A Topographic Abney Level is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. The Topographic Abney Level is an easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and when used correctly an accurate surveying tool. The Topographic Abney Level is used to measure degrees, percent of grade, topographic elevation, and chainage correction. By using trigonometry the user of a Topographic Abney Level can determine height, volume, and grade. The Topographic Abney Level is used at the eye height of the surveying surveyor and is best employed when teamed with a second surveyor of the same eye height. This allows for easy sighting of the level and greater accuracy. A ranging pole can be marked at the eye height of the level user or the approximate location of the eye height i.e. chin, nose, top of head of the level surveyor must be know of the ranging surveyor. Origins The Abney level was invented by Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney Born 24 Jul 1843 Died 3 Dec 1920 who was an English astronomer and chemist best known for his pioneering of color photography and color vision. Abney invented this instrument under the employment of the School of Military Engineering in Chatham, England in the 1870s. It is described by W. & L. E. Gurley as an English modification of the Locke hand level, noting that it gives angles of elevation and is also divided for slopes, as 1 to 2, 2 to 1, etc. Since the main tube of this instrument is square, it can be applied to any plane surface. The clinometer scale is graduated to degrees, and read by vernier to 5 minutes. Usage Use of an Abney level is discussed in volume 12 of the Forest Quarterly sup 1 sup published by the New York State College of Forestry in 1914. Discussion on the use of the Abney level starts on page 370. References references Bryn Hubbard, Neil F. 2005 , Glasser Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology , John Wiley and Sons ... more details
Infobox Company company name 361 Degrees International Limited company type Privately owned company slogan One Love 2009 foundation 2003 location Jinjiang , Fujian Province , China key people Ding Wuhao, President and Executive Director industry Sportswear activewear Sportswear and Sports equipment Sports Equipment products Athletic shoe s, clothing apparel , sports equipment , fashion accessory accessories homepage http www.361sport.com www.361sport.com 361 Degrees International Limited hkex 1361 is a major Chinese supplier of shoe and sports goods, primarily in the People s Republic of China . 361 Degrees counts Li Ning Company , China Dongxiang , Xstep and Anta Sports Anta as its main competitors. As of March 2009, there were 5,543 361 Degrees authorized retail outlets in China. The company does not own any of these outlets. They are owned and managed by 3,031 authorized dealers. History The company was established in 2002. 361 was the official sporting wear of the Chinese Men s and Women s Olympic curling teams during the 2010 Vancouver Olympics . The company s brand, 361 , was first launched in January 2004. It denotes 360 degrees of a protractor circle plus one extra degree, representing the company s goal of establishing this brand to meet athlete s need for professional functionality, plus an added degree of innovation and creativity. 361 markets its brand through slogans that represent its brand value. The slogans used over the years are Dare to be 2004 2007 China, Dare to Be 2008 One Love 2009 Products 361 Degrees collection includes Footwear badminton, table tennis, lawn tennis, basketball, casual, general training, running, and general outdoor Apparel badminton, table tennis, tennis, basketball, casual, general training, running, outdoor, women s fitness, golf Accessories bags, balls, caps, equipment, knitted protective gear and socks. External links http www.361sport.com 361 Degrees Official website Athletic shoes and sporting goods of China Category Pr ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Artist The Future Sound of London Name From the Archives Vol. 6 Type Compilation album Cover FromTheArchives6.jpg Released September 2, 2010 flagicon United Kingdom Genre Electronica br Ambient music Ambient br Intelligent dance music IDM Length Label Producer FSOL Last album Environments 3 br 2010 This album From the Archives Vol. 5 br 2010 Next album A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble Exploding In Your Mind Volume 3 2010 Reviews Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Type Cover Lower caption Border From the Archives Vol. 6 is the most recent release of The Future Sound of London s From the Archives series released in 2010. A CD version was released on 25 October, seven weeks after the initial mp3 release. ref cite web url http www.amazon.co.uk Archives Vol 6 Future Sound London dp B0042XLXVG title From The Archives Vol.6 The Future Sound Of London Amazon.co.uk Music publisher Amazon.co.uk date accessdate 2012 02 16 ref The album As with the rest of the series, the music within covers their unreleased 1990s experiments and songs that never made it to the albums released at the time. This particular volume begins with earlier material based around the band s acid techno years, and moves into more abstract and experimental work further into the album. Following the popularity of the previous two volumes, volume 6 is segued from start to finish, with no gaps between tracks. ref cite web url http www.secondthought.co.uk fsol title The Future Sound of London Welcome to the Galaxial Pharmaceutical v7 publisher Secondthought.co.uk date accessdate 2012 02 16 ref Track listing March of the Money Men Light Forming Coast Line Cross Winds Gyrated She Fell Backwards Jelly Legs Departed Protractor Camel Abandoned Incoming Induced Coma Swarm Linear Block 5 Unassumed Elation Crew Producer Future Sound Of London, The Written By Brian Dougans , Garry Cobain References Reflist The Future Sound of London DEFAULTSORT From The Archives Vol. 6 Cat ... more details
image Swanson Speed Square by NIP.JPG thumb A Swanson SPEED SQUARE. A speed square or rafter angle square is a Triangle triangular shaped tool which combines some of the most common functions of the combination square , try square , and Steel square framing square into one. It is used to make basic measurements and mark lines on dimensional lumber , and as a saw guide for making short 45 and 90 degree cuts. Common lines made using it include perpendicular cut marks and angle s for roofs, stairways, decks. Embedded degree gradations eliminate complex trigonometry , making for speedy layout. The tool was invented in 1925 by Albert J. Swanson and readily earned its name in use. While Speed Square is a registered trademark of the Swanson Tool Co., Inc., it has become a genericized trademark for similar products. Variants of the tool made of aluminum , steel , and composites such as HDPE come in two basic sizes, the original 7 inch and a 12 inch model for larger tasks. Design The tool is a right triangle with a ruler on one equal side and a fence on the other. It is marked with the word Pivot at the right angle point and displays Degrees on its hypotenuse , Common and Hip Val markings on its mid section. Degree indicate the angle in degrees from 0 to 90 . Common indicate the rise in inches over a 12 inch run for rafter common rafter s from 1 in. to 30 in. Hip Val indicate the rise in inches over a 12 inch run for Hip or Valley rafters from 1 in. to 30 in. Some models have divots for fitting a writing utensil to mark lumber with. Genuine Swanson Speed Squares will also have a diamond shape cutout on the ruler side at 3 in. Usage Swanson Co. describes the tool as a Try Square, Miter Square, Protractor, Line Scriber, & Saw Guide in one. Swanson Speed Squares come with a pocket sized blue reference book describing the tool s functions and containing charts listing rafter lengths for building widths from 3 to 40 ft. Among its basic uses are marking Co ... more details
Infobox book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Why We Broke Up author Daniel Handler illustrator Maira Kalman country United States language English language English series genre Contemporary fiction , Romance novel Romance , young adult fiction publisher Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group release date December 2011 media type Print Hardcover pages 368 isbn 978 0 316 12725 7 Why We Broke Up is the debut young adult fiction novel written by Daniel Handler who writes for younger readers and is illustrated by artist and designer Maira Kalman . It received a Michael L. Printz Award Recipients Printz Honor . Plot summary Min Green and Ed Slaterton are breaking up, so Min is writing Ed a letter and giving him a box. Inside the box is why they broke up. Two bottle caps, a movie ticket, a folded note, a box of matches, a protractor, books, a toy truck, a pair of ugly earrings, a comb from a motel room, and every other item collected over the course of a giddy, intimate, heartbreaking relationship. Item after item is illustrated and accounted for, and then the box, like a girlfriend, will be dumped. Reception This book was promoted on Tumblr with the http whywebrokeupproject.tumblr.com Why We Broke Up Project where people can submit their own break up stories and can hope for a response from the author. Monica Edinger for the New York Times praises Handler s writing, commenting on his remarkable presentation of an adolescent girl s point of view and on the way he describes the many references to films Handler has made them all up, but so superbly you feel certain they must really exist . ref Edinger, Monica. Daniel Handler s Teenagers Out of Love. The New York Times Sunday Book Review 16 December 2011. Retrieved 2012 April 14. ref Brian Truitt of USA Today claims that the book should not have the young adult label because writer Daniel Handler and illustrator Maira Kalman will connect with anyone who has ever had an ex. And reall ... more details
to the study of complex phenomena of fracture of materials. Principles Image Plastic Protractor Polarized 05375.jpg thumb Tension lines in plastic protractor seen under cross polarized light. The method ... more details
runs along the ventral surface of the braincase and served as an attachment for protractor pterygoidei ..., the presence of strong m. protractor pterygoidei muscles inferred from the sagittal crest of Sanajeh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Lineations in structural geology are linear structural features within rocks. There are several types of lineations, intersection lineations, crenulation lineations, mineral lineations and stretching lineations being the most common. Lineations are measured as lines with a plunge and a plunge azimuth. Intersection lineations Image Stretch Conglomerate.jpg right 200px thumb Stretched pebble conglomerate L tectonite illustrating a stretch lineation within a shear zone , Glengarry Basin, Australia. Pronounced asymmetric shearing has stretched the conglomerate pebbles into elongate cigar shaped rods. Intersection lineations are linear structures formed by the intersection of any two surfaces in a three dimensional space. The trace of bedding on an intersecting foliation plane commonly appears as colour stripes generally parallel to local fold geology fold s hinges. Intersection lineations can also be due to the intersection of two foliations. Intersection lineations are measured in relation to the two structures which intersect to form them. For instance, according to the Structural geology Measurement conventions measurement conventions of structural geology , original bedding, S sub 0 sub intersected by a fold geology fold s axial plane foliation, forms an intersection lineation L sub 0 1 sub , with an azimuth and plunge defined by the fold. This is the typical Cleavage geology cleavage bedding intersection angle and is diagnostic of the plunge of the fold on all parts of the fold. Stretching lineations Image Ltectonite.jpg right 200px thumb L teconite mylonite formed from coarse sandstone, Glengarry Basin, Australia. This photograph illustrates a pronounced and prominent stretching lineation plunging steeply to the north, as a rake upon the main shear foliation parallel with the protractor. Such lineations are formed during transtensional and transpressional regimes. Stretching lineations are formed by Shear geology shearing of rocks d ... more details
in the form of ivory or ebony pencils. ref name Higgott Protractor s were used to measure and draw angles and arcs of a circle accurately since about the 13th century, ref name protractor cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 480521 protractor title Hand tool year 2009 work Encyclop dia ... 0 90 degrees protractor . An alternative to the T square is the parallel bar which is permanently ... attached to a protractor scale so that the angle of the rules may be adjusted. ref Alan Jefferis ... more details
Bass Otis July 17, 1784 November 3, 1861 , was an early American artist, inventor, and portrait painter. He painted hundreds of portraits including many of the best known Americans of his day, and produced the first American lithograph in 1819. Life and work Image BrandywineFlour Mills1840.jpg thumb 300px Brandywine flour mills painted by Bass Otis about 1840 Otis was born in East Bridgewater, Massachusetts , the son of Josiah Otis, a physician, and Susanna Orr. As a youth, he may have been apprenticed to a scythe maker, perhaps to a relative. Later he worked as a coach painter, then studied with Gilbert Stuart in Boston, Massachusetts Boston about 1805 1808. Otis then moved to New York City, perhaps working as an assistant to painter John Wesley Jarvis . When he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1812, his painting career flourished. He was elected to the Society of Artists of the United States in 1812, and eight of his portraits were included in the combined exhibition of the Society of Artists and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts . He was elected an academician in the Pennsylvania Academy in 1824. One of Otis s most famous early works showed a scene inside a metalworking shop, probably a reflection of his years as an apprentice. In 1813 he married Alice Pierie of Philadelphia, and they had six children. Citation needed date September 2010 Otis patented the perspective protractor in 1815. With Philadelphia publisher Joseph Delaplaine he began painting portraits for Delaplaine s Repository of the Lives and Portraits of Distinguished American Characters. In 1816 Otis painted portraits of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and Dolley Madison . In total, Otis painted twenty four portraits for the Repository, though only the Jefferson portrait was published before the end of the project in 1818. Some of the remaining portraits were exhibited in Delaplaine s Philadelphia gallery, which became part of Rembrandt Peale Rubens Peale s New York museum. Otis produc ... more details
Infobox person name Bj rn Kjellstr m image alt caption birth date September 9, 1910 birth place Sweden death date 1995 death place Sweden other names known for Orienteering br and Silva compass occupation nationality Bj rn Kjellstr m b. 9 September 1910, d. 26 August 1995 , originally from Sweden , was a ski orienteering champion in Sweden and co founder of the compass manufacturing company Silva Sweden AB . ref name LIT Litsky, Frank, Bjorn Kjellstrom, 84, Orienteer and Inventor of Modern Compass , The New York Times Obituaries , 1 September 1995 ref More than 25 million Silva compasses have been sold since the founding of the company. Early life Kjellstr m competed in his first orienteering race in Sweden in May 1928 at the age of 17, where he finished last in the beginners class. ref name KJE Kjellstr m, Bj rn, 19th Hole The Readers Take Over Orienteering , Sports Illustrated, 3 March 1969 ref However, by fall of the same year he won a district orienteering championship race outside Stockholm. ref name KJE During the years that followed Kjellstr m and his brothers won many orienteering races, both individually and as a three man team. ref name KJE Silva Company In 1932, working with his two brothers and a machinist, Gunnar Tillander, Kjellstr m helped perfect a new type of compass for terrestrial navigation, featuring a liquid damped magnetized needle housing com and a protractor built into a transparent baseplate. ref name LIT In 1946, he moved to the United States , where he founded the U.S. operations of the Silva Company later Silva, Inc. in La Porte, Indiana. Two years later, he organized Silva Ltd. in Toronto, Canada for sales in Canada. Kjellstr m also organized Silva Orienteering Services of La Porte Indiana to provide training and company sponsorship for the sport of orienteering in North America. ref name LIT In 1955, Kjellstr m published a hugely popular book on outdoor land navigation and the sport of orienteering, Be Expert With Map and Compass . To ... more details
File GothafossOverview.jpg thumb 200px In nature, water and water vapor polarize natural sunlight in other planes than vertical. File XN Platycnemis pennipes 10.jpg thumb 200px The eye facets of Platycnemis pennipes collect light directly or incidentally. That gives environmental information to the insect These images are not relevant to the topic File Animation polariseur.gif thumb 200px A Polarizer filter polarizer blocking polarized light based on angle of rotation File Quartz zhaseni.gif thumb 200px Example of changing appearance of a material found at microscope , running on a beam still of polarized light File Drosophilidae compound eye edit1.jpg thumb 200px Through various processes, the eyes of many insects capture the information carried by the bias of the natural light that reaches them here SEM micrograph of compound eye eye of Drosophila SEM Scanning Electron Microscope File Plastic Protractor Polarized 05375.jpg thumb 200px Many synthetic materials polarize or sometimes depolarize more or less strong light or react specifically to polarized light plastic s, glass paint s, detergent s e.g. Liquid bubble bubble Polarization waves Polarization is a property of light waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. Polarized light pollution ref name PolarizedLightEnv G bor Horv th, Gy rgy Kriska, P ter Malik, Bruce Robertson. 2009 Polarized light pollution a new kind of ecological photopollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 6, 317 325 http www.esajournals.org doi abs 10.1890 080129 Online Access 2009 08 ref is a subset of the various forms of light pollution referring specifically to polarized light. In nature, water and water vapor polarize the sunlight which itself is slightly polarized . By receiving the direction of polarized photons, some species can correct their course during animal migration migration . Artificial polarization of natural or artificial light can disrupt the behavior of these species and the ecosystems in whi ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 Image Architect.png thumb right 250px A 19th century architect at the drawing board A drawing board also drawing table , drafting table or architect s table is, in its antique form, a kind of multipurpose desk which can be used for any kind of drawing, writing or impromptu sketching on a large sheet of paper or for reading a large format book or other oversized document or for technical drawing drafting precise technical illustrations. The drawing table used to be a frequent companion to a pedestal desk in a gentleman s study or private library , during the preindustrial and early industrial era. During the Industrial Revolution draftsmanship gradually became a specialized trade and drawing tables slowly moved out of the libraries and offices of most gentlemen. They became more utilitarian and were built of steel and plastic instead of fine woods and brass. More recently engineers and draftsmen use the drawing board for making and modifying drawings on paper with ink or pencil. Different drawing instruments set square , protractor , etc. are used on it to draw parallel, perpendicular or oblique lines. There are instruments for drawing circles, arcs, other curves and symbols too compass drafting compass , French curve , stencil , etc. . However, with the gradual introduction of computer aided drafting and design CADD or CAD in the last decades of the 20th century and the first of the 21st century, the drawing board is becoming less common. A drawing table is also sometimes called a mechanical desk because, for several centuries, most mechanical desks were drawing tables. Unlike the gadgety mechanical desks of the second part of the 18th century, however, the mechanical parts of drawing tables were usually limited to notches, ratchets, and perhaps a few simple gears, or levers or cogs to elevate and incline the working surface. Very often a drawing table could look like a writing table or even a pedestal desk when the working surface was ... more details
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