A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell biology cell . This state can be a stage of lysogenic cycle virus replication , or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous retrovirus. In inactive viral infections the virus will not replicate itself but through replication of its host cell. This state can last over many host cell generations. fact date April 2012 Special viruses endogenous retroviruses are always in the state of a provirus. Examples in human s include HIV ref Cite book title Biology last1 Campbell last2 Reece last3 Urry last4 Cain last5 Wasserman last6 Minorsky last7 Jackson first1 Neil A. first2 Jane B. first3 Lisa A. first4 Michael L. first5 Steven A. first6 Peter V. first7 Robert B. edition 8th isbn 978 0 8053 6844 4 page 389 year 2008 ref and HTLV . When a nonendogenous retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase , then inserted into the host genome by an integrase . A provirus does not directly make new DNA copies of itself while integrated into a host genome in this way. Instead, it is passively replicated along with the host genome and passed on to the original cell s offspring all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes. This is known as lysogenic cycle lysogenic viral ..., the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which directly produces new virus, which in turn will infect other cells via the lytic cycle . A latent infection results when the provirus is transcriptionally ... in the host s environmental conditions or health, the provirus may be activated and begin transcription ... accessdate 2009 04 02 pmc 387345 ref A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used ... genetics stub ca Provirus cs Provirus de Provirus es Provirus fa fr Provirus it Provirus kk ja oc Provirus pt Prov rus ru sl Provirus uk zh ... more details
Wiktionary for endogeneity in economics Endogeneity economics Endogenous substances are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell. ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com search?q endogenous title Endogenous & 124 Define Endogenous at Dictionary.com publisher Dictionary.reference.com date accessdate 2011 07 11 ref Endogenous retrovirus es are caused by ancient infections of germ cell s in human s, mammal s and other vertebrate s. Their provirus es remain in the genome and are passed on to the next generation. Endogenous processes include the self sustained circadian rhythm s of plants and animals. In some biology biological systems, endogeneity biology endogeneity refers to the recipient of DNA usually in prokaryote s . However, due to homeostasis , discerning between internal and external influences is often difficult. Endogenous transcription factor s refers to those that are manufactured by the cell, as opposed to cloned transcription factors. The word endogenous IPA en n d d n s pron derives from the lang el , meaning proceeding from within inside coming from , the complement of exogenous lang el exo, outside proceeding from outside . Aspirin links here Notes reflist See also Endogeneity Endogenous preferences Endogenous growth theory Category Etymology cs Endogenn de Endogen fr Endog ne nl Endogeen aardwetenschappen no Endogen sr Endogen sv Endogen zh ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Pseudodiploid also called pseudoploid refers to one of the essential components in virus viral reproduction. It means having two RNA genomes genome per virion but giving rise to only one DNA copy in infected cells. The term is also used to refer to cells that are diploid , but have chromosomal translocation s ref Cite pmid 7028252 ref . Overview Retrovirion s for example are considered as pseudoploid in character they have two genomes capsid encapsidated , but in general only one provirus is seen after infection with single virions. Retrovirus particles contain two copies of the RNA genome held together by multiple regions of base pairing strongest pairing at 5 ends which is also called 70S complex dimer biochemistry dimer of 35S genomes . This property gives viruses evolutionary advantages such as the capability to survive extensive damage to their genome s as at least parts of both genomes are used during the reverse transcription process. It also explains the high rates of genetic recombination in retroviruses. The retroviral genome is coated by a viral nucleocapsid NC protein that may function like a single stranded binding protein and therefore is enhancing processivity and facilitating template exchanges. The NC first organizes RNA genomes within the virion and then facilitates reverse transcription within the infected cell. References Reflist Category Virology Genetics stub ... more details
Taxobox color violet virus group i ordo familia Guttaviridae genus Guttavirus type species Sulfolobus newzealandicus droplet shaped virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Aeropyrum pernix ovoid virus 1 ref name Mochizuki2011 Mochizuki T, Sako Y, Prangishvili D 2011 Provirus induction in hyperthermophilic Archaea Characterization of Aeropyrum pernix spindle shaped virus 1 and Aeropyrum pernix ovoid virus 1. J Bacteriol 193 19 5412 5419 ref Sulfolobus newzealandicus droplet shaped virus Guttavirus is a genus of dsDNA virus that infects the species of Archaea . ref name Arnold2000 Arnold HP, Ziese U and Zillig W 2000 . SNDV, a novel virus of the extremely thermophilic and acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus . Virology 272 409 16. ref The name is derived from the Latin gutta , meaning droplet . Virology The virons consist of a coat, a core, a nucleocapsid, and projecting fibers at the pointed end. They are ovoid droplet shaped , enveloped, 70 95 nm in diameter and 110 185 nm long. The surface of the viron has a beehive like ribbed surface pattern with protrusions that are densely covered by a beard of long fibers at its pointed end. The genome is circular non segmented double stranded DNA 20 kilobases in length. The genome is extremely heavily methylated. References reflist External links Viral zone http viralzone.expasy.org all by species 555.html Category DNA viruses Virus stub ar ca Gutav rid de Guttaviridae es Guttaviridae ... more details
PBB geneid 2086 HERV R 7q21.2 provirus ancestral Env polyprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERV3 gene . ref name pmid2115127 cite journal author Kato N, Shimotohno K, VanLeeuwen D, Cohen M title Human proviral mRNAs down regulated in choriocarcinoma encode a zinc finger protein related to Kruppel journal Mol Cell Biol volume 10 issue 8 pages 4401 5 year 1990 month Aug pmid 2115127 pmc 361000 doi ref ref name pmid6495650 cite journal author O Connell C, O Brien S, Nash WG, Cohen M title ERV3, a full length human endogenous provirus chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships journal Virology volume 138 issue 2 pages 225 35 year 1984 month Dec pmid 6495650 pmc doi 10.1016 0042 6822 84 90347 7 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ERV3 endogenous retroviral sequence 3 includes zinc finger protein H plk HPF9 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2086 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The human genome includes many retroelements including the human endogenous retrovirus es HERVs . ERV3, one of the most studied HERVs, is thought to have integrated 30 to 40 million years ago and is present in higher primate s with the exception of gorillas. Taken together, the observation of genome conservation, the detection of transcript expression, and the presence of conserved ORFs is circumstantial evidence for a functional role. A functional role is also suggested by the observation that downregulation of ERV3 is reported in choriocarcinoma . ref name entrez cite web title ... M, et al. title Tissue specific expression of human provirus ERV3 mRNA in human placenta two of the three ... author Cohen M, Kato N, Larsson E title ERV3 human endogenous provirus mRNAs are expressed in normal ... provirus ERV3 and isolation and characterization of an ERV3 specific cDNA. journal Virology volume ... more details
The pre integration complex PIC is a nucleoprotein complex of viral genetic material and associated viral and host proteins. The PIC forms after uncoating of a viral particle after entry into the host cell. In the case of the HIV human immunodeficiency virus HIV , the PIC consists of viral proteins including Vpr , Viral matrix protein matrix and integrase , host proteins including Barrier to autointegration factor 1 and two strands of the RNA ribonucleic acid RNA genome. Within the HIV PIC, the process of reverse transcription converts the viral RNA genome into double stranded DNA dsDNA . The PIC enters the cellular nucleus through the nuclear pore complex without disrupting the nuclear envelope , thus allowing HIV and related retroviruses to replicate in non dividing cells. ref Cite pmid 12816349 ref ref Cite pmid 17450594 ref Following nuclear entry, the PIC s DNA payload may be integrated into the host DNA as a provirus . ref cite journal author Smith, Johanna A. Nunnari, Giuseppe Preuss, Mirjam Pomerantz, Roger J. Daniel, Ren Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia title Pentoxifylline Suppresses Transduction by HIV 1 Based Vectors journal Intervirology volume 50 issue 5 pages 377 386 year 2007 pmid 17938572 doi 10.1159 000109752 isbn ref See also HIV Barrier to autointegration factor 1 External links http www.mcld.co.uk hiv ?q preintegration 20complex References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pre Integration Complex Category Virology biology stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 405754 HERV FRD provirus ancestral Env polyprotein , also known as HERV FRD , is a human gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HERV FRD HERV FRD provirus ancestral Env polyprotein url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 405754 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2003 pmid 12477932 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 cite journal author de Parseval N, Lazar V, Casella JF, et al. title Survey of human genes of retroviral origin identification and transcriptome of the genes with coding capacity for complete envelope proteins. journal J. Virol. volume 77 issue 19 pages 10414 22 year 2003 pmid 12970426 doi 10.1128 JVI.77.19.10414 10422.2003 pmc 228468 cite journal author Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. title The secreted protein discovery initiative SPDI , a large scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins a bioinformatics assessment. journal Genome Res. volume 13 issue 10 pages 2265 70 year 2003 pmid 12975309 doi 10.1101 gr.1293003 pmc 403697 cite journal author Blaise S, de Parseval N, B nit L, Heidmann T title Genomewide screening for fusogenic human endogenous retrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene conserved on primate evolution. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 100 issue 22 pages 13013 8 year 2004 pmid 14557543 doi 10.1073 pnas.2132646100 pmc 240736 cite journal author Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. title The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. journal ... more details
of no return for the cell, which becomes a permanent carrier of the viral genome provirus . Integration .... The timing, it is presumed, depends on the activity of the chromosomal locus hosting the provirus ... more details
, Arnold Herrewegh, Peter Sillekens, Marck Koolen pages 2923 2928 year 1991 ref The DNA provirus is then transported ... cycle is virus expression. During this phase the provirus is transcribed. The transcript ... more details
the provirus . When the virus DNA is inserted inside or even near an oncogene , is able to change ... genome 7 . The expression of sag gene which is present in the provirus is responsible for the production ... more details
substrates for integration and plus strand DNA transfer. As a result, HIV 1 provirus formation is inhibited ... ref Some HIV 1 provirus es with APOBEC3G mediated mutation have been shown to thrive because they carry ... provirus and a viable provirus has occurred. ref name pmid18391217 cite journal author Mulder ... more details
ref and, at this stage in its life cycle, it is called a provirus . ref name pmid17168802 cite journal author Margolis DM, Archin NM title Attacking HIV provirus therapeutic strategies to disrupt ... more details
PBB geneid 30816 HERV W 7q21.2 provirus ancestral Env polyprotein also known as Env W or enverin or syncytin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVWE1 gene . ref name pmid9835022 cite journal author Alliel PM, Perin JP, Pierig R, Nussbaum JL, Menard A, Rieger F title Endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis. II. HERV 7q journal C R Acad Sci III volume 321 issue 10 pages 857 63 year 1998 month Dec pmid 9835022 pmc doi 10.1016 S0764 4469 99 80026 2 ref ref name pmid9882319 cite journal author Blond JL, Beseme F, Duret L, Bouton O, Bedin F, Perron H, Mandrand B, Mallet F title Molecular Characterization and Placental Expression of HERV W, a New Human Endogenous Retrovirus Family journal J Virol volume 73 issue 2 pages 1175 85 year 1999 month Feb pmid 9882319 pmc 103938 doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ERVWE1 endogenous retroviral family W, env C7 , member 1 syncytin url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 30816 accessdate ref Function Many different human endogenous retrovirus HERV families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that HERVs are functionally important in reproduction. This gene is part of an HERV provirus on chromosome 7 that has inactivating mutations in the Gag gene gag and pol genes. This gene is the envelope glycoprotein gene which appears to have been selectively preserved. The product of this gene, syncytin, is expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblast and is involved in fusion of the cytotrophoblast cells to form the syncytial layer of the placenta. The protein has the characteristics of a typical retroviral envelope protein, including a furin cleavage site that separates the surface SU and transmembrane TM proteins which form a heterodimer. ref name entrez Clinical significance HERV W has been associated with multiple sclerosis ref name pmid19368703 cite journal author Laufer G, Mayer J, Mueller BF, Mueller Lantzsch N, Ruprecht K title Analysis ... more details
of the provirus DNA and the unique terminal structure journal Proceedings of the National Academy ... found in the retrovirus cell. In the 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly ... is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 64006 HERV K 19q12 provirus ancestral Pol protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVK6 gene . ref name pmid10080172 cite journal author Mayer J, Sauter M, Racz A, Scherer D, Mueller Lantzsch N, Meese E title An almost intact human endogenous retrovirus K on human chromosome 7 journal Nat Genet volume 21 issue 3 pages 257 8 year 1999 month Mar pmid 10080172 pmc doi 10.1038 6766 ref ref name pmid11401447 cite journal author Reus K, Mayer J, Sauter M, Scherer D, Muller Lantzsch N, Meese E title Genomic organization of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV K HML 2.HOM ERVK6 on chromosome 7 journal Genomics volume 72 issue 3 pages 314 20 year 2001 month Jun pmid 11401447 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.2000.6488 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ERVK6 endogenous retroviral sequence K, 6 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 64006 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author L wer R, T njes RR, Korbmacher C, et al. title Identification of a Rev related protein by analysis of spliced transcripts of the human endogenous retroviruses HTDV HERV K. journal J. Virol. volume 69 issue 1 pages 141 9 year 1995 pmid 7983704 doi pmc 188557 cite journal author Sauter M, Schommer S, Kremmer E, et al. title Human endogenous retrovirus K10 expression of Gag protein and detection of antibodies in patients with seminomas. journal J. Virol. volume 69 issue 1 pages 414 21 year 1995 pmid 7983737 doi pmc 188589 cite journal author Zs ros J, Jebbink MF, Lukashov VV, et al. title Evolutionary relationships within a subgroup of HERV K related human endogenous retroviruses. series 79 journal J. Gen. Virol. volume Pt 1 issue pages 61 70 year 1998 pmid 9460924 doi cite journal author Andersson ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 54726 OTU domain containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OTUD4 gene . ref name pmid1475186 cite journal author Raineri I, Senn HP title HIV 1 promotor insertion revealed by selective detection of chimeric provirus host gene transcripts journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 20 issue 23 pages 6261 6 year 1993 month Feb pmid 1475186 pmc 334514 doi 10.1093 nar 20.23.6261 ref ref name pmid12727813 cite journal author Krop I, Maguire P, Lahti Domenici J, Lodeiro G, Richardson A, Johannsdottir HK, Nevanlinna H, Borg A, Gelman R, Barkardottir RB, Lindblom A, Polyak K title Lack of HIN 1 methylation in BRCA1 linked and BRCA1 like breast tumors journal Cancer Res volume 63 issue 9 pages 2024 7 year 2003 month May pmid 12727813 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene OTUD4 OTU domain containing 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 54726 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. The smaller protein isoform encoded by the shorter transcript variant is found only in HIV 1 infected cells. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB title Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery journal Genome Res. volume 6 issue 9 pages 791 806 year 1997 pmid 8889548 doi 10.1101 gr.6.9.791 cite journal author Kikuno R title Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro journal DNA Res. volume 6 issue 3 pages 197 205 year 1999 pmid 10470851 doi 10.1093 dnares 6.3.197 author separator , author2 Nagase T a ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Human T lymphotropic virus virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Deltaretrovirus species Simian T lymphotropic virus subdivision ranks Serotypes subdivision Human T lymphotropic virus The Human T lymphotropic virus Type I HTLV 1 is a human RNA retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer, referred to as adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma , and a demyelinating disease called HTLV I associated myelopathy Tropical spastic paraparesis HAM TSP . HTLV I is one of a group of closely related primate T lymphotropic viruses PTLVs . Members of this family that infect humans are called Human T lymphotropic viruses, and the ones that infect old world primates are called Simian T lymphotropic viruses. To date, four types of HTLVs HTLV I, HTLV II, HTLV III, and HTLV IV and four types of STLVs STLV I, STLV II, STLV III, and STLV V have been identified. The HTLVs are believed to originate from intraspecies transmission of STLVs. The original name for HIV , the virus that causes AIDS , was HTLV III this term is no longer in use http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com HTLV III . The HTLV 1 genome is diploid, composed of two copies of a single stranded RNA virus whose genome is copied into a double stranded DNA form that integrates into the host cell genome, at which point the virus is referred to as a provirus . A closely related virus is bovine leukemia virus Bovine leukemia virus BLV . HTLV I Main Human T lymphotropic virus 1 HTLV I is an abbreviation for the human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 , also called the Adult T cell lymphoma virus type 1 , a virus that has been seriously implicated in several kinds of diseases, including HTLV I associated myelopathy and Strongyloides stercoralis , and as a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult T cell leukemia lymphoma . Between 1 in 20 and 1 in 25 infected persons are thought to develop cancer as a result of the virus. Citati ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 424753996 ImageFile Integrasone.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName 3 Hexyl 2,6 dihydroxy 1a,3,6,6a tetrahydro 2H 1,4 dioxa cyclopropa f inden 5 one OtherNames Integrasone Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 689278 00 0 PubChem SMILES O C1O C H CCCCCC C2 C1 C H O C H 3 C H O3 C H 2O Section2 Chembox Properties C 14 H 20 O 5 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Integrasone is a polyketide natural product isolated from an unknown fungus that has been shown the inhibit the HIV 1 integrase enzyme. ref name Herath Herath, K. Jayasuriya, H. Bills, G. Polishook, J. Dombrowski, A. Guan, Z. Felock, P. Hazuda, D. Singh, S. Isolation, Structure, Absolute Stereochemistry and HIV 1 Inhibitory Activity of Integrasone, a Novel Fungal Polyketide. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 872 874. ref Occurrence Integrasone occurs naturally in an unidentified sterile fungus. This fungus has been given the label MF6836 by Merck researchers, and was grown on a vermiculite based solid media, AD2. The methyl ethyl ketone extract of the fungal growth on Sephadex LH 20 a liquid chromatography medium designed for the separation of small natural products was then run through both gel permeation chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography to isolate integrasone, which was separated as an amorphous powder at a concentration of 1.8 g L. ref name Herath Biological activity Integrasone enzyme inhibitor inhibits HIV 1 integrase, the viral enzyme responsible for integrating the HIV provirus into the host genome . ref Craigie, R. HIV Integrase, a Brief Overview from Chemistry to Therapeutics. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 23213 23216. ref Integrase accomplishes this using two reactions 3 prime end processing, and the strand transfer reaction. In the first of these two reactions, the viral DNA is processed by the removal of two deoxynucleotides. In the strand transfer reaction, these processed ... more details
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