Cleanup date March 2011 In cryptography , a system has provablesecurity if its security requirements can be stated formally in an adversary cryptography adversarial model, as opposed to heuristically, with clear assumptions that the adversary has access to the system as well as enough computational resources. The proof of security called a reduction is that these security requirements are met provided the assumptions about the adversary s access to the system are satisfied and some clearly stated assumptions about the computational hardness assumption hardness of certain computational tasks hold. An early example of such requirements and proof was given by Shafi Goldwasser Goldwasser and Silvio Micali Micali for semantic security and the construction based on the quadratic residuosity problem . There are several lines of research in provablesecurity. One is to establish the correct definition of security for a given, intuitively understood task. Another is to suggest constructions and proofs based on general assumptions as much as possible, for instance the existence of a one way function . A major open problem is to establish such proofs based on P NP, since the existence of one way functions is not known to follow from the P NP conjecture. Some proofs of the security are in given ... by an idealization. Exact security or concrete security is the name given to provablesecurity reductions where one quantifies security by computing precise bounds on computational effort, rather than an asymptotic bound which is guaranteed to hold for sufficiently large values of the security parameter . Neal Koblitz Koblitz and Alfred Menezes Menezes have criticized aspects of provablesecurity research in their papers http eprint.iacr.org 2004 152 Another Look at ProvableSecurity and http eprint.iacr.org 2006 229 Another Look at ProvableSecurity . II . These views have been controversial ... of provablesecurity is the only one compatible with science. In 2007 Neal Koblitz Koblitz published ... more details
wiktionary provability provable Provability or Provable may refer to Proof disambiguation Proof theory , a branch of mathematical logic Provability logic , a modal logic Recursively enumerable set , a certain type of set of natural numbers See also Provable prime Provablesecurity disambiguation de Ableitung Logik ... more details
Unreferenced article of mathematics date March 2011 distinguish Probable prime In number theory , a provable prime is an integer that is calculated to be prime number prime using a primality proving algorithm . Contrast with probable prime , which is likely but not certain to be prime, based on the output of a probabilistic algorithm . There are algorithms that prove the primality of an integer. AKS primality test ing is such an algorithm with polynomial running time. See also Primality test Probable prime num stub Category Primality tests ... more details
Other uses Multiple issues refimprove March 2012 cleanup September 2010 File Security at United States Capitol Building.jpg thumb right Security at the United States Capitol Building in Washington, DC ... to pass through an airport security perimeter. File Security spikes 1.jpg thumb Security spikes protect a gated community in the East End of London . File Delta World HQ entrance with security station.JPG thumb Security checkpoint at the entrance to the Delta Air Lines corporate headquarters in Atlanta Security is the degree of protection against danger, damage, loss, and crime . Security as a form of protection are structures and processes that provide or improve security as a condition. The Institute for Security and Open Methodologies ISECOM in the OSSTMM 3 defines security as a form ... to the elimination of either the asset or the threat. Security as a national condition ... and progress safely. Security has to be compared to related concepts safety , Wiktionary continuity continuity , reliability . The key difference between security and reliability is that security ... also give rise to the context in which security is maintained With respect to classified matter, the condition ... that is safeguarded in the interests of national security . Measures taken by a military unit, an activity ... effectiveness. Perceived security compared to real security Perception of security may be poorly mapped to measureable objective security. For example, the fear of earthquakes has been reported to be more ... than the former. ref Bruce Schneier, Beyond Fear Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World , Copernicus Books, pages 26 27 ref Similarly, the perceived effectiveness of security measures is sometimes different from the actual security provided by those measures. The presence of security protections may even be taken for security itself. For example, two computer security programs could ... s he is getting double the protection. Security theater is a critical term for deployment of measures ... more details
Refimprove date March 2012 About the Rolling Stones live album the D Block compilation album No Security D Block album italic title Infobox album Name No Security Type live Artist The Rolling Stones Cover NoSecurity98.jpg Released 2 November 1998 Recorded 25 October 12 December 1997 30 March 13 June and 6 July 1998 Genre Rock music Rock Length 67 50 Language English language English Label Virgin Records Virgin Producer The Glimmer Twins Compiler Chronology The Rolling Stones live Last album The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus album The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus br 1996 This album No Security br 1998 Next album Live Licks br 2004 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 2.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r380607 ref rev2 Rolling Stone rev2Score Rating 4 5 ref http www.rollingstone.com artists therollingstones albums album 216653 review 5945867 no security dead link date March 2012 ref No Security is a live album by The Rolling Stones released by Virgin Records in 1998. Recorded over the course of the lengthy 1997 1998 worldwide Bridges to Babylon Tour , it is the band s sixth official full length live release. It was not reissued by UMe when Universal reissued the 1971 2005 back catalogue. Because of the risk of repeating songs recently covered on Still Life ... are featured on No Security . All tracks from live performances at the Amsterdam Arena Arena Amsterdam ... in November 1998 and in support of it the band embarked on another tour. The No Security Tour was an arenas only tour, crossing North America for 34 shows in hockey and basketball arenas. No Security ... to achieve US gold record status, but sold over 300,000 copies. The line no security appears in the song ... shot when you love me, one shot when you leave me, I don t need no security, I just need me some peace ... live albums Category Virgin Records live albums da No Security es No Security fr No Security hr No Security nl No Security ja nn No Security pl No Security fi No Security sv No Security musikalbum ... more details
In cryptography , concrete security or exact security is a practice oriented approach that aims to give more precise estimates of the computational complexities of Adversary cryptography adversarial tasks than Polynomial time reduction polynomial equivalence would allow. Traditionally, provablesecurity is asymptotic it classifies the hardness of computational problems using polynomial time reducibility. Secure schemes are defined to be those in which the advantage of any computational boundedness computationally bounded adversary is negligible function cryptography negligible . While such a theoretical guarantee is important, in practice one needs to know exactly how efficient a reduction is because of the need to instantiate the security parameter it is not enough to know that sufficiently large security parameters will do. An inefficient reduction results either in the success probability for the adversary or the resource requirement of the scheme being greater than desired. Concrete security parametrizes all the resources available to the adversary, such as running time and memory, and other resources specific to the system in question, such as the number of plaintexts it can obtain or the number of queries it can make to any oracle cryptography oracles available. Then the advantage of the adversary is upper bounded as a function of these resources and of the problem size. It is often possible to give a lower bound i.e, an adversarial strategy matching the upper bound, hence the name exact security. References Mihir Bellare M. Bellare , A. Desai, E. Jokipii and Phillip Rogaway P. Rogaway . http www cse.ucsd.edu users mihir papers sym enc.html A Concrete Security Treatment of Symmetric Encryption Analysis of the DES Modes of Operation . M. Bellare and P. Rogaway. http citeseer.ist.psu.edu bellare96exact.html The Exact Security of Digital Signatures How to Sign with RSA and Rabin Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
are considered provablesecurity provably secure , as their semantic security can be reduced to solving ...Semantic security is a widely used definition for security in an asymmetric key encryption algorithm . For a cryptosystem to be semantically secure, it must be infeasible for a computational complexity computationally bounded Adversary cryptography adversary to derive significant information about a message plaintext when given only its ciphertext and the corresponding public encryption key. Semantic security considers only the case of a passive attacker, i.e., one who generates and observes ciphertexts using the public key and plaintexts of her choice. Unlike other security definitions, semantic security does not consider the case of chosen ciphertext attack CCA , where an attacker is able to request the decryption of chosen ciphertexts, and many semantically secure encryption schemes are demonstrably insecure against chosen ciphertext attack. Consequently, semantic security is now considered an insufficient condition for securing a general purpose encryption scheme. The notion of semantic security was first put forward by Shafi Goldwasser Goldwasser and Silvio Micali Micali in 1982. ref name goldwasser micali 1982 Shafi Goldwasser S. Goldwasser and Silvio Micali S. Micali , http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 802212 Probabilistic encryption & how to play mental poker keeping secret all partial information , Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 1982. ref However, the definition they initially proposed offered no straightforward means to prove the security of practical cryptosystems. Goldwasser Micali subsequently demonstrated that semantic security is equivalent to another definition of security called ciphertext indistinguishability . ref name goldwasser micali 1984 ... This latter definition is more common than the original definition of semantic security because it better facilitates proving the security of practical cryptosystems. Indistinguishability under chosen ... more details
State Security can refer to general concepts of security agency or national security Committee for State Security Bulgaria State Security Czechoslovakia State Security Honorverse disambig fr S curit d tat homonymie ... more details
Wiktionarypar securitySecurity is the degree of protection against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Security may also refer to Security of person , a human right guaranteed by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Juridical security, also called legal security Computer security Information security Energy security Physical security In finance Security finance , a financial instrument A security interest in a financial transaction in law and business In arts and entertainment Security , a song by the Freestylers Security , a song by Etta James off her album Tell Mama Security album Security album , a 1982 studio album by Peter Gabriel Security The Unit Security The Unit , an episode of the television series The Unit other ST Security ST Security , a tugboat Security, Colorado See also Security convergence disambig simple Security disambiguation ... more details
WiFi Security may refer to Wireless security , security for wireless LANs Wireless Intrusion Prevention System , system to provide WiFi security. disambig DEFAULTSORT WiFi Security ... more details
This article refers to the discipline within the field of International Relations. For the study of security management see security management studies Security Studies is an academic sub field of the wider discipline of International Relations . ref W ver, Ole 2004 New Schools in Security Theory and their Origins between Core and Periphery Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec ref There are several differing approaches to security within security studies including traditional realists conceptions of security, Critical Security Studies , and the Copenhagen School international relations Copenhagen School of security studies. See Also International Relations theory Human security Environmental security Journals International SecuritySecurity Dialogue Security Studies journal Security Studies Armed Forces & Society References references Further reading Williams, Paul 2008 Security Studies An Introduction , Abingdon Routledge Security Studies Category Security studies Category international relations Category International security cy Astudiaethau diogelwch fr tudes de s curit uk ... more details
A Security Strategy is a document prepared periodically which outlines the major national security concerns of a country or organisation and outlines plans to deal with them. Currently, several security strategies exist National Security Strategy United States National Security Strategy United Kingdom European Security Strategy , European Union disambig ... more details
Political security is one of five sectors of analysis under the framework of the Copenhagen School of security studies. ref Emmers, R. 2007 Contenmporary Security Studies, A. Collins ed. , Oxford Oxford University Press, p. 111 ref References references Copenhagen School of Security Studies Category Copenhagen School security studies Category Security studies ... more details
Financial security may refer to Economic security , the condition of having the resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future. Security finance , a financial negotiable instrument. disambig ... more details
Security Bureau may mean Security Bureau Hong Kong Security Bureau Japan , a branch of the National Police Agency Japan National Police Agency disambig ... more details
Security Service or security service may refer to Government Security agency , a governmental institution for information gathering MI5 , also called the Security Service, the United Kingdom s counter intelligence and security agency U.S. Air Force Security Service , a former designation of the United States Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency RCMP Security Service , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police s political intelligence branch, replaced by Canadian Security Intelligence Service in the 1980s Swedish Security Service , the security service of Sweden, belonging to the Swedish National Police Board Secret service , a government agency, or the activities of a government agency, concerned with the gathering of intelligence data Secret police , a police agency which operates in secrecy and beyond the law to protect the political power of an individual dictator or an authoritarian political regime Other Security service telecommunication , security architecture for the interconnection of open systems Security finance , a fungible, negotiable financial instrument representing financial value Any company which provides security . See Category Security companies disambig ... more details
Maximum Security may refer to Supermax , control unit prisons, or units within prisons Maximum Security comics , a comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics Maximum Security Tony MacAlpine album Maximum Security Tony MacAlpine album , 1987 Maximum Security Alien Sex Fiend album Maximum Security Alien Sex Fiend album , 1985 Maximum Security TV series Maximum Security TV series , an American drama television series on HBO Maximum Security novel , the third book of the CHERUB series Prison Tycoon 2 Maximum Security , a 2006 computer game See also Supermax disambiguation Maximum security prison disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Presumed security is a principle in security engineering that a system is safe from attack due to an attacker assuming, on the basis of probability, that it is secure. Presumed security is the opposite of security through obscurity . A system relying on security through obscurity may have actual security vulnerabilities, but its owners or designers deliberately make the system more complex in the hope that attackers are unable to find a flaw. Conversely a system relying on presumed security makes no attempt to address its security flaws, which may be publicly known, but instead relies upon potential attackers simply assuming that the target is not worth attacking. The reasons for an attacker to make this assumption may range from personal risk the attacker believes the system ... believes the system owners have sufficient knowledge of security techniques to ensure no flaws exist, rendering an attack moot . Although this approach to security is implicitly understood by security professionals, it is rarely discussed or documented. The phrase presumed security appears to have been first coined by the security commentary website Zero Flaws ref http www.zeroflaws.net presumedsecurity Zero Flaws Presumed Security ref . The article uses the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as an example, focusing on the apparent lack of entry security and contrasting it against the presumed security a military installation will have. The article also details the flaws inherent in a trust seal such as the Verisign Secure Site seal, and explains why this presumed security approach is actually detrimental to an overall security posture. References & notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Presumed Security Category Computer security procedures Category Computer security Category Electronic commerce Category Secure communication Category Computer network security Category Security Category National security ... more details
Social security is a social program providing protection against conditions like poverty, old age, and disability. It may also refer to Social Security Australia , the system of welfare payments in Australia Social Security Sweden Social Security United States , the United States retirement disability program Social Security Administration , the agency which administers the U.S. program Social Security number , an identification number used in the U.S. to track individuals for taxation purposes Social Security Trust Fund , the financial accounts for the U.S. retirement program South African Social Security Agency , an agency of the South African government Department of Social Security , an agency of the United Kingdom government Department of Health and Social Security , its predecessor agency Social Security play Social Security play , a play by Andrew Bergman See also Canada Pension Plan Canadian Social Insurance National Insurance UK disambig ... more details
A security log is used to track security related information on a computer system. Examples include Windows Security Log Internet Connection Firewall security log According to Stefan Axelsson, Most UNIX installations do not run any form of security logging software, mainly because the security logging facilities are expensive in terms of disk storage, processing time, and the cost associated with analyzing the audit trail, either manually or by special software. ref Stefan Axelsson, http www.securiteinfo.com ebooks pdf unix sec log.pdf An Approach to UNIX Security Logging . ref See also Audit trail Server log Log management and intelligence Web log analysis software Web counter Data logging Common Log Format Syslog References Reflist Operating system stub Category Computer security it Security log ... more details
In Search of Security was a 1987 international relations text by Caroline Thomas . It is considered a leading text of the Third World Security School . ref Stuart Croft, Terry Terriff 2000 , Critical reflections on security and change,Oregon Frank Cass Publishers, p. 81 ref References references Category Security studies ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A security agency is a governmental organization which conducts intelligence information gathering intelligence activities for the internal security of a nation . They are the domestic cousins of foreign intelligence agency intelligence agencies . For example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI is a security agency, while the Central Intelligence Agency CIA is a foreign intelligence agency, which deals with the country s external security and intelligence. Security agencies frequently have security , intelligence or service in their names. Private organizations that provide services similar to a security agency might be called a security company or security service , but those terms can also be used for organizations that have nothing to do with intelligence gathering. Security agencies Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Canadian Security Intelligence Service Intelligence Bureau India Kaitsepolitsei Estonian Security Police Ministry for State Security MI5 Also known as the Security Service New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Shin Bet Israel Security Agency ISA Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution Germany See also List of intelligence agencies Secret police Secret service Security Service disambiguation DEFAULTSORT Security Agency Category Intelligence agencies Category Law enforcement Category Security Category National security Org stub Law enforcement stub bg ms Agensi keselamatan pt Ag ncia de seguran a sh Bezbjedonosna agencija sv S kerhetstj nst uk zh ... more details
Multiple issues orphan June 2011 notability June 2011 primarysources June 2011 Infobox software name buck security latest release version 0.6.0 latest release date 16 June 2011 operating system Cross platform genre security tool license GNU General Public License website http www.buck security.org buck security is a security scanner for Linux . It was first released in June 2009 ref http sourceforge.net projects buck security files buck security buck security file repository at SourceForge. ref and was originally designed for system administrators maintaining Debian or Ubuntu servers. The program runs some security checks like looking for worldwriteable files and directories, listening services or unwanted installed packages. ref http www.buck security.org buck security.html features Feature list of buck security ref With version 0.5 a checksum feature was included that creates a encrypted list of checksums of the most important system files. ref name sf blog http sourceforge.net blog linux system flaws cant pass buck security Article on Sourceforge Blog about buck security ref buck security claims to concentrate on only the most important checks, and therefor be more usable than other security scanners like Lynis or Tiger security software Tiger . ref name sf blog In April 2010 buck security was featured at the SourceForge Blog. ref name sf blog References references External links Portal Free software http www.buck security.org Project page Freshmeat buck security buck security http sourceforge.net blog linux system flaws cant pass buck security Article on Sourceforge Blog DEFAULTSORT Buck Security Category Free security software Category Unix security related software Install software stub Unix stub ... more details
Differentiated security is a form of computer security that deploys a range of different security policies and mechanisms according to the identity and context of a user or transaction. This makes it much more difficult to scale or replicate attacks, since each cluster individual has a different security profile and there should be no common weaknesses. One way of achieving this is by subdividing the population into small differentiated clusters. At the extreme, each individual belongs to a different class. See also Differentiated service design pattern Identity 2.0 User centric identity Separation of protection and security External links http www.it.uu.se research reports 2002 015 2002 015 nc.pdf Differentiated security in wireless networks Andreas Johnsson, 2002. Category Computer security procedures Category Computer network security ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
