Infobox Anatomy Name Proximalradioulnararticulation Latin articulatio radioulnaris proximalis GraySubject 85 GrayPage 324 Image Gray331.png Caption Capsule of elbow joint distended . Anterior aspect. Image2 Gray333.png Caption2 Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161505 The proximalradioulnararticulation superior radioulnar joint is a trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament . Nerve Supply median nerve musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve See also Distal radioulnararticulation Supination Gray s Joints of upper limbs Category Bones of the upper limb Musculoskeletal stub de Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis gl Articulaci n radio cubital superior ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Distal radioulnararticulation Latin articulatio radioulnaris distalis GraySubject 85 GrayPage 325 Image Gray334.png Caption Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view. Image2 Gray336.png Caption2 Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161495 The distal radioulnararticulation inferior radioulnar joint is a pivot joint formed between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the distal Radius bone radius . Ligaments The articular surfaces are connected together by the following ligaments Volar radioulnar ligament Dorsal radioulnar ligament Articular disk Triangular fibrocartilage See also Proximalradioulnararticulation Additional images gallery Image RightHumanPosteriorDistalRadiusUlnaCarpals.jpg Image Gray421.png Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna. gallery External links DartmouthAnatomy elbow elbowbones bones5 Gray s Joints of upper limbs Category Upper limb anatomy musculoskeletal stub de Articulatio radioulnaris distalis gl Articulaci n radio cubital inferior ... more details
wiktionary Articulation may refer to In linguistics Topic focus articulation , a field of study concerned with marking old and new information in a clause Manner of articulation , how speech organs involved in making a sound make contact Place of articulation The elaboration of wikt articulate articulate , sharp, clear speech or literary composition In engineering Articulated vehicles , which have a pivoted joint allowing them to turn more sharply Articulation score , in telecommunications, a subjective measure of the intelligibility of a voice system Axle articulation, a vehicle s ability to flex its suspension, measured by ramp travel index Other uses Articulation music , the transition or continuity between multiple notes or sounds Articulation education , the process of comparing the content of courses that are transferred between postsecondary institutions Articulation sociology , the process by which particular classes appropriate cultural forms and practices for their own use Articulation anatomy , the location at which two or more bones make contact Articulation architecture Articulation botany , a joint between two separable parts, as a leaf and a stem. Articulation point , in graph theory disambiguation ca Articulaci cs Artikulace de Artikulation es Articulaci n fr Articulation gl Articulaci n io Artiko ja pl Artykulacja ru sk Artikul cia tl Artikulasyon uk ... more details
Infobox Ligament Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 85 GrayPage 325 Image Gray335.png Caption Ligaments of wrist. Posterior view. From Radius bone radius To ulna MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The dorsal radioulnar ligament posterior radioulnar ligament extends between corresponding surfaces on the dorsal aspect of the distal radioulnar articulation . Joints of upper limbs Gray s ligament stub Category Ligaments of the upper limb gl Ligamento radiocubital posterior ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg thumb right 250px Proximal phalanges are bone s found in the limbs of most vertebrates . In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckle s. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw , wing or fin . In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx finger bone . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT Proximal Phalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges proximales nl Proximale falanx pt Falange proximal sq Gishtat e dor s s njeriut th ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal 18q Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 601808 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Proximal 18q is a rare genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. This deletion involves the proximal near the centromere section of the long arm of chromosome 18 somewhere between 18q11.2 18.9 Mb to 18q21.1 43.8 Mb . ref Cody JD, Sebold C, Malik A, Heard P, Carter E, Crandall A, Soileau B, Semrud Clikeman M, Cody CM, Hardies LJ, Li J, Lancaster J, Fox PT, Stratton RF, Perry B, Hale DE 2007 . Am J Med Genet 143A 11 1181 90. ref Exact breakpoints vary. Genetic Basis Proximal 18q is caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 18 involving the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 18 ... delays. Diagnosis of proximal 18q is usually made via a routine chromosome analysis , although .... Clinical Description Proximal 18q causes a range of medical and developmental concerns. There is significant ... been reported in some newborns with proximal 18q . ENT Recurrent otitis media is frequently associated with proximal 18q and, in some cases, may cause conductive hearing loss. This may be resolved with the placement of PE tubes . Vision Many individuals with proximal 18q have strabismus and or refractive errors . Gastrointestinal Anomalies Gastrointestinal anomalies are not common in people with proximal ... spaces have all been reported in people with proximal 18q . Orthopedics Orthopedic anomalies are commonly seen in people with proximal 18q . Clubfoot , pes planus , and scoliosis have all been reported. Growth Children with proximal 18q are often small for their age. Unlike distal 18q , however, growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in anyone with proximal 18q . Development Proximal ... At present, treatment for proximal 18q is symptomatic, meaning that the focus is on treating ... on identifying the role of the genes on 18q in causing the signs and symptoms associated with proximal ... more details
Tibiofibular articulation can refer to Superior tibiofibular articulation Inferior tibiofibular articulation disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 In Australia and United States education , articulation or more specifically course articulation , refers to the process of comparing the content of courses that are transferred between postsecondary institutions such as TAFE institutes, college s or university universities . In other words, course articulation is the process by which one institution matches its courses or requirements to course work completed at another institution. Students use course articulation to assure that the courses they complete will not have to be repeated at the institution to which they are transferring. Course articulation is distinct from the process of acceptance by one institution of earned academic credit credit , from another institution, as applicable towards its degree requirements, i.e. transferring credit . Course articulation may be done on an ad hoc basis when a student actually wishes to transfer. It may also be done pursuant to existing course to course comparison data, or based on formal articulation agreements . In the last case, representatives of each institution compare their respective course curricula, to determine which courses are comparable and which are not. Their consensus is then formalized in a written agreement which is used by students and advisors and is regularly updated according to a mutual schedule. Although Credit Transfer can be conducted between education bodies in separate countries, the process of articulation can become very complicated when students transfer courses earned at multiple and international campuses, more than 5 10 years ago, or have alternative credit experiences such as exam or military credit. See also College transfer External links http www.usq.edu.au iactproject Integrated Articulation and Credit Transfer Project Category Academic transfer Category Curricula Edu stub ... more details
unreferenced date April 2008 Secondary articulation refers to co articulated consonant s where the two articulations are not of the same manner of articulation manner . The approximant consonant approximant like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it. For example, the voiceless labialization labialized velar plosive IPA k has only a single stop consonant stop articulation, velar consonant velar k , with a simultaneous w like rounding of the lips, and is usually heard as a kind of k . This is in contrast to the doubly articulated consonant doubly articulated labial velar consonant IPA k p , which has two equal stop articulations at the velum and lips. Richard Maledo 2011 further defines secondary articulation as the superimposition of lesser stricture upon a primary articulation. These sounds are affected by the environment in which they occur and it is largely anticipatory of the preceding or succeeding sound. Secondary Articulation, according to him is largely potent in English Language amongst other languages, i.e. Arabic. There are a number of secondary articulations. The most frequently encountered are labialization such as IPA k , palatalization such as the Russian language Russian Russian phonology Palatalization soft consonant IPA p , velarization such as the English language English Velarized alveolar lateral approximant dark L IPA l , nasalization and pharyngealization such as the Arabic language Arabic emphatic consonant emphatic consonant IPA t . Although the symbol for secondary articulation is a superscript written after the primary consonant, this is misleading, as they are pronounced simultaneously. Since secondary articulation has a strong effect on surrounding vowel s, it will often seem that it precedes the consonant, or both precedes and follows it. For this reason, the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA symbols for labialization and palatalization were for a time placed directly under the consonant ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In telecommunication , an articulation score AS is a subjective measure of the Intelligibility communication intelligibility of a voice system in terms of the percentage of words correctly understood over a channel communications channel perturbed by Interference communication interference . Articulation scores have been experimentally obtained as functions of varying word content, Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth , audio signal to noise ratio and the experience of the talkers and listeners involved. DEFAULTSORT Articulation Score Category Telecommunications terms Telecomm term stub ja ... more details
, Japan Articulation , in art and architecture, is a method of styling the joints in the formal Category Architectural elements elements of architectural design. Through degrees of articulation ... is defined precisely and stands out clearly. The articulation of a building reveals how the parts ... The opposite of distinct articulation is continuity and fusion which reduces the separateness of the parts. Distinct articulation emphasizes the strategic break while the articulation of continuity ... url http books.google.com ?id el6uoMdMiIIC&printsec titlepage&dq articulation architecture PPA78 ... independent elements. ref name elements Articulation and space Architecture is said to be the art of the articulation of spaces. And geometry is the architect s basic tool, but it is not the architect s system of communication. That system is the defining of object in the surrounding space. Articulation ... url http books.google.com ?id o5Q56G7opmcC&pg PA192&lpg PA192&dq articulation architecture title ... wall articulation set Romanesque architecture Romanesque churches apart from their predecessors. Dividing ... R. Hoey year 1989 month September title Pier Form and Vertical Wall Articulation in English Romanesque ... of both articulation and fusion styles. Although the wings of the opera house stand articulated ... beauty. Its emotionality comes through in its exuberant external design where articulation in structure ... Museum Bilbao In this structure, fusion and continuity dominate over articulation. The organically ... None ref Thus there is an interaction between space environment and form. Articulation vs. continuity The articulated form emphasizes the building s distinct parts. Articulation accentuates the visible ... of the whole, breaking it down into too many pieces, but in most cases the articulation expresses a balance ... organization or articulation shows the following uses ref name aesthetics cite book author Jale Nejdet Erzen year 2002 month url http books.google.com ?id mh6NWRlw4MC&pg PA57&lpg PA57&dq articulation ... more details
Image Illu01 head neck.jpg thumb Human vocal tract In phonetics and phonology , articulation is the movement ... showing the human articulators in action here . The study of articulation in making speech is called ... fashion. The point of maximum obstruction is known as the place of articulation , and the way in which the obstruction is formed and released is known as the manner of articulation . For example ... sound. The place of articulation of this sound is therefore called lcons bilabial , and the manner is called lcons plosive also known as a plosive . Place of articulation Place of articulation Main Place of articulation Image Places of articulation.svg float right thumb 250px Places of articulation ... the place of articulation is actually a combination of a place of active articulation and a place of passive articulation . For example, the English language English f sound is said to be lcons labiodental ... articulator for other places of articulation e.g. lcons bilabial , where it contacts the upper lip, as in English p . Likewise, the upper teeth can be the passive articulator for other places of articulation ... . The places of articulation used in English are lcons Bilabial Both lips come together, as in p , b ... in the throat, as in h The place of articulation is clearest for consonant s, where there is generally ... as well as amount of rounding of the lips rather than by a specific place of articulation. For example ... , the place of greatest obstruction, called the primary articulation , occurs at the soft palate the rounding of the lips causes less blockage, and is called the secondary articulation . Another example ... a difference in manner of articulation see below . Note that the sound of qu is normally analyzed as a sequence of k plus w , but both parts are actually pronounced at the same time. Manner of articulation Manner of articulation Main Manner of articulation Manner of articulation refers in general to characteristics ... parameters involved here, and different types of each. The manners of articulation used in English ... more details
cases, using the near tip of the tongue, as in the syllable dah, is the preferred articulation. However, different articulation markings require different tongue placement. Smooth, connected passages may require an articulation more reminiscent of the syllable la, while heavy, sharp notes may be attacked with an articulation similar to tah. Furthermore, the implementation of double tonguing may ... is an articulation primarily used by brass players, however, the use of double tonguing by woodwind players is becoming more common. A third, rare form of articulation for wind players is referred to as doodle tonguing. The name of this articulation comes from the sound, doodle, one would make if he were to sound his voice while performing the articulation. Doodle tonguing is achieved by moving ... Articulaci n m sica eo Artikulacio muziko fr Articulation musique ko nl Articulatieteken ja ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Sternoclavicular articulation Latin articulatio sternoclavicularis GraySubject 81 GrayPage 313 Image Gray325.png Caption Sternoclavicular articulation. Anterior view. Image2 Pectoral girdles en.svg Caption2 Sternoclavicular articulation visible near center but not labeled. System Precursor MeshName Sternoclavicular Joint MeshNumber A02.835.583.781 DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161562 The sternoclavicular articulation is a synovial double plane joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc which is made from fibrocartilage. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle , the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni , and the cartilage of the first rib , visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch . The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the Human sternum sternum , and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. Movement The sternoclavicular joint allows movement of the clavicle in three planes, predominantly in the anteroposterior & vertical planes, although some rotation also occurs. Muscles don t directly act on this joint, although almost all actions of the shoulder girdle or the scapula will cause some motion at this articulation. The unique double hinged articular disk found at the junction of the clavicular head and manubrium allows for movement between the clavicle and the disk during elevation and depression of the scapula. This disk also allows motion between the sternum manubrium and itself during protraction and retraction of the scapula. ref Lippert, Lynn. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy, 4th edition pg.95 96. ref Ligaments Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Articular capsule Articular disk Costoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ... esternoclavicular fr Articulation sterno claviculaire gl Articulaci n esterno clavicular it Articolazione ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Cuboideonavicular articulation Latin articulatio cuneonavicularis GraySubject 96 GrayPage 356 Image Gray358.png Caption Ligaments of the sole of the foot, with the tendons of the Peron us longus, Tibialis posterior and Tibialis anterior muscles. Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament labeled at center right. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre j 02 DorlandsSuf 12464983 Cuboideonavicular Articulation . The navicular bone is connected with the cuboid by dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments. The Dorsal Ligaments The dorsal ligaments are three small bundles, one attached to each of the cuneiform bones. The bundle connecting the navicular with the first cuneiform is continuous around the medial side of the articulation with the plantar ligament which unites these two bones. The Plantar Ligaments The plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal, and are strengthened by slips from the tendon of the Tibialis posterior . Synovial Membrane The synovial membrane of these joints is part of the great tarsal synovial membrane . Movements Mere gliding movements are permitted between the navicular and cuneiform bones. Gray s Joints of lower limbs Category Lower limb anatomy Category Joints musculoskeletal stub ... more details
distinguish Coarticulation In linguistics, the term double articulation or duality of patterning ref name trask1 cite book last Trask first R.L. authorlink Larry Trask title Language the basics publisher Routledge year 1999 isbn 0 415 20089 X ref refers to the way in which the stream of speech can be divided into meaningful signs, which can be further subdivided into meaningless elements. So for example, the meaningful English word cat is composed of the sounds k , , and t , which are meaningless as separate individual sounds and which can also be combined to form the separate words tack and act , with distinct meanings . These sounds, called phonemes , represent the lowest level in the hierarchy of the organization of speech. Higher levels of organization including morphology linguistics morphology , syntax , and semantics govern the combination of these individually meaningless phonemes into meaningful elements. According to Charles F. Hockett and other linguists, this duality a finite number of components combining to produce an infinite arrangement of novel utterances is an important property of human languages, since it allows for the expression of a potentially infinite number of meaningful language sequences. For further discussion, see figurae . For consonants with two simultaneous primary places of articulation, see doubly articulated consonant . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Double Articulation Category Philosophy of language Ling stub de Zweifache Gliederung fr Double articulation gl Dupla articulaci n da linguaxe pl Podw jna artykulacja ru ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Cuneonavicular articulation Latin articulatio cuneonavicularis GraySubject 96 GrayPage 356 Image Gray354.png Caption Ligaments of the medial aspect of the foot. Cuneonavicular articulations labeled at upper left. Image2 Gray358.png Caption2 Ligaments of the sole of the foot, with the tendons of the Peron us longus, Tibialis posterior and Tibialis anterior muscles. Cuneonavicular articulations labeled at center right. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161201 Cuneonavicular Articulationarticulation of the navicular with the cuneiform bones . The navicular is connected to the three cuneiform bones by dorsal and plantar ligaments. The Dorsal Ligaments The dorsal ligaments are three small bundles, one attached to each of the cuneiform bones. The bundle connecting the navicular with the first cuneiform is continuous around the medial side of the articulation with the plantar ligament which unites these two bones. The Plantar Ligaments The plantar ligaments have a similar arrangement to the dorsal, and are strengthened by slips from the tendon of the Tibialis posterior . Synovial Membrane The synovial membrane of these joints is part of the great tarsal synovial membrane . Movements Mere gliding movements are permitted between the navicular and cuneiform bones. Gray s Joints of lower limbs Category Lower limb anatomy Category Joints musculoskeletal stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Latin articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis GraySubject 96 GrayPage 353 Image Gray359.png Caption Talocalcaneal and talocalcaneonavicular articulations exposed from above by removing the talus. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161600 The talocalcaneonavicular articulation is a ball and socket joint the rounded head of the talus bone talus being received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular , the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus , and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament . There are two ligaments in this joint the articular capsule and the dorsal talonavicular . Gray s Joints of lower limbs Category Bones of the lower limb Musculoskeletal stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Cricoarytenoid articulation Latin articulatio cricoarytenoidea GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray960.png Caption Muscles of the larynx, seen from above. Image2 Gray959.png Caption2 Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161162 The cricoarytenoid articulation or joint is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage . See also Cricoarytenoid muscle External links NormanAnatomy lesson11 NormanAnatomyFig larynxskel2 Joints of head and neck Larynx anatomy Category Head and neck Category Joints musculoskeletal stub ... more details
The Articulation Index AI is a tool used by audiologist s to predict the amount of Speech communication speech that is audible to a patient with a specific hearing impairment hearing loss . The AI reading for a given patient can range from zero to 1.0, representing the proportionality mathematics proportion of the average speech signal that is audible. The closer the AI is to 1.0, or percentage 100 percent , the better the person should be able to hear speech. The AI is often used as a counseling tool since it presents an individual s hearing loss in terms of percentage of speech missed during a typical one on one conversation. The AI can also be used to measure the effectiveness of hearing aid s and other forms of amplification devices. Since the creation of the AI, there have been several proposed ways to simplify and increase its use in the field of audiology . In 1990, Gustav Mueller and Mead Killion proposed an AI calculation involving one hundred dots on an audiogram , each of which represented an important speech Audio frequency frequency the number of dots audible to the listener, multiplied by .01, represented the patient s AI. Unfortunately, not all areas on the audiogram taking into account frequencies and intensity levels are equally weighted. According to this procedure, the highest density of the audiogram dots is concentrated in the frequency region of 1 3 hertz kHz , which means that this is the region containing the most speech information. See also Absolute threshold of hearing References Amlani, A., Punch, J., & Ching, T. 2002 . Methods and Applications of the Audibility Index in Hearing Aid Selection and Fitting. Trends in Amplification, 6 3 , 81 129. Mueller, G. & Killion, M. 1992 . An Easy Method for Calculating the Articulation Index. The Hearing Journal ... Sounds. J Acoust Soc Am 1990 119, 1949. Kryter, K.D. Methods for the calculation and use of the Articulation ... Index. J Acoust Soc Am 34 11 1698 1702, 1962. DEFAULTSORT Articulation Index Category Audiology ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Cricothyroid articulation Latin articulatio cricothyroidea GraySubject GrayPage Image Larynx external en.svg Caption The cartilages of the larynx. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161168 The cricothyroid articulation or joint is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage . It plays a key role in adjusting human voice pitch by changing the tension of the vocal cord s. This tension is controlled mostly by the endolaryngeal vocalis and the extralaryngeal cricothyroid muscle s which change vocal fold tension by narrowing the cricothyroid space created by rotation and gliding movements in horizontal and vertical direction allowed for by the cricothyroid articulation. ref name Hammer Hammer GP, Windisch G, Prodinger PM, Anderhuber F, Friedrich G. 2010 . The Cricothyroid Joint Functional Aspects With Regard to Different Types of Its Structure. J Voice. Mar 24 140 145. PMID 19185450 ref Types Three types A, B, and C have been identified. ref name Hammer Type A is found in 56 of females and 66 of males. There is a well defined facet . It has a tight capsule and ligaments with either a concavity or a small groin directed from posterior superior to anterior inferior. Horizontal translational movement is about 3.0 mm, vertical gliding about 2.5 mm with great movement horizontally than vertically. The gliding movements are smaller in males than in females . Type B is in 24 of females and 20 of males. In contrary to type A it lacks a definite facet and the two cartilaginous parts of the articulation are joined only by soft connective tissue. Horizontal movement is 5.0 mm and vertical, 5.1 mm with no differences between them. Type C concerns all others and has a flat surface with or without a tiny protuberance. Horizontal movement is about 5.1 mm, and vertical 3.8 mm. Type A is less mobile than the other two. ref name Hammer References ... more details
Interest articulation is a way for members of a society to express their needs to a system of government. ref name Wiseman cite book title Political Systems author Herbert Victor Wiseman pages 138&ndash 139 date 1966 publisher Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd location London isbn 0710071833 ref It can range from personal contact with government officials to the development of Advocacy group interest groups e.g. trade unions, professional associations, religious groups who act in the interest of larger groups of people. Interest articulation can have different effects in different types of government and can include both legal i.e. lobbying , peaceful protest, phone calls and letters to policymakers and illegal activities e.g. assassination , riots . Interest articulation leads to interest aggregation . The types of interest groups, as identified by Gabriel Almond , are ref name Wiseman Anomic Groups generally spontaneous groups with a collective response to a particular frustration ref name Wiseman Nonassociational Groups rarely well organized and their activity is dependent upon the issue at hand. They differ from Anomic groups in that they are usually similar to one another and have a common identity. Institutional Groups mostly formal and have some other political or social function in addition to the particular interest. Associational Groups formed explicitly to represent an issue of a particular group. References references Further reading cite journal journal American Political Science Review volume 52 issue 1 date March 1958 title Interest Groups in the Political Process author Gabriel Almond also published in Comparative Politics , pp. 128&ndash 156, ed. Macridis and Brown Category Government gov stub poli term stub ... more details
Demand articulation is a concept developed within the scientific field of innovation studies which serves to explain learning processes about needs for new and emerging technologies. ref R.E.H.M. Smits, Innovation studies in the 21st century, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 69 2002 861 883. ref Emerging technologies are technologies in their early phase of development, which have not resulted in concrete products yet. ref Van Merkerk, R. and H. Van Lente 2005 . Tracing emerging irreversibilities in emerging technologies The case of nanotubes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change ... but also the needs of users concerning the technology, have not been specified yet. Demand articulation ... innovation . ref Boon, W.P.C., E.H.M. Moors, S. Kuhlmann, R.E.H.M. Smits 2010 Demand articulation ... become more concrete over time. At the same time, demand articulation can also be perceived as learning processes that can be evaluated. Background The concept of demand articulation originates ... become articulated over time. In the 1990s, the term articulation processes was introduced ... articulation of technology specifications, of product and maintenance networks, of cultural and political ... title DNA diagnostiek in Nederland . Enschede, Twente University Press. ref Demand articulation ... market determinateness or demand articulation, which he defined as a dynamic interaction of technological .... The demand articulation process, therefore, is the start of a consciousness raising exercise ... special attention in the context of demand articulation. A clear distinction should be made between ... dependent on these issues. Demand articulation and innovation User innovation Users of products ... and also intermediary organisations appear as major actors that are engaged in demand articulation ... better understood can be regarded as demand articulation. Demand articulation in public innovation ... handbook of innovation. Oxford University Press Oxford ref Demand articulation, strategy and vision ... more details
Image Places of articulation.svg thumb 250px Places of articulation passive & active br 1. Exo labial ..., 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub apical File Real time MRI Speaking English .ogv thumb Articulation visualized by real time MRI . In articulatory phonetics , the place of articulation also point of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract ... location typically some part of the roof of the mouth . Along with the manner of articulation ... when the vocal cords are contracted or relaxed across the larynx. Place of articulation passive The passive place of articulation is the place on the more stationary part of the vocal tract where the articulation occurs. It can be anywhere from the lips, upper teeth, gums, or roof of the mouth ... an articulation takes place. However, although a language may contrast pre velar and post velar sounds ... that contrasts are limited to the number above if not always their exact location. Place of articulation active The articulatory gesture of the active place of articulation involves the more mobile part .... Unlike the passive articulation, which is a continuum, there are five discrete active articulators ... and passive articulators and resulting places of articulation Place of articulation The following ... of articulation is sometimes seen. However, this is usually reduced to the passive articulation ..., so subapical palatal is more commonly called retroflex . NOTE Additional shades of passive articulation ... to mean palato alveolar . ref Homorganic consonants Consonants that have the same place of articulation ... . Central and lateral articulation main Lateral consonant The tongue contacts the mouth with a surface, which has two dimensions length and width. So far only points of articulation along its length have been considered. However, articulation varies along its width as well. When the airstream is directed ... consonant lateral . Nonetheless, for simplicity s sake the place of articulation is assumed ... more details
Manner of articulation Image Illu01 head neck.jpg thumb Human vocal tract File Real time MRI Speaking English .ogv thumb Articulation visualized by real time MRI . In linguistics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonant s, even though the movement of the articulars will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract , thereby changing the formant structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of vowel s. For any place of articulation , there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants . One parameter of manner is stricture, that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Parameters other than stricture are those involved in the r like sounds flap consonant taps and trill consonant ... places of articulation may be sibilant or non sibilant, sibilants being the more common. Taps and flaps are similar to very brief stops. However, their articulation and behavior is distinct enough to be considered ... of the tongue the place of articulation determine the resonance resonant cavity that gives ... frication turbulent and Colors of noise noisy airflow at the place of articulation. Examples include ... the most common fricatives. Fricatives at Coronal consonant coronal front of tongue places of articulation ... classifications Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow plosives, fricatives ... airstream initiations All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an Initiation phonetics ... phonetics Place of articulation Diction Phonation Airstream mechanism multicol break Relative articulation Nonexplosive stop Vocal tract Human voice Source filter model of speech production ... phonetics sammy.html Interactive place and manner of articulation http www.uiowa.edu acadtech phonetics ... eo Maniero de artikulacio fr Mode d articulation ko id Cara artikulasi it Modo di articolazione ... more details
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