Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg thumb right 250px Proximal phalanges are bone s found in the limbs of most vertebrates . In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckle s. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw , wing or fin . In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx finger bone . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT Proximal Phalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges proximales nl Proximale falanx pt Falange proximal sq Gishtat e dor s s njeriut th ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Phalanges of the hand Latin ossa digitorum manus, phalanges digitorum manus GraySubject 56 GrayPage 230 Image Gray234.png Caption Plan of ossification of the hand. Image2 Gray220.png Caption2 Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre o 07 DorlandsSuf 12598287 The phalanges of the hand are commonly known as the finger bones. They are fourteen in number, three for each finger , and two for the thumb . Each consists of a body and two extremities. The body tapers from above downward, is convex posteriorly, concave in front from above downward, flat from side to side its sides are marked by rough areas which give attachment to the fibrous sheaths of the flexor tendons. The proximal extremities of the bones of the first row present oval, concave articular surfaces, broader from side to side than from front to back. The proximal extremity of each of the bones of the second and third rows presents a double concavity separated by a median ridge. The distal extremities are smaller than the proximal, and each ends in two Condyle anatomy condyles knuckles separated by a shallow groove the articular surface extends farther on the volar than on the Dorsum biology dorsal surface, a condition best marked in the bones of the first row. The ungual phalanges, those most distal, are convex on their dorsal and flat on their volar surfaces they are recognized by their small size, and by a roughened, elevated surface of a horseshoe form on the volar surface of the distal extremity of each which serves to support the sensitive pulp of the finger. See also Interphalangeal articulations of the hand Phalanx bones Additional images gallery Image Gray337.png Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Volar aspect. Image Gray338.png Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Ulnar aspect. gallery External links NormanAnatomy lesson5palmofhand Gray s Bones of upper extremity Category Hand Category ... more details
anatomy , the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joint s DIP in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximalphalanges . The distal phalanges ... and squat proximalphalanges with much longer terminal phalanges. They have vestigial second and fifth ... System MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The distal or terminal phalanges singular phalanx ... phalanges . The distal phalanges are cone shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans. Human anatomy File Distal phalanges thumb index Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png ... view. ref name PLOS 2010 harvnb Alm cija Moy Sol Alba 2010 ref Fingers The distal phalanges of the fingers ... cite book first Henry last Gray title Anatomy of the Human Body year 1918 chapter 6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand url http www.bartleby.com 107 56.html isbn 081210644X ref In the distal phalanges of the hand the centres for the bodies appear at the distal extremities of the phalanges, instead of at the middle of the bodies, as in the other phalanges. Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify. ref name Gray hand In the hand, the distal ends of the distal phalanges possess flat and wide expansions called apical tufts. They serve to support the fleshy pad ... and Introduction Toes The distal phalanges of the toes, in form, resemble those of the fingers but they are smaller ... Body year 1918 chapter 6d. 3. The Phalanges of the Foot url http www.bartleby.com 107 65.html isbn 081210644X ref Gallery gallery Image Q11.jpg Distal phalanges gallery Evolutionary variation File Distal phalanges comparison Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png thumb Morphological comparisons of pollical distal phalanges in African apes, extant humans and selected hominins. Note that, although with several ... phalanges of human thumbs closely reflects an adaptation for a refined precision grip with pad ... more details
Infobox Bone Name phalanges of the foot Latin ossa digitorum pedis, phalanges digitorum pedis GraySubject 65 GrayPage 275 Image Gray289.png Caption Plan of ossification of the foot. Image2 Gray269.png Caption2 Bones of the left foot. Plantar surface. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre o 07 DorlandsSuf 12598297 The phalanges of the foot are the bone s in the toes . They correspond, in number and general arrangement, with those of the hand there are two in the big toe, and three in each of the other toes. They differ from them, however, in their size, the bodies being much reduced in length, and, especially in the first row, laterally compressed. First row The body of each is compressed from side to side, convex above, concave below. The base is concave and the head presents a trochlear surface for articulation with the second phalanx. Second row The phalanges of the second row are remarkably small and short, but rather broader than those of the first row. The ungual phalanges, in form, resemble those of the fingers but they are smaller and are flattened from above downward each presents a broad base for articulation with the corresponding bone of the second row, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe. Articulations In the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes the phalanges of the first row articulate behind with the metatarsal bones, and in front with the second phalanges, which in their turn articulate with the first and third the ungual phalanges articulate with the second. See also Phalanges of the hand Additional images gallery File Foot bones metatarsus and phalanges.jpg Foot bones metatarsus and phalanges File Phalanges.jpg Phalanges Image Footx.jpg X ray of foot, showing phalangeal fractures Image Gray290.png Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect. Image Gray291.png Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect. Image Ospied de.svg Bones of foot gallery External links http www.shockfamily.net skeleton FOOT.HTML Diagram at shockfamily.net ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg right 250px Intermediate phalanges are bone s found in the Limb anatomy limb s of most vertebrate s. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw , wing , hoof or fin . The intermediate phalanx is not only intermediate in location, but is also usually intermediate in size among the other phalanges finger bones . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT Intermediate Phalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges medias it Falangina ja nl Middelste falanx pt Falange m dia th ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal 18q Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 601808 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Proximal 18q is a rare genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. This deletion involves the proximal near the centromere section of the long arm of chromosome 18 somewhere between 18q11.2 18.9 Mb to 18q21.1 43.8 Mb . ref Cody JD, Sebold C, Malik A, Heard P, Carter E, Crandall A, Soileau B, Semrud Clikeman M, Cody CM, Hardies LJ, Li J, Lancaster J, Fox PT, Stratton RF, Perry B, Hale DE 2007 . Am J Med Genet 143A 11 1181 90. ref Exact breakpoints vary. Genetic Basis Proximal 18q is caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 18 involving the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 18 ... delays. Diagnosis of proximal 18q is usually made via a routine chromosome analysis , although .... Clinical Description Proximal 18q causes a range of medical and developmental concerns. There is significant ... been reported in some newborns with proximal 18q . ENT Recurrent otitis media is frequently associated with proximal 18q and, in some cases, may cause conductive hearing loss. This may be resolved with the placement of PE tubes . Vision Many individuals with proximal 18q have strabismus and or refractive errors . Gastrointestinal Anomalies Gastrointestinal anomalies are not common in people with proximal ... spaces have all been reported in people with proximal 18q . Orthopedics Orthopedic anomalies are commonly seen in people with proximal 18q . Clubfoot , pes planus , and scoliosis have all been reported. Growth Children with proximal 18q are often small for their age. Unlike distal 18q , however, growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in anyone with proximal 18q . Development Proximal ... At present, treatment for proximal 18q is symptomatic, meaning that the focus is on treating ... on identifying the role of the genes on 18q in causing the signs and symptoms associated with proximal ... more details
Proximal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the proximal nailfold. ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 305 See also Onychomycosis Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous infection stub Mycoses Category Mycosis related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal Convoluted Tubule Latin tubulus contortus proximalis GraySubject 253 GrayPage ... tubule labeled at center top. Image2 Histology kidney.jpg Caption2 1 Glomerulus , 2 proximal tubule ... Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12830072 The proximal tubule is the portion of the Duct ... of Henle . Structure and appearance The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its brush border or striated border . Brush border cell Renal proximal tubule brush border cell ... for the active transport of sodium ions out of the proximal tubule. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient. Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal ... of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope. Agonal resorption of the proximal ... often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including ... of proximal tubules as occluded or dirty looking, in contrast to the clean appearance of distal tubules , which have quite different properties. Divisions The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron ... divisions Description rowspan 4 Proximal tubule rowspan 2 convoluted S1 ref name boron743 cite book ... portion . In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal ... . Pars recta Proximal straight tubule redirects here The Pars recta is the following straight descending ... described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3 . Absorption The proximal tubule ... and other bases, into the filtrate. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule ... potential of the fluid leaving the proximal tubule is the same as that of the initial ... proximal tubule. ref Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Updated Edition. 2005. ref phosphate approximately 80 Parathyroid hormone reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubules ... the same. Secretion Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal diabetic neuropathy Image Diabetic nephropathy.jpg Caption A renal biopsy showing nodular glomerulosclerosis in a case of diabetic nephropathy MedlinePlus 000693 ICD10 ICD10 N 312 n 312 ICD9 ICD9 353.5 OMIM 603933 eMedicineTopic 1170337 GPnotebook 1073348602 Proximal diabetic neuropathy , also known as lumbosacral radioplexus neurophagy , femoral neurophagy and diabetic amyotrophy , is a nerve disorder that results as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It affects the thighs, hips, buttocks and legs. Proximal diabetic neurophagy is a peripheral nerve disease diabetic neuropathy characterized by painful muscle wasting and weakness. ref h b f.info. 2012 Diabetic proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy proximal.htm ref Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes . It is defined as damage to the nerves .... Proximal diabetic neuropathy is one of four types of diabetic neuropathy. ref Nazario, B., Wed MB ... ref Proximal diabetic neuropathy can occur in type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus patients however ... 20, 2012, from http diabetes.niddk.nih.gov dm pubs neuropathies proximalneuropathy ref Proximal neuropathy ... of proximal diabetic neuropathy depend on which nerves are affected. The first symptom is usually pain ... by intense weakness in the Muscles proximal muscles of the lower limbs that can result in patients ... 2012 Diabetic proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy proximal.htm ref Proximal dietetic neuropathy is often accompanied by polyneuropathy , a malfunction ... proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy ... to the nerves being exposed to high blood sugar levels for long periods of time. In the case of proximal ... management of diabetes mellitus can prevent proximal diabetic neuropathy from ever occurring. Proximal ... feeling in the legs. Medication helps reduce the pain involved in proximal diabetic neuropathy . Most ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal radioulnar articulation Latin articulatio radioulnaris proximalis GraySubject 85 GrayPage 324 Image Gray331.png Caption Capsule of elbow joint distended . Anterior aspect. Image2 Gray333.png Caption2 Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161505 The proximal radioulnar articulation superior radioulnar joint is a trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament . Nerve Supply median nerve musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve See also Distal radioulnar articulation Supination Gray s Joints of upper limbs Category Bones of the upper limb Musculoskeletal stub de Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis gl Articulaci n radio cubital superior ... more details
The zone of proximal development , often abbreviated ZPD , is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It is a concept developed ... to do certain tasks without help. Vygotsky s often quoted definition of zone of proximal development ... their zones of proximal development, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning. ref ... Children. p. 24 ref The zone of proximal development defines functions that have not matured ... the untimely death of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky interrupted his thinking about the zone of proximal development ZPD . ref Zaretskii,V.K. 2009 . The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write. ref The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed ... of Proximal Development A Spatiotemporal Model. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology ... learn their native language and motor skills generally by being placed in the zone of proximal development ... moves exactly per se but takes what he can and adds his her own twist. Zone of Proximal Development ... was in the zone of proximal development for successfully performing a double take down. He performed ... his goal. Layman s Terms The Zone of Proximal Development ZPD , in Education refers to the distance ... within the zone of proximal development matures within a particular internal context that includes .... K. title The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write journal Journal ... The Zone of Proximal Development&rft.jtitle Journal of Russian and East European Psychology&rft ..., Linda, and Greta Ducrey. Assessment of or in the zone of proximal development. Learning and Instruction 10.2 2000 137 152. Print. Chaiklin, S. 2003 . The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky ...,V.K. 2009 . The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write. Journal of Russian ... proximal sk Z na najbli ieho v voja fi L hikehityksen vy hyke zh ... more details
Image PFFD.jpg thumb alt a 13 Year old girl with PFFD Proximal femoral focal deficiency PFFD is a rare, heredity non hereditary congenital disorder birth defect that affects the pelvis , particularly the hip bone, and the proximal femur . The disorder may affect one side or both, with the hip being deformed and the human leg leg shortened. It is commonly linked with the absence or shortening of a leg bone fibular hemimelia and the absence of a patella kneecap . Other linked birth defects include the dislocation or instability of the joint between the femur and the kneecap, a shortened tibia or fibula , and foot deformities. Classifications There are typically four classes or types of PFFD, ranging from class A to class D, as detailed by Aitken http gait.aidi.udel.edu res695 homepage pd ortho educate clincase pffd.htm . Causes The cause of PFFD is uncertain. Two hypotheses have been advanced. The theory of sclerotome subtraction posits injury to neural crest cells that are the precursors to sensory nerves at the level of L4 and L5. ref name medscape1 cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 1248323 overview title Medscape Medscape Access publisher Emedicine.medscape.com date accessdate 2011 10 26 ref Histologic studies of a fetus with unilateral PFFD have prompted an alternative hypothesis that PFFD is caused by a defect in maturation of chondrocytes cartilage cells at the growth plate. ref cite web url http www.ejbjs.org cgi content abstract 71 8 1119 title Proximal femoral focal deficiency. Evidence for a defect in proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes publisher Ejbjs.org date accessdate 2011 10 26 ref In either hypothesis, the agent causing the injury is usually not known. Thalidomide is known to cause PFFD when the mother is exposed to it in the fifth or sixth ... pediatric orthopedics Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency.html Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency ... educate clincase pffd.htm Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency at the Pediatric Orthopedics department ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal renal tubular acidosis Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 179830 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000141 Proximal renal tubular acidosis pRTA is a type of renal tubular acidosis caused by a failure of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate from the urine, leading to urinary bicarbonate wasting and subsequent acidemia. The distal intercalated cells function normally, so the acidemia is less severe than dRTA and the urine can acidify to a pH of less than 5.3. ref cite journal author Rodriguez Soriano J, Boichis H, Stark H, Edelmann CM title Proximal renal tubular acidosis. A defect in bicarbonate reabsorption with normal urinary acidification journal Pediatr. Res. volume 1 issue 2 pages 81 98 year 1967 pmid 6029811 doi url ref pRTA also has several causes, and may occasionally be present as a solitary defect, but is usually associated with a more generalised dysfunction of the proximal tubular cells called Fanconi s syndrome where there is also phosphaturia , glycosuria , aminoaciduria, uricosuria and tubular proteinuria . The principal feature of Fanconi s syndrome is bone demineralization osteomalacia or rickets due to phosphate wasting. Causes Familial disorders Cystinosis ref cite journal author Gahl WA, Thoene JG, Schneider JA title Cystinosis journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 347 issue 2 pages 111 21 year 2002 pmid 12110740 doi 10.1056 NEJMra020552 url http content.nejm.org cgi content extract 347 2 111 ref Galactosemia ref cite journal author Golberg L, Holzel A, Komrower GM, Schwarz V title A clinical and biochemical study of galactosaemia a possible explanation of the nature of the biochemical lesion journal Arch. Dis. Child. volume 31 issue 158 pages 254 64 year 1956 pmid 13363463 pmc ... Matsuo N, Tsuchiya Y, Cho H, Nagai T, Tsuji A title Proximal renal tubular acidosis in a child with type ... DA title Renal proximal tubular dysfunction and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria journal Am ... more details
dablink Phalanges redirects here. For the Lebanese Phalange, see the Kataeb Party . For the Spanish political party, see Falange . Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg thumb 180px Illustration of the phalanges Image Hand bones.jpg thumb The phalanges in a human hand In anatomy, phalanx bones plural phalanges are those that form the toes and the fingers. In primates such as humans and monkeys, the two thumbs and two big toes have two phalanges, and the other fingers and toes have three Phalanges.They are also classified as long bones The phalanges do not have individual names. They are named for the digit they represent and their relative location from the center of the body Anatomical terms of location Proximal and distal proximal or distal . Proximalphalanges are closest to the main part of the hand or foot and articulate with the metacarpal s of the hand or metatarsal s of the foot. Middle or intermediate phalanges are between the distal and proximal. The thumb and big toe do not have middle phalanges. Distal phalanges are at the tips of the fingers and toes. The term phalanx or phalanges refers to an Phalanx formation ancient Greek army formation in which soldiers stand side by side, several rows deep, like an arrangement of fingers or toes. Phalangeal formula The number of phalanges in animals is often expressed as a phalangeal formula that indicates the numbers of phalanges in digits, beginning from the innermost Anatomical terms of location Left and right .28lateral.29.2C and medial medial or proximal . Most land mammal s including humans have a 2 3 3 3 3 formula in both the hand s or paw s and feet . Primitive reptile s typically had the formula 2 3 4 4 5, and this pattern ... gallery Image Q11.jpg Phalanges. Image Carpus2.jpg Phalanges. gallery See also Phalanges of the foot Phalanges of the hand References reflist http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey ... simple Phalanges sk l nky prstov sv Falang anatomi uk ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Metatarsophalangeal articulations Latin articulationes metatarsophalangeae GraySubject 99 GrayPage 359 Image Gray268.png Caption Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161421 The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones proximal phalanges of the toe s. They are condyloid joint s meaning an elliptical or rounded surface of the metatarsal bones come close to the shallow cavities of the proximal phalanges . The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Movements The movements permitted in the metatarsophalangeal articulations are flexion , Extension kinesiology extension , anatomical terms of motion abduction , and adduction . See also Turf toe Turf toe metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain Hallux valgus Bunion hallux valgus External links http www.webmd.com hw health guide atoz hw139870.asp Diagram at webmd.com Gray s Joints of lower limbs musculoskeletal stub Category Joints de Zehengrundgelenk nl MTP gewricht ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Appendicular skeleton Latin skeleton appendiculare GraySubject GrayPage Image Appendicular skeleton diagram.svg Caption Appendicular skeleton diagram Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The Appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion Lower limbs of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment Upper limbs . The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions 1 Pectoral Girdles 4 bones Left and right Clavicle 2 and Scapula 2 . 2 Arm and Forearm 6 bones Left and right Humerus 2 Arm , Ulna 2 and Radius bone Radius 2 Fore Arm . 3 Hands 54 bones Left and right Carpal 16 wrist , Metacarpal 10 , Proximal phalanges 10 , Middle phalanges 8 , distal phalanges 10 . 4 Pelvis 2 bones Left and right os coxae 2 ilium . 5 Thigh and leg 8 bones Femur 2 thigh , Tibia 2 , Patella 2 knee , and Fibula 2 leg . 6 Feet and ankles 52 bones Tarsus skeleton Tarsals 14 ankle , Metatarsals 10 , Proximal phalanges 10 , middle phalanges 8 , distal phalanges 10 . It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many extra bones sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae The appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion. ref Vizniak, N.A., 2008, Quick Reference Clinical Consultant Muscle Manual, Professional Health Systems Inc, Canada ref References references Bonesofskeleton Category Skeletal system fr Squelette appendiculaire ko ht Eskel t apendikil pt Esqueleto apendicular sq Gjymtyr t e poshtme t njeriut th ... more details
Trochlea Latin for pulley is a term in anatomy . It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley s wheel. Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle joint saddle and other joints Trochlea of humerus Trochlear process of the Calcaneus The knuckles of the tarsometatarsus which articulate with the proximal phalanges in a bird s foot It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles Trochlea of superior oblique see also superior oblique muscle . This use is the source of the name for the Trochlear nerve . disambig de Trochlea ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Extensor expansion Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image gray416.png Caption Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina. Extensor expansion not labeled, but region is visible. Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf A extensor expansion dorsal expansion , dorsal hood is an anatomical term that refers to the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges. These flattened tendons aponeurosis of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges. ref name titleeMedicine Hand, Tendon Lacerations Extensors Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS cite web url http www.emedicine.com plastic topic324.htm title eMedicine Hand, Tendon Lacerations Extensors Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS accessdate 2008 01 20 format work ref At the distal end of the metacarpal , the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal Phalanx bones phalanx . Bands The expansion soon divides into three bands lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand , extensor indicis muscle , ref name isbn0 7817 5309 0 cite book author Kyung Won, PhD. Chung title Gross Anatomy Board Review publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2005 isbn 0 7817 5309 0 oclc doi page 43 ref dorsal interossei of the hand , and palmar interossei insert on these bands. A single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, ending at the base of the middle phalanx. A band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion. References reflist External links NormanAnatomy lesson5musofpostforearm KansasHandKinesiology ligaments ... more details
Singleton Merten Syndrome is an autosomal dominate genetic disorder with variable expression with an onset of symptoms during childhood. Clinical Patients often present with a history of fever of unknown origin, muscular weakness, poor development, abnormal dentition, normal serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels. Associated clinical findings also include glaucoma, photosensitivity, heart block, foot deformities, and chronic psoriasiform skin lesions. Radiological Classic radiologic findings were first described by Dr. Edward Singleton and Dr. David Merten in 1973. Typical radiographic appearances include skeletal demineralization, expanded shafts of the metacarpals and phalanges with widenend medullary cavities, cardiomegaly, and intramural calcification of the proximal aorta with occasional extension into the aortic or mitral valves. Other commonly seen radiographic findings include shallow acetabular fossa, subluxation of the femoral head, coxa valga, hypoplastic radial epiphysis, soft tissue calcifications between the radius and ulna, constriction of the proximal radial shaft, acro osteolysis, and equinovarus foot deformities. Sources Singleton, EB, Merten DF An unusual syndrome of widened medullary cavities of the metacarpals and phalanges, aortic calcification and abnormal dentition, Pediatric Radiol 1 2, 1973. http rarediseases.info.nih.gov GARD Condition 122 Singleton Merten syndrome.aspx Resources form the National Institutes of Health http www.webmd.com a to z guides singleton merten syndrome WebMD information Category Genetics Category Genetic disorders with no OMIM Category Medical genetics medical stub ... more details
Methotrexate induced papular eruption appears in patients being treated with methotrexate , such as those with rheumatic disease, presenting with List of cutaneous conditions erythematous indurated papules , usually located on the Proximal phalanges proximal extremities . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 . Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology . 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 181. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref It has been suggested that it may represent a Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis . ref cite journal doi 10.1345 aph.1K271 pmid 18094347 volume 42 issue 1 title Methotrexate induced papular eruption following treatment of psoriasis year 2008 month January author Mebazaa A, Kenani N, Denguezli M, et al. journal Ann Pharmacother pages 138 41 ref See also List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Cutaneous condition stub External causes of morbidity and mortality Category Connective tissue diseases ... more details
Otheruses2 Annular ligament Infobox Ligament Name Annular ligaments of toes Latin pars anularis vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 From phalanx bones phalanx To phalanx bones phalanx System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 09 DorlandsSuf 12488651 The Annular ligaments of the toes are the wikt annular annular part of the fibrous sheathes of the toes . These strong transverse bands of fibrous tissue cross the flexor tendons at the level of the upper half of the proximal phalanges of the foot . Category Ligaments Category Lower limb anatomy ligament stub ... more details
Infobox Ligament Name Collateral ligament of interphalangeal articulations of hand Latin ligamenta collateralia articulationum digitorum manus GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 From phalanx bones phalanx To phalanx bones phalanx System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 09 DorlandsSuf 12491880 On each side of the Interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joints of the fingers are diagonally placed fibrous bands. The proximal ends of the bands are near the dorsal phalanges of the hand and the distal ends of the bands are near the palmar margins of the Digit anatomy digits . Category Hand Category Ligaments ligament stub ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Lumbrical muscle of the foot Latin musculus lumbricalis pedis GraySubject 131 GrayPage 493 Image Lumbricales pedis.png Caption Muscles of the sole of the foot. Second layer. Lumbricals visible at bottom. Origin Medial borders of long flexor tendons Insertion Proximal phalanges and extensor tendons of the 4 lateral toes Action Flexes metatarsophalangeal joints, extends interphalangeal joints Blood Medial and Lateral plantar arteries Nerve medial and lateral plantar nerves S3 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12549758 For the muscle of the hand, see Lumbrical muscle hand . The lumbricals are four small skeletal muscle s, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus muscle flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the foot they arise from these tendons, as far back as their angles of division, each springing from two tendons, except the first. The muscles end in tendon s, which pass forward on the medial sides of the four lesser toes, and are inserted into the expansions of the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus on the dorsal surfaces of the first phalanx bones phalanges . All four lumbricals insert into extensor hoods of the phalanges, thus creating extension at the inter phalangeal joints. However as the tendons also pass inferior to the metatarsal phalangeal joints it creates flexion at this joint. Variations Absence of one or more doubling of the third or fourth even the fifth. Insertion partly or wholly into the first phalanges. Innervation The most medial lumbrical is innervated by the medial plantar nerve while the remaining three lumbricals are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve . External links MuscleLoyola lumf GPnotebook 1966079920 eMedicineDictionary lumbricals 28lumbrical muscles 29 of foot http www.ptcentral.com muscles musclelegs.html lumbricals PTCentral Gray s muscle stub Muscles of lower limb Category Foot muscles de Musculi lumbricales Fu fr Muscles lombricaux du pied it Musco ... more details
metatarsal metatarsal bone 5 × 2 Digits of the feet toe bones or phalangesproximalphalanges 5 × 2 intermediate phalanges 4 × 2 distal phalanges 5 × 2 Category Human anatomy Category ... more details
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