of protontherapy is the ability ... name SOBP Proton beam therapy W P Levin, H Kooy, J S Loeffler and T F DeLaney British Journal of Cancer ... therapy Mechanism of action Protontherapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy using ionizing radiation ... energy. The accelerators used for protontherapy typically produce protons with energies in the range ... from protontherapy, the tissue in front of or shallower than the tumor receive radiation dosage ... Hospital MGH to pursue protontherapy. Over the next 41 years, this program refined and expanded ... ref before the Cyclotron was shut down in 2002. The world s first hospital based protontherapy center ..., The Northeast ProtonTherapy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital was brought online, and the HCL ... joined by an additional seven regional hospital based protontherapy centers in the United States alone ... radiotherapy. ref E. B. Hug et al Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull ... of protontherapy is used to reduce unwanted side effects, by limiting the dose to normal tissue ... structures. ref J. D. Slater et al, Protontherapy for prostate cancer the initial Loma Linda University ... of Proton Beam Therapy date 2008 04 16 publisher U.S. News and World Report url http health.usnews.com ... title Francis H. Burr ProtonTherapy Center ref Current overall world wide numbers are hard to compile, but one example in the literature shows that in 2003 roughly 26 of protontherapy ... Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 241 713 716 2005 ref Protontherapy for Eye neoplasm ... tumors. ref name PTCOG Proton, or more generally, hadron therapy of tissue close to the eye affords ... Journal Sentinel quote Despite that controversy, roughly a dozen protontherapy centers have been proposed ... As of 2009 it is not yet known whether protontherapy yields better clinical outcomes than other ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 Infobox hospital Name Indiana University Health ProtonTherapy Center Org Group optional Image IUProtonTherapy.jpeg image does not exist Caption IU Health ProtonTherapy Center map type Indiana latitude 39.19000 longitude 86.52222 map caption Shown in Bloomington, Indiana Logo ... Wiki Links optional The Indiana University IU Health ProtonTherapy Center formally known as the Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute MPRI ref http iuhealthprotontherapy.org images news pdf 10 26 10 MPRI to be named IU Health ProtonTherapy Center.pdf Press Release ref is the first proton facility in the Midwest. The Center offers protontherapy in Bloomington, Indiana Bloomington , Indiana , United States located on the Indiana University campus. The IU Health ProtonTherapy Center is the only protontherapy center in the U.S. to use a uniform scanning beam for dose delivery ref http iuhealthprotontherapy.org ... of Indiana University and is the only U.S. protontherapy center associated with a university based protontherapy technology research group, IU Cyclotron Operations. The centers pediatric program is affiliated ... best hospitals pediatric rankings ref History Protontherapy is not experimental and has ... nine centers in the U.S that provide protontherapy. The scarcity of proton centers is due to how expensive the machine that produces a proton beam costs. ref http iuhealthprotontherapy.org about history ref This machine is called a cyclotron . IU Health ProtonTherapy Center was fortunate ... a research facility into a protontherapy center. ProtonTherapy Radiologists have been using protontherapy to treat cancer since the 1950s. Long recognized for their targeting capability, proton beams ... organs and tissue. A protontherapy beam s powerful energy is focused directly on a patient s tumor ... and gamma knife rays. ref http iuhealthprotontherapy.org how protontherapy works index.html ref ... here automatically Reflist External links http iuhealthprotontherapy.org IU Health ProtonTherapy ... more details
Orphan date February 2011 Infobox hospital Name Hampton University ProtonTherapy Institute Org Group optional Image optional Caption HUPTI site map type Virginia latitude 37.058807 longitude 76.403518 map caption Shown in Hampton Logo HUPTI logo.jpg Logo Size 200px Location manually link & alternatively name if wish Region Hampton State Virginia Country United States Coordinates Coord 37 03 32 N 076 24 13 W type landmark region US display inline,title HealthCare Public Type Specialist Speciality Oncology Standards optional if no national standards Emergency No Affiliation Hampton University Patron None or the individual who acts as the hospital patron Beds Founded 2010 Closed optional Website http www.hamptonproton.org Wiki Links optional The Hampton University ProtonTherapy Institute HUPTI is a cancer treatment facility that will specialize in protontherapy . When it is completed, it will be the seventh in the United States and the largest in the world. It is also the first at a historically black college or university . Its research leg is the Center for Advanced Medical Instrumentation at Hampton University HU . The research group has earned at least nine patents for cancer detection and treatment devices. ref Young, Nancy February 7, 2008 , Groundbreaking stuff at Hampton University . Virginian Pilot . accessed on 2009 04 24 ref The school works in conjunction with the Eastern Virginia Medical School , who facilitates the clinical rotations for the HU graduate students who are majoring in Medical Physics . The target date to begin treating patients is August 2010. Development After hearing about the benefits of protontherapy in a conversation with an alumnus, HU s President William Harvey began investigating the possibility of developing a proton center. Several months later, he appointed Dr. Cynthia Keppel as the head of the team to explore the viability of such a center. ref http www.hamptonproton.org media Factsheetpg2.pdf Hampton University Proton Center ... more details
Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... symbol SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val ... 9 doi 10.1063 1.2808195 bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric ... model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton ... to contribute only about 1 of the proton s mass. The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind them together. Because the proton ... well defined since the surface of a proton is defined by forces that do not come to an abrupt end, and is therefore somewhat fuzzy. The proton is about 1.6 val 1.7 ul fm in diameter. ref name Cottingham ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton is stable and is found naturally ... up 90 of cosmic ray s, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances. Free protons are proton ... proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low energy protons to electrons ... them to combine. In vacuum, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a free electron, becoming a neutral ... down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks up, up, down , the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quark s. The proton has an approximately exponentially ... common isotope of the hydrogen atom with the chemical symbol H is a lone proton. The nuclei ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Physics stub Category Lithography Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics ... more details
OtherCodes Therapy in lang el , or treatment , is the attempted remediation of a health problem ... treatment . Among psychologists, the term may refer specifically to psychotherapy or talk therapy . Preventive therapy or prophylactic therapy is a treatment that is intended to prevent a medical ... therapy is a treatment that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication ..., is an abortive therapy. A supportive therapy is one that does not treat or improve the underlying ... increase the risk of adverse effects. Patients sometimes compliance medicine quit a therapy because ... that cannot be cured are still treatable. Types of therapies By therapy composition Treatments ... , mesotherapy by medical device by gene gene therapy by gold chrysotherapy aurotherapy by hormone hormone therapy by organism biotherapy by virus virotherapy by bacteriophage phage therapy by maggot maggot therapy by ozone ozonotherapy by salt speleotherapy by serous fluid serum serotherapy by water ... electromagnetic therapy alternative medicine electromagnetic therapy by magnetic energy magnet therapy by light phototherapy by Mechanics mechanical manual therapy as massotherapy & therapy by exercise as in physiotherapy by sound Cymatic therapy , music therapy by radiation radiotherapy by temperature ... by education by physical therapy physical exercise , Massage massage therapy , or acupuncture ... follow formal or informal algorithmic guidelines. A first line therapy sometimes called induction therapy or primary therapy ref http www.cancer.gov dictionary ?CdrID 346494 National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms first line therapy Retrieved July 2010 ref usually on the basis of clinical ... line therapy either fails to resolve the issue or produces intolerable side effects , additional ... November 2011 See also Wiktionary therapy Classification of Pharmaco Therapeutic Referrals Cure ... , the idea that treatment is useless References reflist Category Therapy Category Pharmacology Category ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Therapy? image Therapy311006.jpg caption Therapy? performing acoustically at HMV , Dublin on 31 October 2006 background group or band origin ... br Martin McCarrick br Graham Hopkins Therapy? is an alternative metal musical ensemble band from ... inspiration from diverse sources notably punk rock , Therapy? came to attention in the early 1990s ... at categorization... Therapy are still headbangers with their thinking caps screwed on tight. ref ... blockquote Although now vanished from the charts and wide media attention, Therapy? continue to release ... since 2004. Therapy? are currently signed to Blast Records , with worldwide distribution via Global Music . ref cite web url http www.therapyquestionmark.co.uk news read.php?newsid 229 title Therapy ... band a 1989 title Band Biography 1989 by Andy Cairns ref Therapy? released its first single, called ... . Therapy? quickly came to the attention of local music fans with their distinctively uncompromising ... the two bands. The heavy guitars and inventive drumming that was swiftly becoming Therapy? s trademark ... of the Shortsharpshock EP catapulted Therapy? into the Top 40 , peaking at nine, featuring ... Monsters of Rock Donington appearance at Metallica s request, and singles Stories Therapy? song Stories and Loose Therapy? song Loose charting in the UK earlier in the year, it was clear that Therapy? had changed direction. Although the string laden single Diane Therapy? song Diane was a Top 10 ... the tour wound up in mid 1996, Therapy? finally took a long break. They reconvened after six months ... right thumb 240px Therapy? in studio. Seattle 2001 L R Graham Hopkins Andy Cairns G bor Szak csi Gabor Szakacsi Sledgeback and C.A.F.B. Michael McKeegan . Front Martin McCarrick Therapy? recorded ... . Hopkins was permanently replaced in Therapy? by ex The Beyond band The Beyond Cable British band ... Never Explain was released in September 2004 to an audience re acquainted with the three piece Therapy ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry Proton, the ion, Hydron chemistry chem H Proton, the ion, Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry Proton pump inhibitor , a group of drugs Proton conductor , an electrolyte Proton coupled electron transfer , a chemical reaction mechanism In technology Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman Proton K , a rocket Proton M , a rocket Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry , a technique to monitor volatile organic compounds online In business Proton bank card , an electronic purse for debit cards in Belgium Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Proton supermarkets , a Greek chain of independent retailers Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship See also Proto disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car PROTON production 1996 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 litre Citro n Straight 4 I4 Transmission MT wheelbase convert 2290 mm in 1 abbr on length n a width n a height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 780 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Tiara is a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car PROTON between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between PROTON s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that PROTON not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that PROTON cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned to using various Mitsubishi based platforms and developed in house designed models later. Production of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara or Citroen AX. Design and market ... to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models. Other cosmetic differences ... 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Official Website http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton Tiara ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton P3 21A image manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton P3 21A known internally as Proton Persona R , which R stands for replacement is a codename of the upcoming global compact car compact successor of the Proton Persona developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It will begin production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant and it will be released on March 2012. Specifications On February 7, 2012, the specifications for Proton P3 21A was revealed ref http chedet.cc blog ?p 686 ref Proton s new 1.6 liter Campro CFE will be used, which allows the P3 21A to produce the power of a 2.0 liter engine with a smaller displacement. Hot press steel as opposed to cold press steel Vehicle Seek Lamp Wiper Auto Speed Automatic folding wing mirror Push button Start Stop function Automatic Wiper Sensors Automatic Headlamp Sensors GPS navigation system Impact sensing door lock Central Locking Alarm with Immobiliser CVT gearbox with 7 virtual speed manual mode Tiptronic selection on shift lever Steering mounted paddle shifters ABS with Brake Assist Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah was exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show . Its exterior design was designed by Italdesign Giugiaro . References reflist Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton P3 21A ... more details
Infobox automobile image File 1995 1996 Proton Wira XLi sedan 02.jpg 250px Proton Wira name Proton Wira manufacturer Proton carmaker PROTON production 1993 2007 class Compact car Compact body style 4 door ... n a width n a height n a weight convert 980 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1011 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Wira was a automobile car manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton carmaker PROTON , released ... to the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Saga Iswara , a face lifted version of PROTON s first model, the Proton Saga , as a flagship Compact car compact model for PROTON. The Saga continued ... car sub compact model, instead. The Wira was to be replaced by two similar in house designed PROTON cars The Proton Gen 2 launched in 2004 to replace the Aeroback hatchback variant and the Proton Persona launched in 2007 to replace the saloon variant . The Proton Waja , a saloon compact, was also launched ... upmarket demand, below the Proton Perdana . Wira is a Malay language Malay word that translates into English ... and a different dashboard. The frontal design continues the styling first shown in the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Iswara with a fluted bonnet that tapers towards the PROTON badge on the grill ... as the 5 door Saga hatchback was introduced. PROTON was originally in the works of a little known ... newspaper, depicting an abandoned estate Wira prototype outside PROTON s assembly plant in Shah ... design of the Wira has, for more than a decade, remained mostly the same. In 2004, PROTON ... included the same front bumper as the WiSE. Several PROTON models released following the Wira s debut sported frontal stylings that were derivatives of the Wira s. Among them, the original Proton Satria Satria 3 door hatchback, the Proton Putra Putra 2 door sports coup , and the Proton Arena Arena coupe utility . In an attempt to find a suitable successor to the Wira, the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 , a hatchback codenamed the Wira Replacement Model, was designed and developed in house by PROTON, and was launched ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton car PROTON production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission MT AT wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton car PROTON between 2001 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from PROTON s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by PROTON. In its marketing campaign, PROTON decided that the JUARA was essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but was succeeded six years later by the Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari Kenari and was targeted at young ... of the Town Box Wide. Additionally, optional accessories were offered by PROTON to go with the Juara ... the only vehicle in the PROTON stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering . Production and reception ... in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, PROTON discontinued the production of the Juara altogether. When it was first introduced in 2001, the price tag of the Proton Juara ... failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Official Websites http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton Juara ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Emas image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker PROTON parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad production 2010 class Compact body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback engine 1.6L Mitsubishi 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo IntercoolerI4 wheelbase convert 2600 mm in 1 abbr on interior length convert 3555 mm in 1 abbr on interior width convert 1699 mm in 1 abbr on interior height convert 1576 mm in 1 abbr on interior weight n a Proton Emas is a range of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton car PROTON . It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a hybrid vehicle. ref cite web url http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author Paul Tan date 2010 03 02 publisher Paul Tan s Automotive News accessdate 2011 09 30 ref Its electric powertrain is supplemented ... Solution. The word emas means gold in Malay language Malay . Proton Emas was planned to be Malaysia s and Proton car PROTON s first global car and was expected to be in production by 2012. As of February 2012, PROTON s website neither lists it as a current model or a concept car. PROTON s subsidiary ... magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior ... Rear n a See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References reflist Official Websites http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.illinois.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S. E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S. E. Rogers and A. R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO sub 3 sub , BaCeO sub 3 sub and BaZrO sub 3 sub . fact date November 2011 Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare earth ortho niobates and ortho tantalates as well as rare earth tungstates. fact date November 2011 References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image Proton Savvy first generation front , Serdang.jpg 250px A pre 2007 facelift Proton Savvy. name Proton Savvy manufacturer Proton car PROTON production 2005 2011 class Supermini ... on The Proton Savvy is a supermini car supermini hatchback produced by Malaysia n carmaker Proton car PROTON . The car was introduced in June 2005 as a successor to Proton Tiara . History Following PROTON s decision to discontinue the Citro n AX based Proton Tiara Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for PROTON to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model TRM , was partially designed in house by PROTON but is powered by a Renault ... Kingdom in September 2005. The Savvy was also among two models alongside the Proton Gen 2 the now defunct MG Rover Group MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with PROTON s parent ... on the front and rear. File Proton savvy r3.jpg thumb Proton Savvy R3. In 2006, PROTON introduced a Savvy Zerokit variant developed in conjunction with the PROTON s motorsports division, R3 Race Rally ... PROTON car to undergo a publicly announced product recall recall . On April 1, 2008, PROTON Edar ... of its components. The second generation Proton Saga , launched in January 2008, based its chassis ... Disc Drum Design Unlike the Proton Tiara Tiara , the Savvy s exterior design was largely developed in house by PROTON, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design for efficient air ventilation ..., along with other in house designed PROTONs such as the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 , Proton Persona Persona , Proton Satria Satria Neo , Proton Waja Waja , Waja Chancellor, and second generation Proton ... earlier, such as the first generation Proton Saga Saga , Proton Wira Wira and Proton Perdana Perdana ... is also the only PROTON model so far to be T V Technischer berwachungsverein Certified. Proton Savvy ... Proton Savvy among top 10 cars in Thailand publisher Thestar.com.my date 2009 01 14 accessdate 2009 ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... if it went more quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which ... physics classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed ... Nobel Prize in Physics . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined ... them, such as a proton helium 4 producing lithium 5, or two helium 4 nuclei coming together to form ... needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton ... File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III chain reaction Autogenerated using ... . In this reaction, Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher ... reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron ... to the right side of the reaction as an anti electron. This is represented in the figure of protonproton ... alpha process CNO cycle References Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear fusion ar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Proton is a Greece Greek based retail chain of independent retailers primarily grocery shops operating as a brand and buying group or symbol group . All stores are independently owned. The parent company ELETA LTD is communally owned with each retailer owning a share. As of 2006, the Proton retail network consists of around 390 stores throughout Greece. See also Greek Supermarkets List of Greek supermarkets DEFAULTSORT Proton Supermarkets Category Supermarkets of Greece retail company stub ... more details
Infobox Company company name Proton Holdings Bhd. company logo Image PROTON LOGO.svg 200px center The Proton Company logo company type Public company Public Bursa Malaysia PROTON foundation May 7, 1983 ... Lotus Cars Lotus homepage http www.proton.com proton.com footnotes PROTON is a Malaysian automobile ... of PROTON Holdings Limited company Berhad , the holding company which is listed on Bursa Malaysia ... in PROTON Holdings for 1.291 billion ringgit 413.1 million from Khazanah Nasional in January 2012 ... and parent Mitsubishi Corp. which each held a 7.93 stake in PROTON until they sold it in March 2004. Mitsubishi disposed of its entire 15.86 stake in PROTON, most of which were picked up by Khazanah Nasional, which previously owned 42.7 of PROTON shares. The Mitsubishi PROTON partnership was deemed a failure because of the lack of technology transfer. History PROTON was established on 7 May 1983 ... in 1993. Based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors , production of the first model, the Proton ... as technologies were transferred and skills were gained. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989. ref name 100000th cite web url http www.newint.org issue195 proton.htm title The Proton ... ref In 1993, a model called Proton Wira was introduced based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi ... Proton Perdana , based on the Mitsubishi Galant Mitsubishi Galant Eterna , was first produced in 1995, intended for higher end market. The Proton Waja Proton Impian in UK , launched early 2001, is the first car model designed internally by PROTON. By 2002 Proton held a market share of over 60 in Malaysia ... in 1996 from ACBN Holdings a company owned by Volkswagen , PROTON gained an additional source of engineering and automotive expertise. This led to the production of Proton Gen 2 that was code ... and assembled at the new manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak that is part of Proton City development project. The plant was opened in 26 February 2005. On 8 June 2005, PROTON introduced ... more details
about the 2007 car model by Proton company Proton the previous car model sold in Europe and Australia Proton Wira Infobox automobile image Image Proton Persona front , Serdang.jpg 250px Proton Persona front br The Proton Persona is largely similar to the Proton Gen 2 hatchback, with an added Trunk automobile boot , slightly extended roof line and higher profile tyres. name Proton Persona manufacturer Proton car PROTON production 2007 2010 model years 2007 2010 class Compact car Compact body style ... in 1 abbr on weight convert 1170 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1195 kg lb 1 abbr on Image Proton Persona rear , Serdang.jpg thumb right Proton Persona rear The Proton Persona is a compact car introduced by Proton car PROTON in 2007 for the same model year. Being an in house design by Azlan Othman, the Persona replaced the saloon variant of the successful Proton Wira , whose export name is not confused with this model s same name, as Proton s compact car. It is available as a sedan car sedan and is based upon the platform also shared with the Proton Gen 2 and the Proton Satria Neo . Also available is a Proton Persona Proton Persona SE Special Edition variant . All Personas are currently manufactured at Proton s Tanjung Malim plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak . Design Body The Proton Persona is essentially a Sedan car saloon based on the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 hatchback introduced in 2004, and inherits the Persona name from rebadged Proton Wira Wiras sold in certain countries. It addresses several ... litre Campro engine in the Persona is the same Convert 82 kW hp 0 abbr on unit used in other Proton ... and high rev breathing. Year to year changes Image Proton Persona SE 8 Large.jpg thumb right Proton ... Proton badges now bear the black and silver, rather than a blue and gold. Also, the Proton Persona ...?awReviewId 2440&awCatId RT.ATC.CAR.PV title Persona SE Special Edition Launched By Proton date 2008 08 26 accessdate 2009 05 13 publisher Auto World author YS Khong ref The Proton Persona SE has a bodykit ... more details
Proton City tagged as City of the Future is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres 16 km . It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim , a town in Perak , Malaysia , and houses the state of the art ringgit RM 1.8 billion Proton company Proton car assembly plant. To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia s automobile industry. Undertaken by Proton City Development Corp Sdn Bhd, a joint venture between DRB HICOM DRB Hicom Bhd and Proton Bhd, itself a core member of Proton Holdings Bhd, it started in 1996 with an initial investment of RM2.5 billion, beginning with the construction of the Proton plant. The Proton plant has a workforce of more than 2,000 and most of them are expected to live in the area. When Proton City is fully developed, it would have a population of about 240,000. The first settlement in the area 252 units of apartments were formally handed over to the buyers recently. These apartments have common facilities that include car and motorcycle parking bays, children s playground, BBQ area, car wash areas, mosque and a nursery kindergarten on the ground floor of each block and a multipurpose hall. Parcels 19 and 20 when completed in 2007 will have 1,091 apartments, 336 units of single and double storey terrace houses, 86 semi detached houses, 37 bungalows and 36 shop offices. Proton City is also expected to be home to students and staff of the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris UPSI , which a few years ago was known as Sultan Idris Teachers College, one of the country s oldest teachers training institutions. UPSI, occupying 800 acres 3.2 km within Proton City, is expected to have a student population of 20,000 within four years. The next phase of development at Proton City ... within Proton City. External links http proton city.com v1 main.htm Proton City Perak coord missing Malaysia Category Populated places in Perak ms Bandar raya Proton ... more details
Infobox Automobile image File 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback 01.jpg 250px br 2007 2009 Proton Satria BS Neo GX hatchback Australia . name Proton Satria manufacturer Proton car PROTON production ... 4G18 I4 1.6L Proton CamPro S4PHI4 1.8L Renault F4P I4 2.0L Mitsubishi 6A12 V6 CamPro S4PP T CPS with Turbo ... 1212 kg lb 1 abbr on convert 1227 kg lb 1 abbr on The Proton Satria is a hatchback produced by Malaysian Proton car PROTON in 1995 for the first generation and ended in 2005. The new Satria Replacement Model SRM , known as Proton Satria Neo was launched on 16 June 2006. The name Satria which means knight in Sanskrit language Sanskrit was chosen for Proton s 3 door hatchback to reflect the sportiness of the car. Satria 1995 2005 Infobox Automobile generation image Image Proton Satria first generation front , Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A first generation Proton Satria. name First generation aka Proton Compact br Proton Persona Compact br Proton 300 series related Mitsubishi Mirage production 1995 ... . Changes were limited to front end styling and an interior from the bigger Proton Wira Wira . Power ... Proton Satria GTi. The Satria Sports GTi was launched with a convert 138 bhp kW 0 abbr on 1.8 ... this limited edition vehicle wears a Lotus Engineering badge below the Proton Satria GTi badge. Proton claims that the Satria GTi was their fastest car it has ever produced to date. The MMC Mitsubishi ... from mid 2002 until 2005 when Proton ceased production. Satria R3 Main Proton Satria R3 The Proton ... . R3 is a redefined version of Satria Gti by Proton s Racing development team and also Lotus. It houses ... Proton Satria Neo, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 245px A 2006 Proton Satria Neo. name Second generation Satria ... File Proton Satria Neo QLD AUS.jpg 245px left thumb A 2008 Proton Satria Neo GX in Queensland, Australia ... on a new platform developed in house by Proton with some parts borrowed from the bigger Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 and Proton Waja Waja , the car is currently only available in a three door hatchback guise ... more details
Infobox rocket image Proton Zvezda crop.jpg caption Launch of a Proton rocket name Proton 8K82K function ... 43 first Proton 16 July 1965 br Proton K 10 March 1967 br Proton M 7 April 2001 last Proton 6 July ... stage1name stage1engines Proton K 1 stage1thrust 10.47 Newton unit MN alt stage1thrust 1.9 million ... abbr on ref cite web url http www.friends partners.org partners mwade lvs pro8k82k.htm title Proton ... stage4fuel LOX RP 1 Proton formal designation UR 500 is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russia n government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched ... launch services proton mission planners guide title Proton Mission Planner s Guide publisher ... date September 5, 2005 title Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur publisher flickr ref File On the launch pad.jpg thumb Proton M awaits launch Like many Soviet boosters, the names of recurring payloads became associated with their launchers. Thus the moniker Proton originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellite s, which were among the rocket s first payloads. It is also known as the D ... for geostationary orbit , a Proton M Breeze M can place a spacecraft with mass at separation of convert ... news releases ils proton launch amc 14 satellite title ILS Proton to Launch AMC 14 Satellite publisher ILS ref History Proton ref cite web url http www.ilslaunch.com launch services ils proton breeze m launch vehicle proton heritage title Proton Heritage publisher International Launch Services ref ... of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest expendable launch system in service ... and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures. However, once perfected it became one of the most .... Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights, and was intended to have launched the first Soviet circumlunar spaceflights, before the United States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched ... to the Moon, Mars , Venus , and even Halley s Comet using the 4 stage D 1e version . Proton also launches ... more details
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