Science In the philosophy of science , a protoscience is a new science trying to establish its legitimacy. ref http www.phy.syr.edu courses modules PSEUDO moller.html ref Protoscience is distinguished from pseudoscience by its standard practices of good science, such as a willingness to be disproven by new evidence, or to be replaced by a more predictive theory. Citation needed date January 2012 Compare fringe science , which is considered highly speculative or even strongly refuted. ref cite journal author Dutch, Steven I title Notes on the nature of fringe science journal J Geol Ed issn 0022 1368 volume 30 issue 1 pages 6 13 date January 1982 id ERIC EJ260409 oclc 427103550 ref Some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of Scientific consensus mainstream science . ref name CFS http www2.fiu.edu mizrachs truzzi.html Reflections on the reception of unconventional claims in science , newsletter Center for Frontier Sciences , Temple University 1990 . ref Definitions Philosopher of chemistry Jaap Brakel defines protoscience as the study of normative criteria for the use of experimental ... protoscience and protochemistry , Philosophy of chemistry between the manifest and the scientific image, Leuven Univ Pr, December 2000 ref A protoscience may be a field where the hypothesis presented ... , which at the time of this article writing is a protoscience. Citation needed date January 2012 ... Holcomb, Moving Beyond Just So Stories Evolutionary Psychology as Protoscience . Skeptic Magazine, 1996. D Hartmann, Protoscience and Reconstruction . Journal of General Philosophy of Science, 1996. R Tuomela, Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience . Rational Changes in Science. JA Campbell, On artificial intelligence . Artificial Intelligence Review, 1986. G Kennedy, Psychoanalysis Protoscience and Metapsychology . 1959. AC Maffei, Psychoanalysis Protoscience Or Science? . 1969. N Psarros, The Constructive ... fr Protoscience gl Protociencia id Protosains it Protoscienza nl Protowetenschap ja no Protovitenskap ... more details
Natural magic in the context of Renaissance magic is that part of the occult which deals with natural forces directly, as opposed to ceremonial magic , in particular goety and theurgy , which deals with the summoning of spirit s. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa so uses the term in his 1526 de vanitate . Natural magic so defined thus includes astrology , alchemy , and disciplines that we would today consider fields of natural science , such as astronomy and chemistry which developed and diverged from astrology and alchemy, respectively, into the modern sciences they are today or botany herbology . References Charles G. Nauert, Magic and Skepticism in Agrippa s Thought, Journal of the History of Ideas 1957 , p. 176. references See also Protoscience Category History of science Category Renaissance Category Magic paranormal vi Ph p thu t t nhi n ... more details
Pseudophysics is a body of pseudoscience pseudoscientific knowledge or practice using the language of physics or discussing issues related to or pertinent to physics. Pseudophysics possess many, if not all, of the traits of pseudoscience , including the lack of falsifiability falsifiable predictions , lack of peer review , or the blatant contradiction of well established theory and experimental results. As with pseudoscience, the distinction between pseudophysics and protoscience protoscientific theories of physics is not always clear cut. See also Hypothetico deductive method Statistical hypothesis testing Theoretical physics Mathematical physics Experimental physics List of pseudoscientific theories Crackpot index References http thisquantumworld.com ht content view 24 30 Mohrhoff, Ulrich , http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0305095 Is the end in sight for theoretical pseudophysics? in New Topics in Quantum Physics Research edited by V. Krasnoholovets and F. Columbus, Nova Publishers , 2006 . Paine, Michael,, Carl Sagan s http www.xenu.net archive baloney detection.html Baloney Detection Kit . Operation Clambake. 1998. Shermer, M http www.sciam.com article.cfm?articleID 000D743A CC5C 1C6E 84A9809EC588EF21&catID 2 Baloney Detection How to draw boundaries between science and pseudoscience, Part I , Scientific American 285 5 36 36 NOV 2001 Shermer, M http www.sciam.com article.cfm?articleID 000ADC77 B274 1C6E 84A9809EC588EF21 Baloney Detection How to draw boundaries between science and pseudoscience, Part II , Scientific American 285 6 34 34 DEC 2001 Category Pseudophysics fi N enn isfysiikka ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date April 2008 Neologism date May 2011 Cryptofiction is s word primarily used today to describe a fiction genre based on cryptozoology . Cryptofiction draws upon its subject matter by combining elements of native legend, historical records and eyewitness accounts concerning a continuing mythical or legendary creature. Primarily dealing with the likes of Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster , any creature for which there is enough evidence to warrant study by cryptozoologists may serve as the basis for such fiction. Although this fairly recent genre includes a growing list of authors and movie makers, there have been many such tales written over the years. This includes works by Jules Verne The Mysterious Island , Arthur Conan Doyle The Lost World Conan Doyle novel The Lost World , and Edgar Rice Burroughs The Land That Time Forgot novel The Land That Time Forgot , to modern authors such as Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novel Jurassic Park and Steve Alten the Meg series and The Loch . See also Paranormal state collapsed Cryptid Cryptobotany List of megafauna recently discovered Lists of fictional species Legendary creature List of legendary creatures List of notable figures in cryptozoology Monster Cryptic zoology , an animal that is difficult to observe due to its behaviour or camouflage . Pseudoscience and protoscience Xenobiology External links Commons category Cryptofiction http www.strangeark.com czfiction.html StrangeArk Cryptofiction , Chad Arment, http www.coachwhipbooks.com Coachwhip Books http amarketingexpert.com ameblog ?p 111 Cryptofiction, A New Genre on the Horizon? , Eric Penz http mattbille.blogspot.com 2007 10 notes on cryptozoological fiction.html Notes on Cryptozoological Fiction , Matt Bille http www.cryptomundo.com cryptozoo news top cz fiction 2005 The Top Cryptofiction Books of 2005 , Loren Coleman http www.cryptomundo.com cryptozoo news crypto fi bks 06 The Top Cryptofiction Books of 2006 , Loren Coleman ... more details
of becoming established are generally labelled protoscience or fringe science . A definition of mainstream in terms of protoscience and fringe science ref http www2.fiu.edu mizrachs truzzi.html Reflections ... solid black margin 1em padding 1em Protoscience td td style width 10em border 3px solid black margin ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 Notarikon lang he is a method of deriving a word, akin to the creation of an acronym , by using each of its initial Hebrew or final Hebrew letters to stand for another word, forming a sentence or idea out of the words. Another variation entails using the first and last letters, or the two middle letters of a word, etc. to form another word. The word notarikon is borrowed from Greek language , which in its turn was derived from the Latin language Latin word notarius, meaning short hand writer. ref The Dictionary of Jewish usage a guide to the use of Jewish terms, By Sol Steinmetz, ISBN 0742543870 , 2005, article Notarikon ref Notarikon is one of the three ancient methods, the other two being gematria and temurah Kabbalah temurah , used by the Kabbalah Kabbalists to rearrange words and sentences in the Bible to derive the esoteric substratum and deeper spiritual meaning of the words. Notarikon was also used in the protoscience alchemy . Usage by Rashi Rashi uses notarikon seven times in his pirush on Chumash br Bereishis 15 2 , br Bereishis 17 2 . br Bereishis 30 2 br Bereishis 49 22 . , , br Shemos 20 12 . , The chiddush here is that the word in gematria . br Bamidbar 11 8 , , . br Bamidbar 22 32 . , , , See also Hebrew acronyms AGLA , notarikon for Atah Gibor Le olam Adon ... more details
Expert subject date August 2010 Cryptozoology Image The ya te veo.jpg thumb Depiction of a man eating tree from Central America. Cryptobotany is the study of various exotic plants which are not believed to exist by the scientific community , but which exist in myth, literature or unsubstantiated reports. Folk legend and ethnic usage of plants, often as interdisciplinary research, is presented and developed for an unknown species, in the hope of allowing those species to be collected or adequately identified. Any researcher or writer can identify himself or herself as a cryptobotanist the field is surveyed within cryptozoological or other journals, or with varying degrees of skepticism as a protoscience . ref cite web url http web.ncf.ca bz050 criticalcz.html title Taking a Hard Look at Cryptozoology A Critical Approach to Cryptozoology accessdate 2007 07 03 author Roesch, Ben S. authorlink coauthors date year 1999 work Author s On Line Cryptozoology Archives publisher quote Thus the argument goes in order to ensure accuracy in cryptozoology, research on sasquatch should be done by a primatologist or physical anthropologist, and research on sea serpents should be done by a marine biologist, preferably one who has good knowledge of both invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. ref Many plants remain undiscovered or are yet to be classified, however cryptobotany usually focuses on fantastical plants believed to have harmful or therapeutic interactions with people. Sources of data may be secondary or scant reports may be plausible or outlandish. ref cite web url http web.ncf.ca bz050 HomePage.scza.html title Cryptozoologists An Endangered Species accessdate 2007 07 03 author Paul McCarthy authorlink date 1993 01 11 work The Scientist, Vol 7, 1 publisher quote Krantz is a member of a small band of scientists called cryptozoologists, who stalk previously undescribed and, some would say, nonexistent animals. This includes new species of lizards, monkeys, and other ho ... more details
Refimprove date May 2007 Exploratory engineering is a term coined by K. Eric Drexler to describe the process of designing and analyzing detailed hypothetical models of systems that are not feasible with current technologies or methods, but do seem to be clearly within the bounds of what science considers to be possible within the narrowly defined scope of operation of the hypothetical system model. It usually results in paper prototypes paper or video prototype s, or more likely nowadays computer simulation computer model s that are as convincing as possible to those that know the relevant science, given the lack of experimental confirmation. By analogy with protoscience , it might be considered a form of protoengineering . Usage Due to the difficulty and necessity of anticipating results in such areas as genetic modification , climate change , molecular engineering , and megascale engineering , parallel fields such as bioethics , climate engineering and hypothetical molecular nanotechnology sometimes emerge to develop and examine hypotheses, define limits, and express potential solutions to the anticipated technological problems. Proponents of exploratory engineering contend that it is an appropriate initial approach to such problems. Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a practical problem. A scientist may ask why? and proceed to research the answer to the question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem, and how to implement that solution. Exploratory engineering often posits that a highly detailed solution exists, and explores the putative characteristics of such a solution, while holding in abeyance the question of how to implement that solution. If a point can be reached where the attempted implementation of the solution is addressed using the principles of engineering science , the activity transitions from protoengineering to actual engineering, and results in success or failure to implement the design. Requirements U ... more details
Stephen LaBerge born 1947 is a psychophysiologist and a leader in the Oneirology scientific study of lucid dreaming . In 1967 he received his Bachelor s Degree in mathematics . He began researching lucid dreaming for his Ph.D. in Psychophysiology at Stanford University , which he received in 1980. ref http dreamtalk.hypermart.net member files stephen laberge.html Stephen LaBerge at IASD ref He developed techniques to enable himself and other researchers to enter a lucid dream state at will, most notably the MILD technique Lucid dreaming Mnemonic induction of lucid dreams MILD mnemonic induction of lucid dreams , which was necessary for many forms of dream experimentation. ref http www.lucidity.com LucidDreamingFAQ2.html LIQ Lucid Dreaming Frequently Asked Questions Answered by The Lucidity Institute Bot generated title ref In 1987, he founded The Lucidity Institute , an organization that promotes research into lucid dreaming, as well as running courses for the general public on how to achieve a lucid dream. ref http www.lucidity.com info.html About the Lucidity Institute Bot generated title ref His technique of signalling to a collaborator monitoring his EEG with agreed upon eye movements during REM became the first published, scientifically verified signal from a dreamer s mind to the outside world. The first confirmed signal came from Alan Worsley under study in England however his group did not publish their results until later. ref http spiritwatch.ca alan worsley.htm Alan Worsley Bot generated title ref Though the technique is simple, it opens broad new avenues of dream research and pushed the field of dream research, or oneirology , beyond its protoscience protoscientific and largely discredited psychoanalysis psychoanalytic roots, establishing it as a fruitful and respectable discipline. Research results main Lucid dreaming Results from LaBerge s lab and others ref http www.lucidity.com SleepAndCognition.html Psychophysiology of Lucid Dreaming Bot generated t ... more details
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to alchemy Alchemy &ndash A philosophical tradition recognized as protoscience, that includes the application of Hermetic principles, and practices related to mythology, religion, and spirituality. Concepts File Fotothek df tg 0007129 Theosophie Alchemie.jpg thumb Mandala from the Musaeum Hermeticum incorporating the septenary, four elements, tria prima, and hieros gamos. Alchemical elements &ndash Primarily the four Classical element s of Fire classical element Water classical element Earth classical element Air classical element For variations see Wu Xing Mah bh ta Five elements Japanese philosophy Alchemy in art and entertainment Alkahest Anima mundi Chrysopoeia Filius philosophorum Takwin Homunculus Philosopher s stone Cintamani Elixir of life Panacea medicine Panacea Septenary of the seven metals and Classical planets in Western alchemy Lead tin copper iron mercury element mercury silver gold Saturn Jupiter Venus Mars mercury planet Mercury Moon Sun Tria Prima three primes Salt mercury element mercury sulfur Body soul spirit Unity of opposites or coincidentia oppositorum Hieros Gamos Symbolism File Fotothek df tg 0006104 Theosophie Alchemie Judentum Kabbala.jpg thumb Mandala illustrating key alchemical concepts, symbols, and processes. From Spiegel der Kunst und Natur . Alchemical symbol consists of 1. Glyphs AGLA Monas Hieroglyphica 2. Imagery Suns in alchemy Undine alchemy Vulcan of the alchemists 3. Visual Symbolism Porta Alchemica Serpent symbolism Caduceus Ouroboros Nehushtan Processes Magnum opus alchemy Magnum opus &ndash great work of alchemy consisting of Nigredo Albedo alchemy Albedo Citrinitas sometimes excluded Rubedo Alchemists also engaged in practical and symbolic processes including Calcination Ceration Cohobation Congelation Digestion alchemy Digestion Distillation Fermentation biochemistry Fermentation Filtration Fixation alchemy Fixation Multiplication alchemy Multiplicatio ... more details
Infobox journal title Journal of Scientific Exploration cover editor Stephen E. Braude discipline abbreviation publisher Society for Scientific Exploration country United States frequency Quarterly history 1987 present openaccess impact impact year website http www.scientificexploration.org journal link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 15153049 LCCN 88648133 CODEN ISSN 0892 3310 eISSN The Journal of Scientific Exploration is a quarterly scientific journal of fringe science published by the Society for Scientific Exploration that was established in 1987. According to its mission statement, the journal provides a forum for research on topics outside the established disciplines of mainstream science. ref name JSE cite web url http www.scientificexploration.org jse.php title Journal of Scientific Exploration website accessdate 2008 07 12 publisher scientificexploration.org archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080113132506 http www.scientificexploration.org jse.php archivedate January 13, 2008 ref However, due to its scope of examining Charles Fort anomalies , fringe science , protoscience , and other controversial topics, the editors of the journal acknowledge that the periodical publishes claimed observations and proffered explanations that will seem more speculative or less plausible than in some mainstream disciplinary journals. Nevertheless, those observations and explanations must conform to rigorous standards of observational techniques and logical argument. ref name instructions cite web url http www.scientificexploration.org jse author instr.php title JSE Instructions for Authors publisher scientificexploration.org accessdate 2008 07 12 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080113161325 http www.scientificexploration.org jse author instr.php archivedate January 13, 2008 ref Topics and policies The journal s website describes the publication s purpose as providing a professional forum for presentations, criticism, and debate concerning topics which are fo ... more details
potential are astrology and biorhythms ... . ref ref Cite book chapter Science, Protoscience ... call it an established interdisciplinary area of scientific endeavor which is still speculative a protoscience ... more details
and outlandish claims to support their arguments. Definition A definition of protoscience ref http ... 1em Fringe science td td style width 10em border 3px solid black margin 1em padding 1em Protoscience ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
