Unreferenced date December 2009 In physics , a pseudoscalar is a quantity that behaves like a scalar physics scalar , except that it changes sign under a Parity physics parity inversion such as improper rotation s while a true scalar does not. The prototypical example of a pseudoscalar is the scalar triple product . A pseudoscalar, when multiplied by an ordinary vector space vector , becomes a pseudovector pseudovector axial vector a similar construction creates the pseudotensor . Mathematically, a pseudoscalar is an element of the top exterior power of a vector space , or the top power of a Clifford algebra see pseudoscalar Clifford algebra . More generally, it is an element of the canonical bundle of a differentiable manifold . Pseudoscalars in physics In physics , a pseudoscalar denotes a physical quantity analogous to a scalar physics scalar . Both are physical quantity physical quantities which assume a single value which is invariant under proper rotation s. However, under the parity transformation , pseudoscalars flip their signs while scalars do not. As Reflection mathematics reflection s through a plane are the combination of a rotation with the parity transformation, pseudoscalars ... that a pseudoscalar reverses its sign when the coordinate axes are inverted suggests that it is not the best ... dual of a pseudoscalar is in fact a skew symmetric pure tensor of rank three. The Levi Civita pseudotensor is a completely skew symmetric pseudotensor of rank 3. Since the dual of the pseudoscalar ..., a pseudoscalar is the dual of a fourth rank tensor which is proportional to the four dimensional ... of momentum a true vector . Pseudoscalars in geometric algebra See also Pseudoscalar Clifford algebra A pseudoscalar in a geometric algebra is a highest graded vector space grade element of the algebra ... highest grade basis element is math e 1 e 2 e 12 . math So a pseudoscalar is a multiple ... which give rise to its name. In this setting, a pseudoscalar changes sign under a parity inversion ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Noneto mes nico de spin 0.png thumb The pseudoscalar mesons consisting of up, down, and strange quarks only form a nonet In high energy physics , a pseudoscalar meson is a meson with total angular momentum quantum number total spin 0 and odd Parity physics parity usually noted as J sup P sup 0 sup &minus sup . Compare to scalar meson . Pseudoscalar mesons are commonly seen in proton proton scattering and proton antiproton annihilation. The pion was first proposed to exist by Yukawa in the 1930s as the primary force carrying boson of the Yukawa Potential in nuclear interactions, and was later observed at nearly the same mass that he originally predicted for it. In the 1950s and 1960s, the pseudoscalar mesons began to proliferate, and were eventually organized into a multiplet according to Murray Gell Mann s so called Eightfold way physics Eightfold Way . Gell Mann further predicted the existence of a ninth resonance in the pseudoscalar multiplet, which he originally called X. Indeed, this particle was later found and is now known as the eta prime meson. The structure of the pseudoscalar meson multiplet, and also the ground state baryon multiplets, led Gell Mann and Zweig, independently to create the well known quark model. Among all of the mesons known to exist, the pseudoscalars are perhaps the most well known in a sense. The masses of the pion , kaon , Eta meson eta and Eta meson eta prime particles are known with great precision. However, the decay properties of the pseudoscalar mesons, particularly of eta and eta prime, are somewhat contradictory to the mass hierarchy. While the eta prime meson is much more massive than the eta meson, the eta meson is thought to contain a larger component of strange and anti strange ... brings glueball mixing into the discussion. It is possible that the eta and eta prime mesons mix with the pseudoscalar ... link yes top Eta See also List of mesons DEFAULTSORT Pseudoscalar Meson Category Mesons Particle ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Pseudo Goldstone bosons arise in a quantum field theory with both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking . The controlling approximate symmetries , if they were exact, would be spontaneous symmetry breaking spontaneously broken hidden , and would thus engender massless Goldstone boson s. The additional explicit symmetry breaking gives these bosons a small mass. The properties of these pseudo Goldstone bosons can normally be found by an expansion around the exactly symmetric theory in terms of the explicit symmetry breaking parameters. Quantum chromodynamics QCD , the theory of strong particle interactions, provides the best known example in nature see the article on the QCD vacuum for details. Experimentally, it is observed that the masses of the octet of pseudoscalar physics pseudoscalar meson s such as the pion are very much lighter than the next heavier quantum state state s, ie, the octet of vector meson s such as the rho meson . In QCD, this is interpreted as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking of chiral symmetry in a sector of QCD with 3 flavours of light quarks. Such a theory, for idealized massless quarks, has global math SU 3 times SU 3 math chiral flavour particle physics flavour symmetry. Under SSB, this is spontaneously broken to the diagonal SU 3 , generating eight Goldstone boson s, which are the pseudoscalar mesons transforming as an adjoint representation octet representation of flavour Special unitary group SU 3 . In actual full QCD, the small quark masses further break the chiral symmetry explicitly as well. The masses of the actual pseudoscalar meson octet are found by an expansion in the quark masses, which goes by the name of chiral perturbation theory . The internal consistency of this argument is further checked by lattice QCD computations, which allow one to vary the quark mass and check that the variation of the pseudoscalar masses with the quark masses is as dictated by chiral perturbation theo ... more details
Muon capture is the capture of a negative muon by a proton , usually resulting in production of a neutron and a neutrino , and sometimes a gamma ray gamma photon . Muon capture by heavy nuclei often leads to emission of particles most often neutron s, but charged particles can be emitted as well. Ordinary muon capture OMC involves capture of a negative muon from the atomic orbital without emission of a gamma photon SubatomicParticle muon SubatomicParticle Proton &rarr SubatomicParticle Neutrino SubatomicParticle Neutron0 Radiative muon capture RMC is a radiative version of OMC, where a gamma photon is emitted SubatomicParticle muon SubatomicParticle Proton &rarr SubatomicParticle Neutrino SubatomicParticle Neutron0 SubatomicParticle Gamma One motivation for the study of muon capture on the proton is its connection to the proton s induced pseudoscalar form factor g sub p sub . References cite journal author T. Gorringe and H.W. Fearing title Induced pseudoscalar coupling of the proton weak interaction journal Rev.Mod.Phys. year 2004 volume 76 pages 31&ndash 91 arxiv nucl th 0206039 doi 10.1103 RevModPhys.76.31 bibcode 2003RvMP...76...31G cite arxiv author V.A. Andreev et al. title Measurement of the Rate of Muon Capture in Hydrogen Gas and Determination of the Proton s Pseudoscalar Coupling g sub P sub year 2007 arxiv 0704.2072 Category Nuclear physics particle stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 A scalar boson is a boson whose spin physics spin equals zero. Boson means that it has an integer valued Spin physics spin the scalar fixes this value to 0. The name scalar boson arises from quantum field theory . It refers to the particular transformation properties under Lorentz transformation . Examples Various known composite particles are scalar bosons, e.g. the alpha particle and the pi meson . Among the scalar mesons, one distinguishes between the Scalar meson scalar and Pseudoscalar meson pseudoscalar mesons, which refers to their transformation property under Parity physics parity . The only fundamental scalar boson in the standard model of elementary particle physics is the Higgs boson . It is the only elementary particle in the Standard Model that has not yet been experimentally measured February 2012 . There are various other hypothetical fundamental scalar bosons, including the inflaton . One very popular quantum field theory, which uses scalar bosonic fields and is introduced in many introductory books to quantum field theories ref cite book author Michael E. Peskin and Daniel V. Schroeder title An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory publisher Westview Press year 1995 isbn 0 201 50397 2 ref for pedagogical reasons, is the so called Quartic interaction math Phi 4 math theory . It usually serves as a toy model to introduce into the basic concepts of the field. See also Scalar meson Pseudoscalar meson Quantum field theory Scalar field theory Vector boson References reflist Particle stub date January 2012 DEFAULTSORT Scalar Boson Category Bosons Category Mesons Category Quantum field theory ... more details
wiktionarypar scalar Scalar may refer to Scalar mathematics , a quantity that can multiply vectors in the context of vector spaces Scalar physics , a quantity which is independent of specific classes of coordinate systems Scalar computing , an atomic quantity that can hold only one value at a time See also Scalar product, also known as the dot product Inner product space Scalar field Pseudoscalar Scalar prostoleg y Scalar processor Biology Pterophyllum P. scalare Pterophyllum scalare Lichtenstein, 1823 , a species of freshwater angelfish disambig bs Skalar vor de Skalar es Escalar eo Skalaro fr Scalaire he ms Skalar pl Skalar ro Scalar sr sh Skalar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 In particle physics , chiral symmetry breaking is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking affecting the chiral symmetry of a gauge theory such as Quantum Chromodynamics , the quantum field theory of the strong interactions . An evident consequence of this symmetry breaking is the generation of 99 of the mass of nucleons , and hence the bulk of visible matter, out of very light quarks . The origin of the symmetry breaking may be described as a fermion condensate vacuum condensate of bilinear expressions involving the fermion s . The pion decay constant may be viewed as a measure of the magnitude of the chiral symmetry breaking. The Nambu Goldstone bosons of the symmetry breaking more precisely, the Pseudo Goldstone boson s of it are the charged and neutral pions , or more generally, the light pseudoscalar mesons . Category Quantum chromodynamics phys stub ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2007 In high energy physics , a vector meson is a meson with total angular momentum quantum number total spin 1 and odd parity physics parity usually noted as nowrap J sup P sup 1 sup &minus sup . Compare to a pseudovector meson , which has a total angular momentum quantum number total spin 1 and even parity physics parity . Vector mesons have been seen in experiments since the 1960s, and are well known for their spectroscopic pattern of masses. Since the development of the quark model by Murray Gell Mann and independently by George Zweig as well , the vector mesons have demonstrated the spectroscopy of pure states. The fact that the nowrap Isospin I 1 rho meson &rho and nowrap I 0 omega meson &omega have nearly equal mass centered around 770 val 780 ul MeV c2 , while the phi meson &phi has a higher mass around val 1020 u MeV c2 , indicates that the light quark vector mesons appear in nearly pure states with the &phi meson having a nearly 100 percent amplitude of hidden strangeness . This characteristic of the vector mesons is not at all evident in the pseudoscalar meson or scalar meson multiplets, and may be only slightly realized among the tensor meson and pseudovector meson multiplets. This fact makes the vector mesons an excellent probe of the quark flavour physics flavor content of other types of mesons, measured through the respective decay rate s of non vector mesons into the different types of vector mesons. Such experiments are very revealing for theorists who seek to determine the flavor content of mixed state mesons. At higher masses, the vector mesons include charm quark charm and bottom quark s in their structure. In this realm, the radiative process es tend to stand out, with heavy tensor and scalar mesons decaying dominantly into vector mesons by photon emission . Pseudovector mesons transition by a similar process into pseudoscalar mesons. Because much of the spectrum of heavy mesons is tied by radiative processes to the vector ... more details
to a pseudoscalar of grade n . ref name Hestenes cite book title New foundations for classical mechanics ... known as pseudoscalar s, in that they are one dimensional objects distinct from regular scalars ... more details
C . When n is odd, the center includes not only the scalars but the pseudoscalar mathematics pseudoscalar s degree n elements as well. We can always find a normalized pseudoscalar such that sup ... n p q mutually orthogonal vectors, p of which have norm 1 and q of which have norm &minus 1. Unit pseudoscalar See also Pseudoscalar The unit pseudoscalar in C sub p , q sub R is defined as math omega ... a volume form in the exterior algebra for the trivial quadratic form, the unit pseudoscalar is a volume form , and lifts reflection through the origin meaning that the image of the unit pseudoscalar ... case, it is not always possible to find a pseudoscalar which squares to 1. Center If n equivalently ... more details
Image Primakoff effect diagram.GIF right thumb Feynman diagram representing the Primakoff effect. Primakoff effect after Henry Primakoff is the resonant production of neutral pseudoscalar meson s by high energy photon s interacting with an atomic nucleus . It can be viewed as the reverse process of the decay of the meson into two photons. Primakoff effect has been used for the measurement of the decay width of neutral mesons. ref cite journal last1 Browman first1 A. last2 Dewire first2 J. last3 Gittelman first3 B. last4 Hanson first4 K. last5 Larson first5 D. last6 Loh first6 E. last7 Lewis first7 R. year 1974 title Decay Width of the Neutral Meson journal Physical Review Letters volume 33 issue 23 pages 1400 bibcode 1974PhRvL..33.1400B doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.33.1400 ref Primakoff effect also could take place in stars, and be a production mechanism of hypothetical particles, such as the axion . The Primakoff effect is predicted to lead to optical properties of the vacuum state in the presence of a strong magnetic field. ref cite journal last1 Sikivie first1 P. last2 Tanner first2 D. last3 Van Bibber first3 Karl year 2007 title Resonantly Enhanced Axion Photon Regeneration journal Physical Review Letters volume 98 issue 17 pages 172002 arxiv hep ph 0701198 bibcode 2007PhRvL..98q2002S doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.98.172002 ref References references See also Vacuum state Category Particle physics physics stub de Primakoff Effekt pl Efekt Primakoffa ru uk ... more details
times mathbf a times mathbf c math Scalar or pseudoscalar Although the scalar triple product gives ... , and so is more properly described as a pseudoscalar if the orientation can change. This also ... and a vector is a pseudoscalar, so the scalar triple product must be pseudoscalar valued. As an exterior ... triple product, and is the pseudoscalar dual of the triple product. As the exterior product ... more details
PhysRevD.71.121302 id arxiv astro ph 0409121 bibcode 2005PhRvD..71l1302M issue 12 ref scalar and pseudoscalar ... pseudoscalar and scalar dark matter journal International Journal of Modern Physics A volume ... more details
boson s of the symmetry breaking are the pseudoscalar physics pseudoscalar meson s. When ... boson s. When the s quark is also treated as massless, i.e., N sub f sub 3, all eight pseudoscalar ... coupling to a pseudoscalar math L I bar N gamma 5 pi N , math And this is clearly theoretically ... pi C , math leaves the gradient coupling alone, but not the pseudoscalar coupling. The modern ... bosons Experimentally it is seen that the masses of the adjoint representation octet of pseudoscalar ... of the pseudoscalar masses with the quark mass is as required by chiral perturbation theory ... of the quark model where all the pseudoscalar mesons should have been of nearly the same ... more details
Distinguish Wess Zumino Witten model In theoretical physics , the Wess Zumino model has become the first known example of an interacting four dimensional quantum field theory with supersymmetry , at least in the Western world. In 1974, Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino studied, using modern terminology, dynamics of a single chiral superfield composed of a complex scalar physics scalar and a spinor fermion whose cubic superpotential leads to a renormalizable theory. Introduction The Lagrangian of the free massless Wess Zumino model in four dimensional spacetime with flat metric math mathrm diag 1,1,1,1 math is math mathcal L frac 1 2 partial S 2 frac 1 2 partial P 2 frac 1 2 bar psi partial psi math with math S math a scalar field, math P math a pseudoscalar field and math psi math a Dirac spinor field. The action is invariant under the transformations generated by the superalgebra. The infinitesimal form of these transformations is math delta epsilon S bar epsilon psi math math delta epsilon P bar epsilon gamma 5 psi math math delta epsilon psi partial S P gamma 5 epsilon math where math epsilon math is a Majorana spinor valued transformation parameter and math gamma 5 math is the Chirality physics Chiral theories chirality operator . Invariance under a modified set of supersymmetry transformations remains if one adds mass terms for the fields, provided the masses are equal. It is also possible to add interaction terms under some algebraic conditions on the coupling constants, resulting from the fact that the interactions come from superpotential for the chiral superfield containing the fields math S math , math P math and math psi math . References cite arxiv first J. M. last Figueroa O Farrill title Busstepp Lectures on Supersymmetry year 2001 eprint hep th 0109172 cite journal first J. last Wess first2 B. last2 Zumino title Supergauge transformations in four dimensions journal Nuclear Physics B volume 70 issue 1 pages 39 50 year 1974 doi 10.1016 0550 3213 74 90355 1 b ... more details
Renate Wiener Chasman January 10, 1932 October 17, 1977 ref name wcp cite encyclopedia title Renate Wiener Chasman encyclopedia Women in Chemistry and Physics A Biobibliographic Sourcebook publisher Greenwood Press accessdate June 17, 2011 author Chasman, Deborah and Courant, Ernest D. editor Grinstein, Louise S. Rose, Rose K. Rafailovich, Miriam H. year 1993 pages 94 100 ref was a physicist . She was born Renate Wiener to German Jewish parents in Berlin . Her father, Hans Wiener, was a founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany . In 1938, the Wiener family fled Nazi Germany through Holland to Sweden , where Wiener grew up and attended school in Stockholm . ref name wcp Wiener and her sister Edith went to Israel to attend Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Wiener graduated in 1955 with a M.Sc in physics with minors in chemistry and mathematics . She earned her PhD in experimental physics in 1959. Her doctoral thesis demonstrated that a pseudoscalar component was not involved in Parity physics parity Conservation law nonconversation in beta decay . ref name wcp Chien Shiung Wu was doing similar work and invited Wiener to work at Columbia University as a research associate. There she met Wu s graduate student Chellis Chasman and together they investigated beta decay. They married in 1962. ref name wcp In 1962, the Chasmans went to Yale University to work with David Allan Bromley in nuclear spectroscopy . Chasman joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1963. In the following years, she facilitated important contributions to the development of particle accelerators, redesigning the alternating gradient proton synchrotron AGS . Together with George Kenneth Green , she is known for the invention of the Chasman Green lattice for synchrotron storage ring s. References reflist External Links http pagerankstudio.com Blog 2010 10 renate wiener chasman biography life and career facts invented Renate Chasman Biography Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Cha ... more details
John Morgan Greene 22 September 1928, Pittsburgh 22 October 2007 San Diego was an American theoretical physicist and applied mathematician, known for his work on soliton s and plasma physics . Greene s father was a professor of chemical engineering at Kansas State. After several successes as a high school student in the state mathematical competitions of Kansas, he received a Pepsi Cola scholarship at Caltech , where he earned a B. S. in 1950. In 1956 he received a PhD from the University of Rochester in nuclear physics under David Feldman with a thesis entitled High Order Corrections to the Nucleon Nucleon Potential in Change Symmetric Pseudoscalar Theory. After his PhD, he worked at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory on Project Matterhorn , where he was one of the leading theoretical physicists and remained until 1982. In 1982 he was Senior Technical Advisor in the theory group of General Atomics and simultaneously adjunct professor at the University of California, San Diego . He died as a consequence of Parkinson s disease. He was the author of a series of works with John Johnson und Katherine Weimer on equilibria and instabilities in Tokamak and Stellarator plasmas in magnetohydrodynamics . With Johnson and Ray Grimm he developed the computer program PEST Princeton Equlibrium and Stability in Tokamak s Code . With Bruno Coppi and others he investigated dissipative instabilities in plasmas. With Ira B. Bernstein and Martin Kruskal he did research on BKG modes nonlinear wave solutions in plasma physics . In the 1970s he worked on Hamiltonian dynamics in chaos theory. In 1979 he published Greene s criterion for the collapse of tori in Kolmogorov Arnold Moser Theorem KAM theory . In 1992 he won the James Clerk Maxwell Prize in Plasma Physics . He was a fellow of the American Physical Society APS and a member of the American Geophysical Union. In 2006 he received the Leroy P. Steele Prize with Martin Kruskal , Robert M. Miura and Clifford S. Gardner ref Korteweg ... more details
, scalar fields are often contrasted with pseudoscalar fields. Uses in physics In physics, scalar fields ... interaction . ref Technically, pions are actually examples of pseudoscalar mesons , which fail ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Deleted image removed Image KALBFLEISCH.jpg right thumb George Randolph Kalbfleisch puic Image KALBFLEISCH.jpg log 2008 July 5 Dr. George Randolph Kalbfleisch March 14, 1931&ndash September 12, 2006 was a US particle physicist . George Kalbfleisch was born March 14, 1931 in Long Beach, California, to Friedrich Carl and Hildegard Kalbfleisch. He graduated from Phineas Banning High School, Wilmington, California, in 1948. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Loyola University, Los Angeles, California, in 1952. On October 23, 1954, he married Ruth Ann Adams in San Pedro, California. He received his Ph.D. in experimental High Energy Physics in 1961 from the University of California at Berkeley . He worked as a post doctoral associate at the University of California at Berkeley with Dr. Luis Alvarez , as a staff physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York, for twelve years, and at Fermi National Laboratory Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, for three years. He performed experiments in the systematizing and the discovery of new particles since 1958, using beams of muons , pions , kaons , protons and antiprotons , and neutrinos . He worked with liquid hydrogen bubble chamber s until 1972, and subsequently worked with electronic spectrometers. He performed research at CERN Laboratory in Switzerland during a sabbatical in 1972. While at Fermilab, he was in charge of the superconducting quadrupoles for the Tevatron at that time, the world s highest energy machine , built more than twenty prototype quadrupoles, and developed and provided the production tooling from which more than 200 quadrupoles were made for the Tevatron . Dr. Kalbfleisch came to the University of Oklahoma OU in 1979 where he established the OU High Energy Physics group OU HEP . He was elected as a Fellow in the American Physical Society in 1982 for his discoveries of the first hyperonic beta decay, of the ninth pseudoscalar meson, the fi ... more details
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