http peripatus.blogspot.com 2005 07 psychological determinism.html Dr. Daniel Bader discusses two forms of psychologicaldeterminism Orectic psychologicaldeterminism is the view that we must always act upon our greatest drive. This is often called psychological hedonism , and if the drive is specified for self interest psychological egoism . Rational psychologicaldeterminism claims that we must always act according to our strongest or best reason. See also Amoralism Determinism Empathy Free will Moral skepticism External links http www.utilitarianism.com psychohed.htm Psychology Determinism DEFAULTSORT PsychologicalDeterminism Category Motivational theories psych stub ... more details
would allow us to make perfect predictions. Psychologicaldeterminism can mean that humans must ...About the general notion of determinism in philosophy Distinguish Fatalism Predeterminism Predictability Certainty Determinism is a philosophy stating that for everything that happens there are conditions ... to their historical significance and alternative theories. Some forms of determinism can be tested empirically with ideas stemming from physics and the philosophy of physics . The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism otherwise called Nondeterminism . Determinism is often contrasted with free will . Determinism is often taken to mean simply causal determinism an idea known in physics ... states. This can be distinguished from other varieties of determinism mentioned below. Other debates ... positions on the subject of determinism exist. This includes debates concerning human action and free will , where opinions might be sorted as compatibilistic and incompatibilistic . Determinism should ..., motives, and desires. Determinism rarely requires that perfect prediction be practically possible ... common viewpoints meant by, or confused with Determinism . File Willow path.jpg thumb right 140px Many philosophical theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path Causality Causal or Nomological determinism ref name StanfordIncompatibilism ... challenge to this view see Determinism Arguments Arguments section below . Causal determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of Laplace s demon . Historical determinism a sort of path dependence can also be synonymous with causal determinism. Necessitarianism is very related to the causal determinism described above. It is a Metaphysics metaphysical principle that denies all ... from Fr. 2 Actius I, 25, 4 ref Fatalism is normally distinguished from determinism . ref name SEPDeterminism http plato.stanford.edu entries determinism causal SEP, Causal Determinism ref Fatalism is the idea ... more details
Wiktionary determinism The term determinism has many meanings in different fields. Philosophy Determinism Deterministic system philosophy Economic determinism in philosophy of history Historical determinism Linguistic determinism Logical determinism Retrospective determinism Scientific determinism Theological determinism Computer science Deterministic algorithm Deterministic automaton Deterministic finite automaton Sociology and anthropology Cultural determinism Environmental determinism Social determinism Technological determinism Biology Biological determinism Genetic determinismDeterminism theory of hematopoiesis Environmental geography Climatic determinism Mathematics Deterministic system Determinacy in set theory and game theory See also Determination disambiguation Indeterminacy disambiguation Determiner disambiguation Determinable disambiguation disambig ... more details
or chose . Psychological effects of belief in hard determinism William James was an United ... with soft determinism , which is a compatibilist form of determinism, holding that free will may exist even despite determinism. ref http www.philosophy dictionary.org Hard determinism Philosophy Dictionary.org on Hard Determinism ref It is also contrasted with metaphysical libertarianism , the other major form of incompatibilism which holds that free will exists and determinism is false. Overview Hard determinism is not taken to refer merely to a determinism on earth, but in all ... determinism causal Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Causal Determinism ref Unlike law fundamentalists ... of testing determinism is always challenged by what we know, or think we can know, about ... of determinism on the grounds that certain interpretations of quantum mechanics stipulate that the universe ... essay titled The Dilemma of Determinism . ref http csunx2.bsc.edu bmyers WJ1.htmWilliam James The Dilemma of Determinism ref He argued against determinism, holding that the important issue is not personal responsibility, but hope. He believed that thorough going determinism leads either to a bleak ... objects than words , however. He did not insist in saying that replacing determinism with a model ... In fact, it is even conceivable that it is a lack of belief or understanding of determinism that is likely ... helplessness . An individual might therefore be enlightened by hard determinism in some sense ... in determinism has negative consequences. See also Laplace s demon References Reflist Use dmy dates date March 2011 Category Determinism Category Metaphysical theories ... more details
Strict determinism may refer to In physics Strict determinism physics , the assumption that given a known set of initial conditions, future states can be computed In computing a strict property of deterministic context free grammar s In philosophy Strict determinism philosophy , the notion that there is no free will, or human autonomy See also Determinism disambiguation disambig Category Determinism ... more details
Refimprove date February 2010 History of geography sidebar Environmental determinism , also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism , is the view that the physical environment sets limits ... of physical geography, particularly climate, influenced the psychological mind set of individuals ... coauthors title Neo Environmental Determinism, Intellectual Damage Control, and Nature Society ... date September 2010 Environmental determinism s origins go back to antiquity, where it is first encountered ... influences the psychological disposition of different races. Some in ancient China advanced a form of environmental determinism as found in the Works of Guan Zhong Guan Zhong Guanzi , perhaps ... University Press, p. 106. ref Another early adherent of environmental determinism was the medieval ... Islam Arab sociologist and polymath , Ibn Khaldun , was also an adherent of environmental determinism ... 10.2307 2708627 ref Environmental determinism rose to prominence in the late 19th century and early ... . The prominence of determinism was influenced by the high profile of evolutionary biology , although ... Between 1920 and 1940, environmental determinism came under repeated attacks as its claims were ... the search for theory and causal explanation for many decades. Later critics charged that determinism served to justify racism and imperialism . The experience of environmental determinism has ... belief and perception in the geographic community towards environmental determinism, the debate ... be based upon or committed to a preconception. A variant of environmental determinism was popular ... of Russia allowed class conflicts to be easily diffused. This Marxist environmental determinism was repudiated around the same time as classic environmental determinism. Subsets Climatic Climatic determinism is an aspect of economic geography , also sometimes called the equatorial paradox . According ... to fulfil the colonial power s aims. Climatic Determinism was intensely studied by Ellsworth Huntington ... more details
Historical determinism is the stance in explaining history or advocating a political position that events are historically predetermined and or currently constrained by various forces. Since such explanation is the norm Citation needed date May 2011 , it may be better understood in contrast to its negation, i.e. the rejection of historical determinism. The italicized alternation and or is significant because some political philosophies e.g. Marxism assert a historical materialism form of the one and reject the other. Used as a pejorative, it is normally meant to designate an overdetermination of present possibilities by historical conditions. See also Bad faith existentialism Determinism Economic determinism False Consciousness False necessity Free Will Geographic determinism Human nature Marxism Self determination External links http weekly.ahram.org.eg 2005 764 op3.htm Al Ahram Terror and Historical Determinism http www.ismbook.com historicaldeterminism.html Definition at isms.com br Determinism Category Theories of history Category Political theories Category Determinism Category Marxism Philosophy stub nl Historisch determinisme ... more details
Nominative determinism ND is a comparatively recent term for the theory that a person s name can have a significant role in determining key aspects of job, profession or even character. It was a commonly held notion in the ancient world . Synonyms and or related concepts include aptronym , apronym, aptonym, jobonymns, namephreaks , onomastic determinism, perfect fit last names PFLNs , psychonymics and, classically, the notion that nomen est omen , or . Tom Stoppard in his play Jumpers labelled the phenomenon cognomen syndrome . ref cite web url http www.slate.com id 2132505 title Charol Shakeshaft, Topped author Timothy Noah publisher Slate date Dec. 16, 2005 ref A related term, to refer to a name peculiarly suited to its owner, is aptronym , said to have been coined by the US newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams . The distinction between cognitive determinacy and a mere aptronym is seen as subtle but fundamental i.e. Post hoc ergo propter hoc post hoc vs propter hoc . ND researchers are sometimes referred to as comiconomenclaturists connoisseurs of humorous names. Origin and meaning The term nominative determinism had its origin in the Feedback column of the British ... the earnest hope that nominative determinism is a real phenomenon. We hope so, too, young Lover ... List http www.dementia.org alycia drnames.html Funny Doctors Names Research into nominative determinism ... last Casler first L. title Put the Blame on Name journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume ... Their Names journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume 57 issue 3 pages 983 986 year 1985 ... in judgments of mock jurors journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume 82 issue 3 pages 1023 ... first DJW title Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Ones Names And Self Esteem journal Psychological ... T. pmid 11999918 DEFAULTSORT Nominative Determinism Category Employment Category Names Category Semantics Category Determinism cs Nomen omen de Nomen est omen hu Nomen est omen nl Nomen est omen fi ... more details
genetic makeup . An extreme variant of biological determinism might assert that an organism ..., biological determinism implies of course that non biological factors, such as social convention ... of biological determinism might consider non innate biological factors, such as the biological ... biological factors. Biologists sometimes regard a charge of biological determinism as a straw man , as there is currently no support for strict biological determinism in the field of genetics or Developmental ... determinism. However, individual scientists may disagree as to the role that genetic and environmental ... between genes and environment. In terms of the nature versus nurture debate, biological determinism is approximately analogous to the nature argument, and social determinism is similar to the nurture view point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar opposites ... determinism theories, could be said to be that of randomness i.e. the theory that there are no factors ... and social determinism lies in their appraisal of the extent to which a variety of factors may influence behaviour. A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism ... of eugenics, based on biological determinism, wanted to improve the human species through compulsory ... Evolutionary psychology Mudsill theory Nature versus nurture Social determinism Sociobiology Criminal ... of an illusion . G ttingen V&R unipress. ISBN 978 3 89971 748 8 Determinism DEFAULTSORT Biological Determinism Category Determinism Category Philosophy of science Category Biology ar ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Geographic determinism is the theory that the human habits and characteristics of a particular culture are shaped by geographic conditions. Coined by Ellsworth Huntington , the theory looked at the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 400 500. Much of the fall of the empire had to do with a regional drought which decreased the fertility of the land and agriculture output. The lack of food from this event strained the empire and exacerbated the political situation to the point of collapse. Professor Jared Diamond extrapolates the theory in his Pulitzer Prize winning work Guns, Germs, and Steel . The theory has grown to encompass all environmental and geographic conditions and their impact on the social, political and economic forces of a society. Technology is seen as the only way to mitigate risks associated with geographic determinism. See also Environmental determinismDeterminism DEFAULTSORT Geographic Determinism Category Sociology Category Historiography geo term stub it Determinismo geografico pl Determinizm geograficzny zh ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name A Determinism of Morality Type studio Artist Rosetta ... Loss Producer Last album The Cleansing Undertones of Wake Lift br 2007 This album A Determinism of Morality ... 5 ref cite web title Rosetta A Determinism of Morality album review url http www.sputnikmusic.com review 37011 Rosetta A Determinism of Morality date 24 May 2010 accessdate 2011 12 19 ref rev3 AbsolutePunk rev3Score 90 ref cite web first Matthew last Tsai title Rosetta A Determinism of Morality Album ... 12 19 ref rev4 Metal Storm rev4Score 7.9 10 ref cite web title Rosetta A Determinism Of Morality url ... rev5Score rating 2.5 5 ref cite web first Chris last Quick title Rosetta A Determinism of Morality url http thenewreview.net reviews rosetta a determinism of morality date 27 April 2010 accessdate 2011 ... ROSETTA, A Determinism of Morality url date 3 May 2010 accessdate 2011 12 19 ref rev7 Metal Review rev7Score rating 8.5 10 ref cite web first Konrad last Kantor title CD review ROSETTA, A Determinism of Morality url http metalreview.com reviews 5719 rosetta a determinism of morality date 30 June ... A Determinism of Morality 2010 url http www.infernalmasquerade.com ?q reviews 00971 rosetta E2 80 93 determinism morality 2010 date 7 May 2010 accessdate 2011 12 19 ref rev9 Decoy Music rev9Score rating 4.5 5 ref cite web first Zach last Roth title Rosetta A Determinism of Morality Review url http www.decoymusic.com reviews rosetta a determinism of morality date 11 June 2010 accessdate 2011 12 19 ref rev10 Plug In Music rev10Score A ref cite web first Joe last Smith title Rosetta A Determinism of Morality Review url http www.pluginmusic.com reviews rosetta a determinism of morality date 20 May 2010 accessdate 2011 12 19 ref A Determinism of Morality is the third full length album by post ... Revolve 6 43 Renew 6 09 A Determinism of Morality 10 51 Personnel Michael Armine ... drum kit drums J. Matthew Weed electric guitar References reflist Rosetta DEFAULTSORT Determinism ... more details
Theological determinism is a form of determinism which states that all events that happen are pre ordained, or predestination predestined to happen, by a monotheism monotheistic God . Theological determinism exists in a number of religions, including Judaism , Christianity and Islam . Hard and soft theological determinism Two forms of theological determinism exist. The first one accepts that humans have free will to choose their actions, holding that God, whilst omniscience knowing their actions before they happen , does not affect the outcome. The other form, known as Hard Theological Determinism , holds that free will does not exist, and God has absolute control over a person s actions. The most prominent theologian espousing this latter view was John Calvin , a late mediaeval French Christianity Christian who was the main influence behind Calvinism , a form of Protestantism . Opposition from theologians Many other Christians have opposed this view. Saint Thomas Aquinas , the medieval Roman Catholicism Roman Catholic theologian, believed strongly that humanity had free will, saying that man chooses not of necessity but freely . The Jesuits were among the leading opponents of this view, because they held that divine Grace Christianity grace was actual, in the sense that grace is among other things participative, and that humans could freely benefit from grace by a mediation between their own imperfect wills and the infinite mercy of God. See also Determinism Calvinism Jansenism Predestination Free will Theological fatalism External links http web.archive.org web 20070708171428 http www.faithnet.org.uk Theology theologicaldeterminism.htm Theological Determinism Theology Determinism Category Christian theology Christian theology stub ... more details
Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits. Yet another way of looking at the concept of cultural determinism is to contrast it with the idea of environmental determinism. The latter is the idea that the physical world with all its constraints and potentially life altering elements is responsible for the make up of each existing culture. Contrast this with the idea that we humans create our own situations through the power of thought, socialization, and all forms of information circulation. It is also used to describe the concept that culture determines Economic system economic and politics political arrangements. It is an idea which has recurred in many cultures over human history, from ancient civilizations through the present. Cultural determinism as a political and economic influence There are a number of theories of social development that describe culture as the factor that determines all of the others. This is distinct from theories of economic determinism such as that of Karl ... and cultural roles although some Marxists reject the label economic determinism as an accurate description of Marx s views . Political movements rooted in cultural determinism usually stand opposed .... The idea of cultural determinism is extremely common numerous societies have believed that their habits ... of national identity. Examples in history Romanticism had a large element of cultural determinism .... However, the cultural determinism of Buchanan and like minded conservatives is currently ... 30.htm Gender Roles Cultural Determinism http www.wikinfo.org wiki.php?title Cultural imprinting on politics Wikinfo Cultural imprinting on politics Determinism Category Cultural anthropology Category Classical studies Category Determinism ... more details
Expert subject psychology date November 2008 Refimprove date April 2008 Social determinism is the hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior as opposed to biological or objective factors . Consider certain human behaviors, such as having a particular sexual orientation, committing murder, or writing poetry. A social determinist would look only at social phenomena, such as customs and expectations, education, and interpersonal interactions, to decide whether or not a given person would exhibit any of these behaviors. They would discount biological and other non social factors, such as Genetics genetic makeup, the physical environment, etc. Ideas about nature and biology would be considered to be Social construction socially constructed . Social Determinism ... their actions. Social determinism can favor a political party s agenda by setting social rules so that the individual ... of information control. Colaguori 35 Technological Determinism Social determinism is most commonly understood in opposition to biological determinism . Within the media studies discipline, however, social determinism is understood as the counterpart of technological determinism. Technological determinism .... The concept of technological determinism is dependent upon the premise that social changes come about as a result of the new capabilities that new technologies enable. The notion of social determinism opposes this perspective. Social determinism perceives technology as a result of the society in which ... determinism, including Leila Green. In her book Technoculture Leila Green examines in detail ... in that society. Harv Green 2001 See also Determinism Environmental determinism Genetic determinism Linguistic determinism Nature versus nurture References Colaguori, Claudio. Power and Society ... and Social Determinism The Reprivatization of Education. Chicago Viewpoints, 1991. Print. Stafford ... 1 20 url doi id isbn ref harv Determinism Category Sociology Category Social constructionism Category ... more details
File DeterminismXFreeWill.jpg right thumb 160px The dilemma of determinism seems to rule out free will whether ... Metaphysical Libertarianism The dilemma of determinism is the claim that if determinism is true ... is true, our actions are random and we are likewise not free and that as determinism and indeterminism ... determinism and free will Incompatibilism which says one cannot accept determinism and free will, with the resulting positions Hard determinism choosing determinism Libertarianism metaphysics Metaphysical Libertarianism choosing free will Hard Indeterminism rejecting both determinism and free will History ... ref name Inwagen, 1983 Peter van Inwagen, Essay on Free Will , 1983, p.v ref if determinism is true ... Fischer calls it the Dilemma of Determinism. ref John Martin Fischer, Free Will Critical Concepts .... Either determinism is true or it is not. If it is true, then all our chosen actions are uniquely ... that we could have acted otherwise, since this would require a possibility determinism rules ... of determinism. One horn of this dilemma is the argument that if an action was caused or necessitated ..., we cannot be responsible for them. Whether we affirm or deny necessity and determinism, it is impossible ... to free actions. But while proponents of such views take determinism to preclude free will, indeterminism ... Accounts of Free Will . Oxford, 2003, p. xiii ref blockquote blockquote If the truth of determinism ... been, or will be responsible for at least some of our behavior. But how can this be so if determinism ... events that began its flow long, long before we were ever born? The specter of determinism, as it were, devours agents, for if determinism is true, then arguably we never initiate or control ... so perplexing because even if determinism is false, responsibility seems impossible how can we ... , Routledge, 2005, vol. I, p. xxix ref Clarify date September 2010 blockquote Either causal determinism ..., Determinism, Free Will and Moral Responsibility, Prentice Hall 1970 . p.196 ref Smart states two definitions ... more details
citation style date November 2010 Linguistic determinism is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought. Determinism itself refers to the viewpoint that all events are caused by previous events, and linguistic determinism can be used broadly to refer to a number of specific views. For example, those who follow analytic philosophy from Ludwig Wittgenstein onward might accept the proposition that, as Wittgenstein said in the Tractatus Logico Philosophicus , The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. proposition 5.6 , The subject does not belong to the world, but it is a limit of the world. proposition 5.632 and About what one can not speak, one must remain silent. proposition 7 . That is, the words we possess determine the things that we can know. If we have an experience, we are confined not just in our communication of it, but also in our knowledge of it, by the words we possess. From an entirely different starting point, the Sapir ... and Behavior to Language 1956 make arguments based on a version of linguistic determinism Citation needed date January 2010 . A separate angle on linguistic determinism maintains that language is the only .... Role in literary theory Linguistic determinism is a partial assumption behind a number of recent ... of linguistic determinism has been explored by a variety of authors, mostly in science fiction ... done in this area. Criticism Linguistic determinism is far from universally accepted. In August 2004 ... that provides support to the hypothesis of linguistic determinism. The study investigated abilities .... Opponents of linguistic determinism, though, have suggested that Gordon s findings ... an example of a thought or experience that is linguistically inexplicable. See also Determinism Linguistic ... edition at http www.journals.uchicago.edu CA home.html . Determinism philosophy of language DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Determinism Category Theories of language Category Determinism ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Retrospective determinism is the logical fallacy that because something happened, it was therefore bound to happen the term was coined by the French philosopher Henri Bergson . For example When he declared himself dictator of the Roman Republic , Julius Caesar was bound to be assassinated. This argument gives no logical grounds to conclude Caesar s assassination was the only possible outcome, or even the most likely outcome of the circumstances. Simply asserting this is committing the fallacy of retrospective determinism. This type of fallacy is often used as a build up to a hasty generalization because something happened in given circumstances, it was not only bound to happen, but will in fact always happen given those circumstances. For example Caesar was assassinated when he declared himself dictator. Sic semper tyrannis this goes to show that all dictators will eventually be assassinated. This not only does not follow on logical grounds, but is false a dictator may be murdered by a political rival, killed in a war with a foreign power, or simply die by accident or natural causes. Discounting these possibilities, it still does not follow that any dictator, if they lived long enough, would be assassinated because Caesar was assassinated. While the conclusion is correct, the premise is faulty. Caesar s assassination does not predict the inevitable assassination of all other dictators. See also Historian s fallacy Post hoc ergo propter hoc DEFAULTSORT Retrospective Determinism Category Logical fallacies ... more details
Weasel date March 2009 Economic determinism is the theory which attributes primacy to the economic structure over politics in the development of philosophy of history human history . It is usually associated with the theories of Karl Marx , although many Marxist theory Marxist thinkers have dismissed plain and unilateral economic determinism as a form of vulgar Marxism , or economism , nowhere included in Marx s works. Economic determinism as understood by Marxism is the belief that economical law principle law s determine the course of history. The law of economic determinism attributed to Marx s historical materialism is simple Self preservation self preservation is the supreme instinct in man, and therefore the whole pattern of human conduct must always have been governed by the fundamental ... consequence result from economic determinism , or man s effort to survive. Relation to Marxist ..., and thus believed in economic determinism. This has been criticized by various Marxist philosophy ... the relationship is much more reciprocal and complex than unilateral determinism would have it. Marxist ... and Engels viewed this law of economic determinism as the creative force in human progress. Engels stated ... agreed that Marx s view where really unidimensional in regard to economic determinism. They did not agree that economic determinism was a vulgar interpretation of Marx. They regarded this to be the explicitly ... The Protestant Work Ethic 1905 . Non Marxist scholars have also objected that economic determinism ... determinism precisely consisted of. In addition, a lot of confusion about economic determinism ... can be equated to economic forces. The end result of economic determinism in this view is both economism ... determinism Biocultural evolution Communism Corporate police state Darwinism Dialectical materialism ..., 1973. External links http www.framingbusiness.net archives 19 Marxism s Internal Contradiction Determinism Category Communist theory Category Theories of history Category Determinism bg ... more details
Technological determinism is a reductionism reductionist theory that presumes that a society s technology ... of Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey . William Ogburn was also known for his radical technological determinism ... Most interpretations of technological determinism share two general ideas that the development of technology ... once it has been introduced. Strict adherents to technological determinism do not believe the influence ... technology as part of a larger spectrum of human activity, technological determinism sees technology as the basis for all human activity. Technological determinism has been summarized as The belief ... . Technological determinism has been defined as an approach that identifies technology, or technological ... determinism as billiard ball approaches, in which technology is seen as an external force introduced ... determinism blockquote the printing press, the computer, and television are not therefore simply ... as a Conserving Activity 1979 , p. 39 ref blockquote Hard and soft determinism In examining determinism Hard determinism can be contrasted with Soft Determinism . A compatibilist says that it is possible for free will and determinism to exist in the world together while a incompatibilist would say that they can not and there must be one or the other. Those who support determinism can be further ... and its meaning. According to this view of determinism we organize ourselves to meet the needs ... to make a choice regarding the outcome. Soft Determinism , as the name suggests, is a more passive ... different variant of soft determinism is the 1922 technology driven theory of social change proposed .... Criticism Scepticism about technological determinism emerged alongside increased pessimism ... with the model of technological determinism in academia. Modern theorists of technology and society no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which ... that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 Expert subject Psychology date November 2008 Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person s behavior both influences and is influenced by personality psychology personal factors and the social environment . Bandura accepts the possibility of an individual s behavior being operant conditioning conditioned through the use of consequences. At the same time he asserts that a person s behavior and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes can impact the environment. ref Bandura 1986 ref These skill sets result in an under or over compensated ego that, for all creative purposes are too strong or too weak to focus on pure outcome. An example of Bandura s reciprocal determinism is when a child is acting out in school. The child doesn t like going to school therefore, he she acts out in class. This results in teachers and administrators of the school disliking having the child around. When confronted by the situation, the child admits he she hates school and other peers don t like him her. This results in the child acting inappropriately, forcing the administrators who dislike having him her around to create a more restrictive environment for children of this stature. Each behavioral and environmental factor coincides with the child and so forth resulting in a continuous battle on all three levels. Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events. The basis of reciprocal determinism should transform individual behavior by allowing subjective thought processes transparency when contrasted with cognitive, environmental, and external social stimulus events. Actions do not go one way or the other, as it is affected by repercussions, meaning one s behavior is complicated ... DEFAULTSORT Reciprocal Determinism Category Behaviorism zh ... more details
Architectural determinism also sometimes referred to as environmental determinism though that term has a broader meaning is a theory employed in urbanism , sociology and environmental psychology which claims the built environment is the chief or even sole determinant of social behaviour . A. S. Baum defines the notion thus In its most extreme form, this position argues that the environment causes certain behaviours, denying any interaction between environment and behaviour. Architectural determinism poses the idea that people can adapt to any arrangement of space and that behaviour in a given environment is caused entirely by the characteristics of the environment. ref Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioural Science, article on Environmental Psychology, p. 510 ref The origins of the concept may be traced in Jeremy Bentham s Panopticon and in the Enlightenment wikt bienfaisance bienfaisance as expressed in the institutional reform of prisons and hospitals. However the notion only gained generally currency and universal applicability with the rise of Behaviourism , Functionalism architecture Functionalism and the utopian social programme of the Modernist architectural movement. The term was first coined by Maurice Broady in his 1966 paper Social theory in Architectural Design ref Arena The Architectural Association Journal, 81, 1966 p 149 154 ref which also roundly criticised the authoritarian nature of this belief. Few architects have espoused the view that design can control behaviour but it has long been an assumption amongsts urbanists and architects that architecture can limit and channel behaviour in a predictable manner. This weaker, positivist view was articulated by Adolf Behne when he asserted you can kill a man with a building just as easily as with an axe. ref quoted in Sources of architectural form,Mark Gelernter, p251. ref The determinist belief was a contributory factor in the numerous slum clearances of the post War industrialised world see Herbert ... more details
Genetic determinism is the belief that gene s, along with environmental conditions, determine morphology biology morphological and behavioral phenotype s. The term is sometimes mistakenly applied to the unscientific belief that genes determine, to the exclusion of environmental influence, how an organism turns out. As Conrad Hal Waddington CH Waddington wrote in 1957, It is of course a truism which has long been recognised that the development of any individual is affected both by the hereditary determinants which come into the fertilised egg from the two parents and also by the nature of the environment in which the development takes place. ref CH Waddington, The Strategy of the Gene , London George Allen & Unwin, 1957, p. 88 ref A related error is that genetics geneticists and molecular biology molecular biologists have only recently come to the realization that Environment biophysical environment is essential in the developmental biology development of the organism from egg to adult. In fact theorists and researchers long ago understood that genetic effects cannot be studied in isolation of the environment and that all measurements of such effects are only relative to stable external conditions. ref CH Waddington, The Strategy of the Gene , London George Allen & Unwin, 1957, pp. 88 104 ref Also known since at least the 1950s is the means by which the environment influences embryonic ... 39 ref Origins Genetic determinism, which identifies the gene as the biological source of morphology ... and distribution of genes, genetic determinism remains the standard model. According to Nusslein ... determinism Council for Responsible Genetics Nature versus nurture Tabula rasa Conscious Robots References Reflist Selfish Gene External links In Our Time Genetic Determinism p005461w Genetic Determinism ... determinism locating the problem s Determinism Category Genetics Category Neuropsychology Category Determinism Category Biology theories es Determinismo gen tico fa ja ... more details
Primary sources date July 2009 Marxism Parametric determinism refers to a Marxist interpretation of the course of history formulated by Prof. Ernest Mandel , and it could be viewed as one variant of Karl Marx s historical materialism or as a philosophy of history . ref Ernest Mandel, Die Dialektik von Produktivkraften, Produktionsverhaltenissen und Klassenkampf neben Kategorien der Latenz und des Parametrischen ... Quotation Dialectical determinism as opposed to mechanical, or formal logical determinism, is also parametric determinism it permits the adherent of historical materialism to understand the real ... fortuitous or arbitrary ones that is why we use the expression parametric determinism indicating ... Press, pp.105 132. http www.marxists.org archive mandel 1989 xx nosense.htm ref In formal logical determinism ... and random. But in dialectical determinism, human action may be non arbitrary and determinate ... on what people do. Perceptions and illusions According to the theory of parametric determinism ... the determinism is, we can learn better how we can be free. Simply put, we could bang our head against ... The concept of parametric determinism has as its corollary the concept of historical latency . It is not just ... Mandel believed that his theory of parametric determinism in history is a dialectics dialectical one, insofar as it interprets the dualism of free will versus determinism as a unity of opposites . The unity ... determinism. Whatever they do, has no effect. But if people believed they were totally free to do whatever they wanted at each moment, they would also reject a parametric determinism, because whatever ... sense to people who are conscious of both Freedom of will freedom and determinism , and Mandel implies ... 20Unintended.htm ref whether the theory of parametric determinism in history is faulty whether ... Bibliography See also Determinism Overdetermination Bounded rationality Economic determinism Historical ... Category Theories of history Category Determinism ... more details
mergeto Psychological egoism discuss Talk Psychological egoism Hedonism merger .28again.29 date February 2012 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Psychological hedonism is the theory that all human choice is motivated by a desire emotion desire for pleasure or an aversion to suffering . This theory does not deny the existence of seemingly altruism altruistic actions. However, it claims that when sane people choose to help others, it is because of the pleasure they themselves obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so rather than for truly altruistic motives. Psychological hedonism is a special case of psychological egoism , the theory that all actions are motivated by self interest, in which the concept of self interest is equated with pleasure. All the arguments and counter arguments presented in the article on psychological egoism also apply to psychological hedonism. See also Hedonism Psych stub DEFAULTSORT Psychological Hedonism Category Motivational theories Category Hedonism ... more details
expert subject Psychology date August 2009 Psychological torture is a type of torture that relies primarily on psychological effects, and only secondarily on any physical harm inflicted. Although not all psychological torture involves the use of physical violence, there is a continuum between psychological torture and physical torture. The two are often used in conjunction with one another, and often ... psychological effects, and many forms of psychological torture involving some form of pain or coercion. Many forms of psychological torture methods attempt to destroy the subject s normal self image ... , psychological regression and depersonalization . Other techniques include enforced nudity ... real pain induces vicarious suffering in the targeted psychological victim, who is thus loaded with guilt but spared physical harm that might affect his or her ability to comply. While psychological torture ... psychological rather than physical torture it can result in similar levels of permanent mental damage to its victims. ref cite web url http www.newscientist.com article dn11313 psychological torture as bad as physical torture.html title Psychological torture as bad as physical torture author Roxanne Khamsi publisher New Scientist date 5 March 2007 ref It has been alleged that some psychological ... web url http www.mindhacks.com blog 2008 02 psychological tortur.html title Psychological torture ... extensive use of psychological torture techniques at Guantanamo Bay and other sites subsequent ... title The US psychological torture system is finally on trial author Naomi Klein publisher ... 11 mccoy title The CIA s secret history of psychological torture publisher Salon.com author Alfred W. McCoy date June 11, 2009 ref Many other countries have been accused of using psychological torture ... Kingdom government guilty of using psychological torture on Irish Republican Army IRA political detainees ... References reflist DEFAULTSORT Psychological Torture Category Torture Category Psychological abuse ... more details
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