Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal Convoluted Tubule Latin tubulus contortus proximalis GraySubject 253 GrayPage ... tubule labeled at center top. Image2 Histology kidney.jpg Caption2 1 Glomerulus , 2 proximaltubule ... Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12830072 The proximaltubule is the portion of the Duct ... of Henle . Structure and appearance The most distinctive characteristic of the proximaltubule is its brush border or striated border . Brush border cell Renal proximaltubule brush border cell ... for the active transport of sodium ions out of the proximaltubule. Water passively follows ... often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximaltubule cells, including ... , which have quite different properties. Divisions The proximaltubule as a part of the nephron ... divisions Description rowspan 4 Proximaltubule rowspan 2 convoluted S1 ref name boron743 cite book ... . Pars recta Proximal straight tubule redirects here The Pars recta is the following straight descending ... described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3 . Absorption The proximaltubule ... and other bases, into the filtrate. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule ... potential of the fluid leaving the proximaltubule is the same as that of the initial ... proximaltubule. ref Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Updated Edition. 2005. ref phosphate ... the same. Secretion Many types of medications are secreted in the proximaltubule. Further ... in the proximaltubule via the breakdown of glutamine to alpha ketoglutarate. ref name Rennke132 ... stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of 55,000x and 80KV ... LM, Medium GeorgiaPhysiology 7 7ch03 7ch03p14 The Nephron ProximalTubule, Pars Convoluta & Pars Recta EmbryologySwiss turinary urinhaute02 Gray s Kidney DEFAULTSORT Proximal Convoluted Tubule Category Kidney anatomy es T bulo proximal fr Tubule contourn proximale it Tubulo contorto prossimale he ... more details
the long U shaped part of the renal tubule, extending through the medulla from the end of the proximal convoluted tubule . It begins with a descending limb comprising the proximal straight tubule and the thin tubule , followed by the ascending limb the distal straight tubule , and ending at the distal convoluted tubule ref name Free Online Dictionary Malpighian tubule any of the excretory organs ..., the nephron loop containing the proximal straight tubule, descending and ascending thin, and the distal ...A tubule is a small tube or fistular structure a minute tube lined with glandular epithelium ref name Biology Online cite web title Tubule url http www.biology online.org dictionary Tubule publisher Biology ... in various structures or organs of the body ref name Free Online Dictionary cite web title Tubule url http www.thefreedictionary.com tubule publisher Free Online Dictionary accessdate April 10, 2012 ref a slender elongated anatomical channel ref name Merriam Webster cite web title Tubule url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary tubule publisher Merriam Webster accessdate Retrieved April 13, 2012 ... Medical Dictionary cite web title Tubule url http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com tubule ... or the enamel ref name Free Online Medical Dictionary Distal convoluted tubule the convoluted ... Galactophorous tubule or lactiferous ducts small channels for the passage of milk from the secreting ... ref name Britannica Online Encyclopedia cite web title Malpighian tubule url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 360506 malpighian tubule publisher Britannica Online Encyclopedia accessdate April 10, 2012 ref Mesonephric tubule tubules comprising the mesonephros or temporary kidney of amniotes Metanephric tubule tubules comprising the permanent kidney of amniotes ref name Free Online Medical Dictionary Microtubule a microscopically small tubule ref name Free Online Dictionary Proximal convoluted tubule the portion of the nephron immediately after the glomerulus Renal tubule the minute ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name T tubule Latin tubulus transversus GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 05.2.01018 BR TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 05.2.02013 A T tubule or transverse tubule is a deep invagination of the sarcolemma , which is the plasma membrane , only found in skeletal muscle skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. Structure Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a sarcolemma the muscle fiber s plasma membrane which invaginates perpendicular to the length of the fiber to form what is called a T tubule. At these invaginations the sarcolemma is studded with a large number of DHP receptor L type calcium channels . In skeletal muscle cells specifically, T tubule invaginations are typically located at the junction overlap between the A and I bands of the sarcomere , and together with a pair of terminal cisternae bulbous enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum it forms an arrangement called a triad anatomy triad . br Cardiac muscle has a similar structure instead of a triad there is a diad , which is composed of a T tubule and a single terminal cisterna, and it occurs at the Sarcomere Bands Z line . It is physiologically important for excitation contraction coupling see section below that the T tubules are positioned close to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the triad anatomy triad or diad arrangement allows physical and functional contact by voltage ... through the L type calcium channel on the T tubule contributes little to excitation contraction coupling ..., the mechanical interaction between the T tubule s L type calcium channel and the calcium ... of the t tubules. There is some evidence that heart failure precipitates the loss of the T tubule ... disk eMedicineDictionary T tubule GeorgiaPhysiology 2 2ch3 communic Muscle tissue T tubuli Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Convoluted tubule is the compound of a metanephridium which is wrapped with Capillary capillaries . The process of reabsorption occurs in this part of the metanephridium. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Convoluted Tubule Category Annelid anatomy Annelid stub animal anatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin tubulus renalis arcuatus GraySubject 253 GrayPage 1223 Image Gray1128.png Caption Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. Image2 Caption2 Precursor Metanephric blastema System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12830099 In the kidney , the collecting tubule CNT , or junctional tubule , or arcuate renal tubule is a tubular segment of the renal collecting duct system that connects the distal convoluted tubule to the cortical collecting duct . Classification Many sources include the connecting tubule as part of the collecting duct system. However, the embryological origin is more similar to the nephron than it is to the rest of the collecting duct which derives from the ureteric bud , and other sources therefore classify the connecting tubule with the nephron. Naming Some connecting tubules, usually associated with nephron juxtamedullary nephron s, arch upwards before reaching the cortical collecting ducts. It is this arcuate feature which gives the tubule its alternate name. Function It participates in the regulation of water and electrolyte s, including sodium , and chloride . The CNT is sensitive to both isoprotenerol more so than the cortical collecting ducts and antidiuretic hormone less so than the cortical collecting ducts , the latter largely determining its function in water reabsorption. References cite book author Eaton, Douglas C., Pooler, John P. title Vander s Renal Physiology publisher Lange Medical Books McGraw Hill year 2004 edition 6th isbn 0 07 135728 9 cite journal author Imai M title The connecting tubule a functional subdivision of the rabbit distal nephron segments journal Kidney Int year 1979 pages 346 56 volume 15 issue 4 pmid 513494 doi 10.1038 ki.1979.46 External links GeorgiaPhysiology 7 7ch03 7ch03p18 http www.ndif.org Terms tubule.html Types of tubules at ndif.org http www.benet.org teachers meraci Biology FrBioReviews Review Excretory System review excretory ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg thumb right 250px Proximal phalanges are bone s found in the limbs of most vertebrates . In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckle s. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw , wing or fin . In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx finger bone . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT Proximal Phalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges proximales nl Proximale falanx pt Falange proximal sq Gishtat e dor s s njeriut th ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal 18q Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 601808 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Proximal 18q is a rare genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. This deletion involves the proximal near the centromere section of the long arm of chromosome 18 somewhere between 18q11.2 18.9 Mb to 18q21.1 43.8 Mb . ref Cody JD, Sebold C, Malik A, Heard P, Carter E, Crandall A, Soileau B, Semrud Clikeman M, Cody CM, Hardies LJ, Li J, Lancaster J, Fox PT, Stratton RF, Perry B, Hale DE 2007 . Am J Med Genet 143A 11 1181 90. ref Exact breakpoints vary. Genetic Basis Proximal 18q is caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 18 involving the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 18 ... delays. Diagnosis of proximal 18q is usually made via a routine chromosome analysis , although .... Clinical Description Proximal 18q causes a range of medical and developmental concerns. There is significant ... been reported in some newborns with proximal 18q . ENT Recurrent otitis media is frequently associated with proximal 18q and, in some cases, may cause conductive hearing loss. This may be resolved with the placement of PE tubes . Vision Many individuals with proximal 18q have strabismus and or refractive errors . Gastrointestinal Anomalies Gastrointestinal anomalies are not common in people with proximal ... spaces have all been reported in people with proximal 18q . Orthopedics Orthopedic anomalies are commonly seen in people with proximal 18q . Clubfoot , pes planus , and scoliosis have all been reported. Growth Children with proximal 18q are often small for their age. Unlike distal 18q , however, growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in anyone with proximal 18q . Development Proximal ... At present, treatment for proximal 18q is symptomatic, meaning that the focus is on treating ... on identifying the role of the genes on 18q in causing the signs and symptoms associated with proximal ... more details
Kidney distal tubule cell redirects here The DCT is lined with simple cuboidal cells that are shorter than those of the proximal convoluted tubule PCT . The lumen appears larger in DCT than the PCT ... Histologically , cells of the DCT can be differentiated from cells of the proximal convoluted tubule ... likely More likely Additional images gallery Image Histology kidney.jpg 1 Glomerulus , 2 Proximal convoluted tubuleproximaltubule , 3 distal tubule Image Gray1133.png Transverse section of pyramidal ...Infobox Anatomy Name Distal convoluted tubule Latin tubulus contortus distalis GraySubject 253 GrayPage 1223 Image Kidney nephron.png Caption Kidney nephron 1st proximal convoluted tubule , 2nd distal convoluted tubule Image2 Gray1132.png Caption2 Section of cortex of human kidney. Precursor Metanephric blastema System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Distal Kidney Tubule MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12830066 The distal convoluted tubule DCT is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system . Physiology It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium , sodium , calcium , and pH . It is the primary site for the kidneys hormone based regulation of calcium Ca . On its Apical membrane apical surface lumen side , cells of the DCT have a thiazide sensitive Na Cl cotransporter and are Semipermeable membrane permeable to Ca, via TRPV5 channel. On the basolateral surface blood there is an ATP dependent Na K antiport pump, a secondary active Na Ca transporter antiport , and an ATP dependent Ca transporter. The basolateral ATP dependent Na K pump produces the gradient for Na to be absorbed from the apical surface via the Na Cl synport and for Ca ... and absorbing Na sup sup . Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone ... within the distal convoluted tubule. Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 is also expressed in the DCT ... Tubule contourn distal he ja pl Kanalik dystalny ... more details
the tubule walls. Wastes such as urea and amino acids are thought to diffuse through the walls, while ... while reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph occurs in the proximal ... more details
Proximal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the proximal nailfold. ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 305 See also Onychomycosis Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous infection stub Mycoses Category Mycosis related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal diabetic neuropathy Image Diabetic nephropathy.jpg Caption A renal biopsy showing nodular glomerulosclerosis in a case of diabetic nephropathy MedlinePlus 000693 ICD10 ICD10 N 312 n 312 ICD9 ICD9 353.5 OMIM 603933 eMedicineTopic 1170337 GPnotebook 1073348602 Proximal diabetic neuropathy , also known as lumbosacral radioplexus neurophagy , femoral neurophagy and diabetic amyotrophy , is a nerve disorder that results as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It affects the thighs, hips, buttocks and legs. Proximal diabetic neurophagy is a peripheral nerve disease diabetic neuropathy characterized by painful muscle wasting and weakness. ref h b f.info. 2012 Diabetic proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy proximal.htm ref Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes . It is defined as damage to the nerves .... Proximal diabetic neuropathy is one of four types of diabetic neuropathy. ref Nazario, B., Wed MB ... ref Proximal diabetic neuropathy can occur in type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus patients however ... 20, 2012, from http diabetes.niddk.nih.gov dm pubs neuropathies proximalneuropathy ref Proximal neuropathy ... of proximal diabetic neuropathy depend on which nerves are affected. The first symptom is usually pain ... by intense weakness in the Muscles proximal muscles of the lower limbs that can result in patients ... 2012 Diabetic proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy proximal.htm ref Proximal dietetic neuropathy is often accompanied by polyneuropathy , a malfunction ... proximal neuropathy . Retrieved March 20, 2012, from http www.h b f.info diabetes neuropathy ... to the nerves being exposed to high blood sugar levels for long periods of time. In the case of proximal ... management of diabetes mellitus can prevent proximal diabetic neuropathy from ever occurring. Proximal ... feeling in the legs. Medication helps reduce the pain involved in proximal diabetic neuropathy . Most ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal radioulnar articulation Latin articulatio radioulnaris proximalis GraySubject 85 GrayPage 324 Image Gray331.png Caption Capsule of elbow joint distended . Anterior aspect. Image2 Gray333.png Caption2 Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161505 The proximal radioulnar articulation superior radioulnar joint is a trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament . Nerve Supply median nerve musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve See also Distal radioulnar articulation Supination Gray s Joints of upper limbs Category Bones of the upper limb Musculoskeletal stub de Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis gl Articulaci n radio cubital superior ... more details
The zone of proximal development , often abbreviated ZPD , is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It is a concept developed ... to do certain tasks without help. Vygotsky s often quoted definition of zone of proximal development ... their zones of proximal development, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning. ref ... Children. p. 24 ref The zone of proximal development defines functions that have not matured ... the untimely death of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky interrupted his thinking about the zone of proximal development ZPD . ref Zaretskii,V.K. 2009 . The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write. ref The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed ... of Proximal Development A Spatiotemporal Model. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology ... learn their native language and motor skills generally by being placed in the zone of proximal development ... moves exactly per se but takes what he can and adds his her own twist. Zone of Proximal Development ... was in the zone of proximal development for successfully performing a double take down. He performed ... his goal. Layman s Terms The Zone of Proximal Development ZPD , in Education refers to the distance ... within the zone of proximal development matures within a particular internal context that includes .... K. title The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write journal Journal ... The Zone of Proximal Development&rft.jtitle Journal of Russian and East European Psychology&rft ..., Linda, and Greta Ducrey. Assessment of or in the zone of proximal development. Learning and Instruction 10.2 2000 137 152. Print. Chaiklin, S. 2003 . The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky ...,V.K. 2009 . The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write. Journal of Russian ... proximal sk Z na najbli ieho v voja fi L hikehityksen vy hyke zh ... more details
Image PFFD.jpg thumb alt a 13 Year old girl with PFFD Proximal femoral focal deficiency PFFD is a rare, heredity non hereditary congenital disorder birth defect that affects the pelvis , particularly the hip bone, and the proximal femur . The disorder may affect one side or both, with the hip being deformed and the human leg leg shortened. It is commonly linked with the absence or shortening of a leg bone fibular hemimelia and the absence of a patella kneecap . Other linked birth defects include the dislocation or instability of the joint between the femur and the kneecap, a shortened tibia or fibula , and foot deformities. Classifications There are typically four classes or types of PFFD, ranging from class A to class D, as detailed by Aitken http gait.aidi.udel.edu res695 homepage pd ortho educate clincase pffd.htm . Causes The cause of PFFD is uncertain. Two hypotheses have been advanced. The theory of sclerotome subtraction posits injury to neural crest cells that are the precursors to sensory nerves at the level of L4 and L5. ref name medscape1 cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 1248323 overview title Medscape Medscape Access publisher Emedicine.medscape.com date accessdate 2011 10 26 ref Histologic studies of a fetus with unilateral PFFD have prompted an alternative hypothesis that PFFD is caused by a defect in maturation of chondrocytes cartilage cells at the growth plate. ref cite web url http www.ejbjs.org cgi content abstract 71 8 1119 title Proximal femoral focal deficiency. Evidence for a defect in proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes publisher Ejbjs.org date accessdate 2011 10 26 ref In either hypothesis, the agent causing the injury is usually not known. Thalidomide is known to cause PFFD when the mother is exposed to it in the fifth or sixth ... pediatric orthopedics Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency.html Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency ... educate clincase pffd.htm Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency at the Pediatric Orthopedics department ... more details
Infobox disease Name Proximal renal tubular acidosis Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 179830 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000141 Proximal renal tubular acidosis pRTA is a type of renal tubular acidosis caused by a failure of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate from the urine, leading to urinary bicarbonate wasting and subsequent acidemia. The distal intercalated cells function normally, so the acidemia is less severe than dRTA and the urine can acidify to a pH of less than 5.3. ref cite journal author Rodriguez Soriano J, Boichis H, Stark H, Edelmann CM title Proximal renal tubular acidosis. A defect in bicarbonate reabsorption with normal urinary acidification journal Pediatr. Res. volume 1 issue 2 pages 81 98 year 1967 pmid 6029811 doi url ref pRTA also has several causes, and may occasionally be present as a solitary defect, but is usually associated with a more generalised dysfunction of the proximal tubular cells called Fanconi s syndrome where there is also phosphaturia , glycosuria , aminoaciduria, uricosuria and tubular proteinuria . The principal feature of Fanconi s syndrome is bone demineralization osteomalacia or rickets due to phosphate wasting. Causes Familial disorders Cystinosis ref cite journal author Gahl WA, Thoene JG, Schneider JA title Cystinosis journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 347 issue 2 pages 111 21 year 2002 pmid 12110740 doi 10.1056 NEJMra020552 url http content.nejm.org cgi content extract 347 2 111 ref Galactosemia ref cite journal author Golberg L, Holzel A, Komrower GM, Schwarz V title A clinical and biochemical study of galactosaemia a possible explanation of the nature of the biochemical lesion journal Arch. Dis. Child. volume 31 issue 158 pages 254 64 year 1956 pmid 13363463 pmc ... Matsuo N, Tsuchiya Y, Cho H, Nagai T, Tsuji A title Proximal renal tubular acidosis in a child with type ... DA title Renal proximal tubular dysfunction and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria journal Am ... more details
proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid anion 100 75 glucuronic acid conjugates proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid glycine conjugates proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid indometacin proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid anion methotrexate proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid 100 75 penicillin proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid anion 75 50 br benzylpenicillin probenecid proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid anion sulphate conjugates proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid thiazide diuretics proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid uric acid proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Acid amiloride proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base cation dopamine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base histamine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base mepacrine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base morphine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base cation pethidine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base quaternary ammonium compounds proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base quinine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base cation 5 hydroxytryptamine proximaltubule ref name Rang112 Base triamterene proximaltubule ... doi Page 802 ref anion chlorothiazide proximaltubule ref name boron802 anion saccharin proximaltubule ref name boron802 anion salicylate proximaltubule ref name boron802 anion atropine proximaltubule ref name boron802 cation N1 3Hmethylnicotinamide NMN proximaltubule ref name boron802 cation paraquat proximaltubule ref name boron802 cation procainamide proximaltubule ref name boron802 cation tetraethylammonium proximaltubule ref name boron802 cation chlorpromazine proximaltubule ref ... location Edinburgh year 2003 pages isbn 0 443 07145 4 oclc doi Page 113 ref para aminohippurate proximaltubule ref name Rang112 cite book author Rang, H. P. title Pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone ... 75 50 br oxytetracycline neostigmine 75 50 propantheline 50 tubocurarine 50 acetazolamide proximaltubule ref name boron802 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular ... more details
A carboxylate transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports carboxylate . They are responsible for the reabsorption of filtered carboxylate in renal physiology , resulting in a 100 ref name boron799 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 799 ref reabsorption in the proximal tubule . In proximal tubule In the renal proximal tubule , there are several kinds of carboxylate transporters in the apical membrane and the basolateral membrane . Apical sodium Na monocarboxylate cotransporter 3Na dicarboxylate cotransporter 3Na tricarboxylate cotransporter Basolateral hydrogen H monocarboxylate cotransporter ref name boron799 organic anion dicarboxylate exchanger References reflist Category Transport proteins medicine stub ... more details
Hemosiderinuria syn. haemosiderinuria , brown urine , occurs with chronic intravascular hemolysis , in which hemoglobin is released from RBCs into the bloodstream in excess of the binding capacity of haptoglobin . The excess hemoglobin is filtered by the kidney and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, where the iron portion is removed and stored in ferritin or hemosiderin . The tubule cells of the proximal tubule slough off with the hemosiderin and are excreted into the urine, producing a brownish color. It is usually seen 3 4 days after the onset of hemolytic conditions. Hemoglobinuria is another indicator of intravascular hemolysis, but disappears more quickly than hemosiderin, which can remain in the urine for several weeks therefore, hemosiderinuria is a better marker for intravascular hemolysis. Category Red blood cell disorders med sign stub ... more details
Tubular fluid is the fluid in the renal tubule tubules of the kidney . It starts as a Ultrafiltration renal renal ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus , changes composition through the nephron , and ends up as urine leaving through the ureter s. Composition table The composition of tubular fluid changes throughout the nephron, from the proximaltubule to the collecting duct and then as it exits the body, from the ureter Class wikitable Concentration m Concentration Molarity M of substances in different segments of nephron and collecting duct system rowspan 2 Substance colspan 3 proximaltubule colspan 3 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule colspan 4 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 Descending limb of loop of Henle descending limb thin ascending limb of loop of Henle thin ascending limb thick ascending limb of loop of Henle thick ascending limb connecting tubule initial collecting tubule cortical collecting ducts medullary collecting ducts sodium Na sup sup 142 ref name boron777 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 777 ref 142 ref name boron777 100 ref name boron777 70 ref name boron777 40 ref name boron777 References reflist Category Kidney Category Urology ... more details
A chloride hydroxyl exchanger is a purported membrane transport protein , responsible for the exchange of chloride and hydroxyl in the renal proximal tubule , functioning in renal chloride reabsorption . However, little is known about the protein responsible for this action. ref http www.nature.com ki journal v50 n6 abs ki1996513a.html Functional identity of a purified proximal tubule anion exchanger protein Mediation of chloride formate and chloride bicarbonate exchange ref . References reflist membrane transport proteins Carrier proteins Ion channels Ion pumps Neurotransmitter transporters Category Transport proteins Category Transmembrane transporters membrane protein stub ... more details
Renal oligopeptide reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered oligopeptide s, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule . Practically nothing is left in the final urine. Longer oligopeptides, such as angiotensin ref name boron798 and glutathione ref name boron798 are degraded by enzymes on the brush border , while shorter ones, such as carnosine ref name boron798 , are transported across the apical membrane as a whole by the PepT 1 transporter, and degraded inside the proximal tubule cell . Overview table Class wikitable Characteristics of oligopeptide reabsorption rowspan 2 Characteristic colspan 3 proximal tubule rowspan 2 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule rowspan 2 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 reabsorption colspan 3 99 ref name boron798 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 798 ref colspan 3 Beyond the proximal tubule 1 ref name boron798 reabsorption m Mole unit moles day Concentration apical membrane apical transport proteins colspan 3 sodium amino acid symporter ref name boron798 PepT 1 for short peptides, n 2 to 4 ref name boron798 basolateral membrane basolateral transport proteins colspan 3 amino acid transporter ref name boron798 Other reabsorption features References reflist renal physiology Category Renal physiology ... more details
Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose , preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine. If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glucosuria . This is associated with diabetes mellitus . ref http www.lib.mcg.edu edu eshuphysio program section7 7ch06 7ch06p11.htm Sect. 7, Ch. 6 Characteristics of Proximal Glucose Reabsorption Bot generated title ref . Overview table Class wikitable Characteristics of Glucose reabsorption rowspan 2 Characteristic colspan 3 proximal tubule rowspan 2 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule rowspan 2 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 reabsorption rowspan 2 98 ref name boron793 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 793 ref colspan 3 Beyond the Distal convoluted tubule 2 ref name boron793 reabsorption m Mole unit moles day Concentration apical membrane apical transport proteins colspan 2 SGLT2 ref name boron793 SGLT1 ref name boron793 basolateral membrane basolateral transport proteins GLUT2 ref name boron793 GLUT1 ref name boron793 Other reabsorption features References reflist renal physiology Category Renal physiology ... more details
Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered protein s, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule . Only 1 ref name boron798 is left in the final urine. The proteins cross the apical membrane by endocytosis . They are subsequently degraded in lysosome s. The remaining free amino acids are transported across the basolateral membrane by amino acid transporter s. ref name boron798 Overview table Class wikitable Characteristics of oligopeptide reabsorption rowspan 2 Characteristic colspan 3 proximal tubule rowspan 2 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule rowspan 2 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 reabsorption colspan 3 99 ref name boron798 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 798 ref colspan 3 reabsorption m Mole unit moles day Concentration apical membrane apical transport colspan 3 endocytosis ref name boron798 basolateral membrane basolateral transport proteins colspan 3 amino acid transporter ref name boron798 Other reabsorption features References reflist renal physiology Category Renal physiology ... more details
orphan date August 2008 Osmotic nephrosis refers to structural changes that occur at the cellular level in the human kidney . Cell biology Cells , primarily of the straight proximal tubule , swell due to the formation of large vacuole s in the cytoplasm . These vacuoles occur in the presence of large amounts of certain solution solutes circulating in the tubules. However, despite the condition s name, the solutes do not cause change through osmotic forces but through pinocytosis . Once inside the cytoplasm, pinocytic vacuoles combine with each other and with lysosome s to form large vacuoles that appear transparent under microscopic examination. There may be no symptomatic presentation with this condition, or it may confused with other nephrotic conditions such as Tubular calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. Affected cells of the proximal tubule may be passed in the urine , but a kidney biopsy is the only sure way to make a diagnosis. Responsible exogenous solutes include sucrose containing IVIg, mannitol , dextran , contrast dye, and hydroxyethyl starch . Prevention includes standard preventions for iatrogenic kidney damage. Osmotic nephrosis is usually reversible but can lead to chronic renal failure . References Dickenmann M, Oettl T, & Mihatsch MJ. 2008 Osmotic nephrosis Acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51 3 , 491 503. Retrieved 9 Mar 2008 from MDConsult database. External links http www.nature.com ki journal v70 n10 fig tab 5001737f1.html Image of osmotic nephrosis histopathologic finding Category Nephrology ... more details
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