italic title File Sirthomasbrowne.png thumb 200px right Portrait of Sir Thomas Browne PseudodoxiaEpidemica or Enquries into very many received tenets and commonly presumed truths , also known simply as PseudodoxiaEpidemica or Vulgar Errors , is a work by Thomas Browne refuting the common errors and superstitions of his age. It first appeared in 1646 and went through five subsequent editions, the last revision occurring in 1672. The work includes evidence of Browne s adherence to the Francis Bacon Baconian method of empirical observation of nature, and was in the vanguard of work in progress scientific journalism in the 17th century scientific revolution , though he refers to his work as an encyclopedia encyclopaedia . Throughout its pages frequent examples of Browne s subtle humour can also be found. Browne s three determinants for obtaining truth were firstly, the authority of past authors, secondly, the act of reason and lastly, empirical experience. Each of these determinants are employed upon subjects ranging from the cosmological to common folklore. Subjects covered in Pseudodoxia are arranged in the time honoured Renaissance scale of creation, the learned doctor assaying to dispel errors and fallacies concerning the mineral , vegetable and animal kingdoms before moving to errors ... PseudodoxiaEpidemica was a valuable source of information which found itself upon the shelves of many .... The second of PseudodoxiaEpidemica s seven books entitled Tenets concerning Mineral and Vegetable ... of Browne s claims. Source A detailed edition of PseudodoxiaEpidemica in 2 volumes was published ... Browne s Index to PseudodoxiaEpidemica entitled wikisource PseudodoxiaEpidemica An Alphabetical ... of the early scientific revolution. Editions The popularity of Pseudodoxia in its day is confirmed ... in Isaac Newton s discoveries. Pseudodoxia was subsequently translated and published in French, Dutch ... Historia Popular science References Reflist External links http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudodoxia.shtml ... more details
Infobox disease Name Nephropathia epidemica Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 A 98 5 a 90 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID GeneReviewsID GeneReviewsName Nephropathia epidemica NE or epidemic nephropathy is a type of viral haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantavirus HFRS caused by the Puumala virus . The incubation period is three weeks. Nephropathia epidemica has a sudden onset with fever , abdominal pain, headache , back pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. More severe symptoms include internal hemorrhaging . Although fatal in a small percentage of cases, nephropathia epidemica is generally milder than the HFRS that is caused by hantaviruses in other parts of the world. ref Cite pmid 20375360 ref The bank vole is the reservoir for the virus, which humans contract through inhalation of aerosolised vole droppings. ref Rose et. al. 2003 Introduction ref The majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic or develop only mild symptoms, and the disease is not known to spread from human to human. This infection is known as sorkfeber in Swedish language Swedish and myyr kuume in Finnish language Finnish vole fever . In Norwegian language Norway , it is called musepest mouse plague . See also Leptospirosis Sources http www.eurosurveillance.org ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId 394 Rose A, Vapalahti O, Lyytik inen O, Nuorti P. Patterns of Puumala virus infection in Finland . Euro Surveill. 2003 8 1 pii 394. http www.hs.fi english article Significant rise in number of Puumala virus cases in Southern Finland 1135239825207 Significant rise in number of Puumala virus cases in Southern Finland. Helsinki Sanomat Sep 29 2008. References reflist Category Viral diseases Medical stub es Nefropat a epid mica fi Myyr kuume sv Sorkfeber ... more details
Year nav topic 1646 science The year 1646 in science and technology involved some significant events. Technology Pascal s Law , a law of hydrostatics is developed, stating that, in a perfect fluid, the pressure exerted on it anywhere is transmitted equally. Publications Dr Thomas Browne s Pseudodoxia Epidemica is published in London , ref cite book last Williams first Hywel title Cassell s Chronology of World History location London publisher Weidenfeld & Nicolson year 2005 isbn 0 304 35730 8 page 261 ref introducing the words electricity , medicine medical , pathology , hallucination and computer to the English language and casting doubt on the theory of spontaneous generation . ref cite journal first Gordon last Chalmers title The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England journal Philosophy of Science year 1937 volume 4 issue 1 pages 75&ndash 95 doi 10.1086 286445 ref Births April 20 Charles Plumier , French people French botanist d. 1704 in science 1704 July 1 Gottfried Leibniz , Germans German scientist and mathematician d. 1716 in science 1716 Deaths November 29 Laurentius Paulinus Gothus , Swedish people Swedish theologian and astronomer b. 1565 in science 1565 References reflist Category 1646 in science fr 1646 en science hu 1646 a tudom nyban mk 1646 ... more details
Thomas Browne Browne, Thomas . PseudodoxiaEpidemicaPseudodoxiaepidemica or, Enquiries into very ... may be found through http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudodoxia.shtml Luminarium.org . Note ... more details
Year nav topic 1646 literature The year 1646 in literature involved some significant events. Events March 24 The King s Men playing company King s Men petition Parliament for three and a half years back pay this is despite the London theatres officially remaining closed through the middle 1640s. No details of their activities in these years survive. May 5 Martin Llewellyn s drama The King Found at Southwell is performed at Oxford it is the last stage piece presented in the city before its surrender to Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War , June 22 4. John Lilburne is placed in the Tower of London for denouncing his former commander the Earl of Manchester as a traitor. Jacqueline Pascal is converted to Jansenism by her brother, Blaise Pascal . New books Anonymous John Lilburne ? London s Liberty in Chains Discovered Anonymous John Lilburne? Vox Plebis, or the People s Outcry Sir Thomas Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Vulgar Errors Thomas Fuller Andronicus or the Unfortunate Politician Sir John Suckling poet John Suckling An Account of Religion by Reason published New drama Pierre Corneille Th odore Jean de Rotrou C lie James Shirley The Triumph of Beauty masque Sir John Suckling poet John Suckling Fragmenta Aurea , collected plays, including The Sad One unfinished Poetry Richard Crashaw Steps to the Temple Martin Lluelyn Men Miracles John Milton Poems Francis Quarles The Shepherds Oracle James Shirley Poems Henry Vaughan Poems, with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished Births March 19 Michael Kongehl , poet died 1710 July 1 Gottfried Leibniz , philosopher died 1716 July 20 Eus be Renaudot , theologian died 1720 probable John Mason poet John Mason , poet, preacher and hymn writer died 1694 Deaths August 19 Alexander Henderson theologian born c.1583 September 17 Erycius Puteanus , philologist and encyclopedist born 1574 October 23 David Wedderburn writer David Wedderburn , schoolmaster and author of textbooks born 1580 December 23 Fran ois Maynard , poet born ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2011 Image Inside cover Curiositez inouyes sur la sculpture talismanique des Persans.jpg thumb right The inside cover of Curiositez inouyes sur la sculpture talismanique des Persans, horoscope des Patriarches et lecture des estoiles . Jacques Gaffarel lang la Jacobus Gaffarellus 1601 1681 was a France French scholar and astrologer . He followed the family tradition of studying medicine , and then became a priest , but mainly developed his interests in the fields of natural history and Oriental occultism , gaining fluency in the Hebrew language Hebrew , Persian language Persian , and Arabic language Arabic languages. His most famous work is lang fr Curiositez inouyes sur la sculpture talismanique des Persans, horoscope des Patriarches et lecture des estoiles Unheard of Curiosities concerning Talismanical Sculpture of the Persia ns, the horoscope of the Patriarchs , and the reading of the Stars , which was published in French language French in 1629 and translated into English language English in 1650, by Edmund Chilmead . Jewish astrology developed independently from the mythology and star gazing of the ancient ancient Greece Greek and Ancient Rome Roman civilisation s. Gaffarel included in his work two large folding plates of the Celestial Constellation s expressed by Hebrew characters , and asserted that the letters of the Hebrew alphabet could be interpreted from the constellation s and that the heavens could be read as if a book . Image Retraction Curiositez inouyes sur la sculpture talismanique des Persans.jpg thumb right The retraction written in the above mentioned book. The book enjoyed phenomenal success. Ren Descartes read this work with interest and the French physician and mathematician Pierre Gassendi 1592 1655 defended it. Unheard of Curiosities was one of 1,500 books in the Library of Sir Thomas Browne and one of the varied sources of his Encyclopedia encyclopaedia entitled Pseudodoxia Epidemica . Browne alludes to Gaffarel s as ... more details
TOCright Musaeum Clausum Latin for Sealed Museum , also known as Bibliotheca abscondita , is a Tract literature tract written by Sir Thomas Browne first published posthumously in 1684. The book contains short descriptions of supposed, rumoured or lost books pictures and objects. The subtitle describes the book as an inventory of remarkable books, antiquities, pictures and rarities of several kinds, scarce or never seen by any man now living . The tract s date is unknown however, an event from the year 1675 is cited. Like Pseudodoxia Epidemica , Musaeum Clausum is a catalogue of doubts and queries, only this time, in a style that anticipates Jorge Luis Borges , a 20th century Argentina Argentinian short story writer who once declared To write vast books is a laborious nonsense, much better is to offer a summary as if those books actually existed. Browne however was not the first author to engage in such fantasy. The France French author Rabelais in his epic Gargantua and Pantagruel also penned a list of imaginary and often obscene book titles in his Library of Pantagruel an inventory which Browne himself alludes to in Religio Medici . As the 17th century scientific revolution progressed the popularity and growth of antiquarian collections, some claiming to house highly improbable items grew. Browne was an avid collector of antiquities and natural specimens possessing a supposed unicorn s horn, presented to him by Arthur Dee . Browne s eldest son Edward visited the famous scholar Athanasius Kircher , founder of the Museo Kircherano at Rome in 1667, whose exhibits included an engine for attempting perpetual motion and a speaking head, which Kircher called his Oraculum Delphinium . He wrote to his father of his visit to the Jesuit priest s closet of rarities . Early museums such as Kircher s were private affairs, wooden arks or cabinets where antiquarians kept collections of curious objects. The intellectual collector of such curiosities was the forerunner of today s pr ... more details
month December year 1985 pages 7 14 accessdate 2011 12 23 ref Publications Thomas Browne s work PseudodoxiaEpidemica , ref name Cassell s Chronology which introduces the word electricity to the language ... more details
the stone s application to obstetrics in his PseudodoxiaEpidemica 1672 , but doubted the story about eagles. ref Thomas Browne , PseudodoxiaEpidemica 1672 II. v. 9, as cited by Stol, Birth in Babylonia ... more details
, High and Low Dutch. PseudodoxiaEpidemica , or Enquiries into Common and Vulgar Errors translated ... 013744 0 ref In 1646, Browne published the encyclopaedia , PseudodoxiaEpidemica , or, Enquiries into Very ... needed date July 2010 Literary works Religio Medici 1643 PseudodoxiaEpidemica 1646 72 Hydriotaphia ... title Sir Thomas Browne, Thomas le Gros, and the first edition of PseudodoxiaEpidemica, 1646 journal ... more details
in his book PseudodoxiaEpidemica . ref cite web url http seansturm.wordpress.com tag erratology ... authorlink Thomas Browne title PseudodoxiaEpidemica or Enquries into very many received tenets and commonly presumed truths. url http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudodoxia.html accessdate 12 ... more details
File Easter Bunny Postcard 1907.jpg thumb A 1907 postcard File Hase mit Ostereiern 2 .jpg thumb A bunny and eggs The Easter Bunny or Easter Rabbit is a character depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter egg s, who sometimes is depicted with clothes. In legend, the creature brings baskets filled with colored eggs, candy and sometimes also toys to the homes of children, and as such shows similarities to Father Christmas , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holiday. It was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau Georg Franck von Frankenau s De ovis paschalibus ref cite web url http www.weiserantiquarian.com catalogeleven title Weiser Antiquarian Books Catalog publisher www.weiserantiquarian.com accessdate 2010 10 17 deadlink date April 2012 ref About Easter Eggs in 1682 ref http www.occultcenter.com 2008 03 easter bunny origins Easter Bunny What Does He Have To Do With Easter? , occultcenter.com ref referring to an Alsace tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter Eggs. Symbols File Chocolate Easter Bunny.jpg thumb right A chocolate Easter Bunny Rabbits and hares The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art. In ancient times it was widely believed as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus and Aelian that the hare was hermaphrodite . ref name meaning Chris Chapman http www.chrischapmanphotography.co.uk hares index.html Three Hares Project , What does the Symbol Mean? ref ref cite web url http www.jstor.org discover 10.2307 2869713?uid 3739864&uid 2129&uid 2&uid 70&uid 4&uid 3739256&sid 56001544743 title Rosalind, the hare, and the hyena in Shakespeare s As You Like It author Marta Powell Harley publisher Shakespeare Quarterly ref ref cite web url http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudo317.html title Sir Thomas Browne 1646 6th ed., 1672 Pseudodoxia Epidemica III xvii pp. 162 166 ref The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring ... more details
counterpart in the sea had a long career it had been firmly dismissed by Sir Thomas Browne , in PseudodoxiaEpidemica 1646 in which one of the Vulgar errors is that all Animals of the Land, are in their Kinde ... more details
in the 17th century. Sir Thomas Browne devoted a chapter of his PseudodoxiaEpidemica to dispelling .... ref http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudo324.html On line text . ref During the Age of Enlightenment ... more details
For other uses of adamant, adamantium, and similar terms Adamant disambiguation Wiktionary Adamant and similar words are used to refer to any especially hardness hard substance, whether composed of diamond , some other gemstone , or some type of metal . Both adamant and diamond derive from the Greek language Greek word adamastos , meaning untameable . Adamantite and adamantium a metallic name derived from the New Latin Neo Latin ending ium are also common variants. Adamantine has, throughout ancient history, referred to anything that was made of a very hard material. Virgil describes Tartarus as having a screeching gate protected by columns of solid adamantine Aeneid book VI . Later, by the Middle Ages , the term came to refer to diamond , as it was the hardest material then known, and remains the hardest non synthetic material known. It was in the Middle Ages, too, that adamantine hardness and the lodestone s magnetic properties became confused and combined, leading to an alternate definition in which adamant means magnet, falsely derived from the Latin adamare , which means to love or be attached to. ref http machaut.uchicago.edu ?action search&word adamant&resource Webster 27s&quicksearch on Webster s dictionary definition of adamant , 1828 and 1913 editions ref Another connection was the belief that adamant the diamond definition could block the effects of a magnet. This was addressed in chapter III of Pseudodoxia Epidemica , for instance. Since the word diamond is now used for the hardest gemstone, the increasingly archaic term adamant has a mostly poetry poetic or figurative use. In that capacity, the name is frequently used in popular media and fiction to refer to a very hard substance. Adamant and adamantine in mythology In Greek Mythology , the Titan mythology Titan Cronus castrated his father Uranus mythology Uranus using an adamant sickle . An adamantine sickle or sword was also used by the hero Perseus to decapitate the Gorgon Medusa while she ... more details
issue 4 pages 261 author Niels H. de V. Heathcote title The early meaning of electricity Some PseudodoxiaEpidemica I journal Annals of Science accessdate 2007 07 16 year 1967 month December ref quote ... more details
v2n3 legend.html Legend of the Lamb Plant http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudo328.html 2 Note to Sir Thomas Browne , PseudodoxiaEpidemica, III.28 http hdl.handle.net 2027 spo.did2222.0000.230 ... more details
also believes that Plato was born in the 88th Olympiad. ref name BrXII T. Browne, PseudodoxiaEpidemica ... first Sir Thomas title PseudodoxiaEpidemica url http penelope.uchicago.edu pseudodoxia pseudo412.html ... more details
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