Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin ganglion autonomicum GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray839.png Caption Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic craniosacral systems, in red and blue, respectively Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Anatomica TA A14.2.00.008 Autonomic ganglia are clusters of neuron al cell bodies and their dendrites and are essentially a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. The two main categories are Sympathetic ganglia Parasympathetic ganglia Nervous tissue Autonomic Category Autonomic nervous system de Autonomes Ganglion es Ganglio auton mico eu Gongoil autonomiko ja pt G nglio auton mico sr Autonomni ganglion ... more details
Distinguish Medial geniculate nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus Infobox Nerve Name Geniculate ganglion Latin ganglion geniculi nervi facialis GraySubject 202 GrayPage 902 Image Gray789.png Caption The course and connections of the facial nerve in the temporal bone . Image2 Caption2 Cranial nerves VII and VIII and selected structures of the inner and middle ear. 1 Nervus vestibularis , 2 Nervus cochlearis , 3 Nervus intermediofacialis , 4 Ganglion geniculi , 5 Chorda tympani , 6 Cochlea , 7 Ductus semicirculares , 8 Malleus , 9 Membrana tympani , 10 Tuba auditiva Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384530 The geniculate ganglion from Latin language Latin genu , for knee ref name latin knee cite web url http www.wordinfo.info words index info view unit 897 title genu , geni , gen Latin knee . format work WordInfo accessdate 2008 10 03 ref is an L shaped collection of fibers and sensory neuron s of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head . It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal gland s, submandibular gland s, sublingual gland s, tongue , palate , pharynx , external auditory meatus , stapedius , posterior belly of the digastric muscle , stylohyoid muscle , and muscles of facial expression . The geniculate ganglion contains special sensory neuronal cell bodies for taste, from fibers coming ... . Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius ... of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion ... External links eMedicineDictionary Geniculate ganglion NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig ... neuroscience stub hu Ganglion geniculi nervi facialis ja sr ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Ganglion impar Latin GraySubject 214 GrayPage 984 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384558 The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum , medial to the anterior sacral foramina . It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia , connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion. Below, the two pelvic sympathetic trunks converge, and end on the front of the coccyx in a small ganglion, the ganglion impar or ganglion of Walther . Clinical significance http www.doctorfoye.com Physicians at New Jersey Medical School specializing in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation have published that sometimes even just a single local nerve block injection at the ganglion impar can give 100 relief of coccydynia tailbone pain, also called coccyx pain , when performed under fluoroscopic guidance. ref cite journal author Foye P, Buttaci C, Stitik T, Yonclas P title Successful injection for coccyx pain. journal Am J Phys Med Rehabil volume 85 issue 9 pages 783 4 year 2006 pmid 16924191 doi 10.1097 01.phm.0000233174.86070.63 ref See also Impar Coccydynia Coccydynia coccyx pain, tailbone pain Coccyx Coccyx tailbone References references Foye P, Buttaci C, Stitik T, Yonclas P 2006 . Successful injection for coccyx pain. . Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85 9 783 4. . br Munir MA, Zhang J, Ahmad M. 2004 A modified needle inside needle technique for the ganglion impar block. Can J Anaesth. 2004 Nov 51 9 915 7. http www.cja jca.org cgi content full 51 9 915 External links http www.TailboneDoctor.com ganglionimparinjections.html Ganglion Impar Injections to Treat Tailbone Pain at www.TailboneDoctor.com http www.coccyx.org treatmen foye.htm Treatment of coccydynia by injection of local anesthetic to the ganglion impar , at coccyx.org DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM eMedicineDictionary Ganglion impar http www.emedicine.com pmr topic242.htm ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Sympathetic ganglion Latin ganglion sympathicum GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray839.png Caption Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the Sympathetic nervous system sympathetic thoracolumbar and parasympathetic craniosacral systems, in red and blue, respectively Image2 Gray819.png Caption2 Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve . Sympathetic ganglion visible at center top. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12385047 Code Terminologia Anatomica TA A14.2.00.011 Sympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system . They deliver information to the body about stress medicine stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight or flight response . They contain approximately 20000&ndash 30000 nerve cell bodies and are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains. Sympathetic ganglia are the tissue from which neuroblastoma tumours arise. Anatomy Sympathetic chain ganglia The bilaterally symmetric sympathetic chain ganglia , also called the paravertebral ganglia , are located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord . The chain extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx , forming the unpaired coccygeal ganglion . Preganglionic nerves from the spinal cord synapse end at one of the chain ganglia and the postganglionic fibre extends to an effector, typically a visceral organ in the thoracic cavity . There are usually 21 or 23 pairs of these ganglia 3 in the cervical region, 12 in the thoracic region, 4 in the lumbar region, 4 in the sacral region and a single,unpaired ganglion lying in front of the coccyx called the Ganglion impar . Collateral ganglia Neurons of the collateral ganglia , also called the prevertebral ganglia , receive input from the splanchnic nerves and innervate organs of the abdominal and pelvis pelvic region. These include the celiac ganglia , superior mesenteric ganglia , and inferior mesenteric ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Ganglion image GanglionPiano.jpg caption image size landscape background group or band origin Calgary , Alberta , Canada genre Experimental Music Experimental electroacoustic music Electroacoustic Rock Music rock years active start date 2005 end date 2011 label Societal Records associated acts Kris Ellestad website URL ganglion.ca current ... Snowdon Anderson br Tim Wood br Ivan Reese Ganglion was Canadian Electroacoustic music electroacoustic ... recording solo recording project, Ganglion have recorded hundreds of hours of music and released dozens of albums. ref http radio3.cbc.ca bands Ganglion New Music Canada entry for Ganglion ref Sound Ganglion ... 1424 Ganglion concert review in Beatroute magazine ref History Ivan Reese began recording music ... in the summer of 2005 with the assistance of future Ganglion member, Owen Thelwall. ref http www.deviantart.com ... the first solo work under the Ganglion name a collection of demos and recording experiments titled ... together from previous demos, the first proper Ganglion album In An Incubator was released in February ... letter from the word Ganglion corresponding to the order of albums in the series, and the whole series ... Lake based act, Slake. This resulted in the Slake Ganglion Split EP , released in the Fall of 2008 ... writing and rehearsing music specifically for live performance under the Ganglion name Ivan Reese Bass ... following its originally planned release date. It has become the most highly praised Ganglion album ... 2010, the Ganglion band were touring the United States when their tour van overturned on Highway ... Description of the final Ganglion performance, Mary Everest Boole ref The performance featured ... Societal Records, 2006 In An Incubator 6Sided Records, 2007 Go Societal Records, 2007 Slake Ganglion ... External links http www.ganglion.ca music Ganglion Official website http www.societalrecords.com Societal Records website DEFAULTSORT Ganglion Category Musical groups established in 2005 Category Musical ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve Latin ganglion inferius nervi glossopharyngei, ganglion petrosum GraySubject 204 GrayPage 98 Image Gray791.png Caption Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerve s. Petrous ganglion visible near center. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom glossopharyngeal nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384571 The inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve petrous ganglion is larger than the Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion and is situated in a depression in the lower border of the Petrous portion of the temporal bone petrous portion of the temporal bone . See also Jugular foramen External links NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig IX LoyolaMedEd grossanatomy h n cn cn1 cn9.htm eMedicineDictionary inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve Gray s Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Superior mesenteric ganglion Latin ganglion mesentericum superius GraySubject 220 GrayPage 987 Image Gray839.png Caption Sympathetic red and parasympathetic blue nervous system Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo superior mesenteric plexus MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384690 In the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion , the superior mesenteric ganglion . The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre and post synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. Specifically, contributions to the Superior Mesenteric Ganglion arise from TV10 and TV11. This nerve goes on to innervate the small intestine, the ascending colon and the transverse colon. ref Nervous System and Sensory Organs ref References reflist External links http anatomy.uams.edu anatomyhtml intestines.html GeorgiaPhysiology 6 6ch2 s6ch2 30 Gray s autonomic Category Sympathetic nervous system Neuroanatomy stub de Ganglion mesentericum superius ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin ganglion superius nervi glossopharyngei GraySubject 204 GrayPage 908 Image Gray791.png Caption Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerve s. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12385018 The superior ganglion jugular ganglion is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen . It is very small, and is usually regarded as a detached portion of the petrous ganglion . External links NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig IX eMedicineDictionary superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve Gray s neuroscience stub Cranial nerves Category Nervous system sr ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Latin ganglion nodosum, ganglion inferius nervi vagi GraySubject 205 GrayPage 911 Image Gray791.png Caption Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerve s Gang. nodosum visible at center Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom vagus nerve BranchTo MeshName Nodose Ganglion MeshNumber A08.340.390.550 DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384714 The nodose ganglionganglion of the trunk inferior ganglion of vagus nerve is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and convert 2.5 cm abbr on in length. It is located in the height of the transverse process of the atlas anatomy first cervical vertebra atlas . Passing through it is the cranial portion of the accessory nerve , which blends with the vagus below the ganglion . As opposed to the jugular ganglion of the vagus nerve, the inferior or nodose ganglion is larger. It is chiefly visceral afferent in function concerning sensation of heart , larynx , lungs and alimentary tract from the pharynx to the transverse colon . These visceral afferents synapse centrally in the nucleus solitarius . Both ganglia are traversed by parasympathetic , and perhaps some Sympathetic nervous system sympathetic fibres. Preganglionic motor fibres ganglionic branches from the dorsal vagal nucleus and the special visceral efferents from the nucleus ambiguus , which descend to the inferior vagal ganglion form a band skirting the ganglion . Additional images gallery Image Gray795.png Plan of hypoglossal nerve. gallery External links NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig X Gray s Cranial nerves Category Nervous system neuroscience stub sr ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion Latin ramus parasympathica ganglii ciliaris GraySubject GrayPage Image ciliary ganglion pathways.png Caption Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion. Green parasympathetic Red sympathetic Blue sensory Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12687938 The parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion provides parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary ganglion . The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion. Incoming parasympathetic nerve fibers form synapses with the dendrites of nerve cells within the ganglion. However, the ciliary ganglion is not simply a relay station connecting preganglionic to postganglionic nerve fibers. There are roughly twice as many incoming parasympathetic fibers as outgoing parasympathetic fibers. Neural processing occurs as incoming signals converge onto target neurons. Presynaptic Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers originate in the Edinger Westphal nucleus , the parasympathetic motor nucleus associated with the oculomotor nucleus in the brainstem. Axons from the Edinger Westphal nucleus and the oculomotor nucleus run together in the brainstem and exit together as the oculomotor nerve cranial nerve III . The oculomotor nerve passes through the cavernous sinus and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure . It divides into branches that innervate the levator palpebrae superioris and four of the six extraocular muscles . Parasympathetic fibers initially run in the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve. They exit as one or two short motor roots that synapse in the ciliary ganglion. Postsynaptic Postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers leave the ciliary ganglion in multiple six to ten short ciliary nerves . These nerves enter the posterior aspect of the eyeball to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles. The sphincter pupillae constricts the iris. The ciliaris muscle changes the shape of the lens, allowing the eye ... more details
Infobox neuron neuron name Retinal Ganglion Cell image neuron caption neuron location function neurotransmitter morphology afferents efferents NeuroLex Retinal Ganglion Cell NeuroLexID nifext 17 Image ... layer contains retinal ganglion cells. A retinal ganglion cell RGC is a type of neuron located near the inner surface the ganglion cell layer of the retina of the human eye eye . It receives visual ... of the retina bipolar cell s and amacrine cell s. Retinal ganglion cells collectively transmit image ... , hypothalamus , and mesencephalon , or midbrain . Retinal ganglion cells vary significantly in terms ... chiasm , and optic tract . A small percentage of retinal ganglion cells contribute little or nothing ... 1.2 to 1.5 million retinal ganglion cells in the human retina. With about 125 million ..., on average each retinal ganglion cell receives inputs from about 100 rod cell rods and cone cell .... In the fovea center of the retina , a single ganglion cell will communicate with as few as five photoreceptors. In the extreme periphery ends of the retina , a single ganglion cell will receive information from many thousands of photoreceptors. Retinal ganglion cells spontaneously fire action potential s at a base rate while at rest. Excitation of retinal ganglion cells results in an increased ... at 50x magnification. The optic nerve was injected with a fluorophore, causing retinal ganglion ... classes of retinal ganglion cells Midget cell Parvocellular, or P pathway B cells Parasol cell Magnocellular, or M pathway A cells Bistratified cell Koniocellular, or K pathway Photosensitive ganglion cell s Other ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus for eye movements saccades ref Principles of Neural Science 4th Ed. Kandel et al. ref Midget Midget retinal ganglion cells project ... ganglion cells, based on the small sizes of their dendrite dendritic trees and cell bodies. About 80 of all retinal ganglion cells are midget cells in the parvocellular pathway . They receive inputs ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Inferior mesenteric ganglion Latin ganglion mesentericum inferius GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray848.png Caption The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia. Image2 Gray847.png Caption2 Abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk, with the celiac plexus and hypogastric plexus. Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo inferior mesenteric plexus MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384685 The inferior mesenteric ganglion is a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta . Additional images gallery Image Gray839.png Sympathetic red and parasympathetic blue nervous system gallery External links UMichAnatomyModule intro autonomics 2 module autonomics 04 GeorgiaPhysiology 6 6ch2 s6ch2 30 Gray s autonomic Category Sympathetic nervous system neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Sensory root of ciliary ganglion Latin ramus sensoria ganglii ciliaris GraySubject GrayPage Image ciliary ganglion pathways.png Caption Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion. Green parasympathetic Red sympathetic Blue sensory Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12688037 Sensory fibers from the human eyeball eyeball the cornea , iris anatomy iris and ciliary body run posteriorly through the short ciliary nerves and pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses . They leave the ciliary ganglion in the sensory root of ciliary ganglion , which joins the nasociliary nerve . The nasociliary nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic nerve , one of the three branches V sub 1 sub of the trigeminal nerve . The trigeminal nerve is the main sensory nerve of the face. Sensory fibers from other parts of the eye run through the long ciliary nerves and other peripheral branches of the ophthalmic nerve . Variability The exact distribution of sensory fibers, like the distribution of sympathetic fibers, is anatomically variable. There are alternate pathways to the eye for both sympathetic and sensory fibers, and the precise anatomy varies from person to person. Since the result is the same regardless of how the fibers reach the eye, the presence of sympathetic and sensory fibers in the ciliary ganglion the contributions of the sensory and sympathetic roots is of no functional significance. External links http anatomy.med.umich.edu modules head autonomics module autonomics 05.html Trigeminal nerve Category Cranial nerves Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Inferior cervical ganglion Latin ganglion cervicale inferius GraySubject 216 GrayPage 980 Image Gray844.png Caption Diagram of the cervical sympathetic. Lower cervical ganglion labeled at bottom right. Image2 Gray845.png Caption2 Plan of right sympathetic cord and splanchnic nerves. Inferior cervical ganglion labeled at upper right. Innervates Thyroid BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384370 The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib , on the medial side of the costocervical artery . Its form is irregular it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion , and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion , under which circumstances it is then called the stellate ganglion . Path It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia which correspond to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. It is connected to the middle cervical ganglion by two or more cords, one of which forms a loop around the subclavian artery and supplies offsets to it. This loop is named the subclavian loop ansa subclavia Vieussenii . The ganglion sends gray rami communicantes to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. Branches It gives off the inferior cardiac nerve , and offsets to bloodvessels . Inferior cardiac nerve See Inferior cardiac nerve Offsets to bloodvessels The offsets to bloodvessels form plexuses on the subclavian artery and its branches. The plexus on the vertebral artery is continued on to the basilar , posterior cerebral , and cerebellar arteries . The plexus on the inferior thyroid artery accompanies the artery to the thyroid gland , and communicates with the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves , with the superior cardiac nerve , and with the plexus on the common carotid artery . Additional images gallery Image Gray838.png The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME SCG Latin ganglion cervicale superius GraySubject 216 GrayPage 978 Image Gray844.png Caption Diagram of the cervical sympathetic. Labeled as Upper cervical ganglion Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName Superior Cervical Ganglion MeshNumber A08.340.315.350.850 DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384383 The superior cervical ganglion SCG , the largest of the cervical ganglia , is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebr . It contains neuron s that supply sympathetic nervous system sympathetic innervation to the face. It is of a reddish gray color, and usually wikt fusiform fusiform in shape sometimes broad and flattened, and occasionally constricted at intervals it is believed to be formed by the coalescence of four ganglia , corresponding to the upper four cervical nerves . However, note that these fibers are postganglionic fibers that have already synapsed with preganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from the T1 to T4 levels of the spinal cord. The bodies of these preganglionic sympathetic neurons are specifically located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. The superior cervical ganglion lies posterior to the sheath of the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein , and anterior to the Longus capitis muscle . It receives input from the ciliospinal center . Additional images gallery File Superior cervical ganglion.jpg Superior cervical ganglion Image Gray838.png The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. Image Gray839.png Diagram of efferent sympathetic nervous system. File Superior cervical ganglion 1.jpg Superior cervical ganglion Image Gray840.png Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. Image Gray1032.png The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind ... stub Autonomic Category Nervous system de Ganglion cervicale superius ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Superior ganglion of vagus nerve Latin ganglion superius nervi vagi, ganglion jugulare GraySubject 205 GrayPage 911 Image Gray791.png Caption Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerve s. Jugular ganglion visible near center. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12385029 The vagus presents a well marked ganglionic enlargement, which is called the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve . It contains afferent somatosensory neuronal cell bodies that provide sensory information from the external auditory meatus auricular branch , cranial meninges meningeal branch , and the external surface of the tympanic membrane. Their central fibers synapse in the sensory trigeminal nucleus . ref Netter s Human Anatomy, 4th Edition ref It is of a grayish color, spherical in form, and about 4 mm. in diameter. References references See also Jugular foramen External links NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig X eMedicineDictionary superior ganglion of vagus nerve Gray s Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves Neuroscience stub sr ... more details
Giant retinal ganglion cells are photosensitive ganglion cell s with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al. 2005 . Giant retinal ganglion cell s contain a photopigment, melanopsin , allowing them to respond directly to light. They also receive connections from rod cell rod s and cone cell cone s, allowing them to encode color colour and spatial information. Dacey et al. found the giants receptive field sizes to be about three times the diameter of those of parasol ganglion cells. There are only about 3000 giant retinal ganglion cells in each retina, comprising about 0.2 Citation needed date April 2008 of the total number of retinal ganglion cell s. When a giant is responding directly to light, Dacey et al. found its spectral sensitivity function to be similar in shape to those of rods and cones, but with a peak at 482 nm, in between S cones and rods. Dacey et al. also found giants dynamic range to be 3 4 log units, far larger than any other photoreceptor type s and covering nearly the entire range of illuminations of natural daylight. Under naturalistic lighting conditions, responses to the rods and cones are superimposed on the melanopsin response of giant retinal ganglion cells. Giants encode colour via an S Off, L M On opponency. Their spatial modulation transfer function is low pass , with an upper limit of about 0.6 cycles per degree. Dacey et al. propose that the giants subserve the subconscious, non image forming functions of circadian photoentrainment and pupillary diameter, and via the rod and cone inputs, may help mediate conscious perception of irradiance . See also NeuroLex References Dacey, D. M., Liao, H. W., Peterson, B. B., Robinson, F. R., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., et al. 2005 . Melanopsin expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN lateral geniculate nucleus Nature, 433, 749 754. http www.nature.com nature journal v433 n7027 abs nature03387.html Abstract ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion Latin ramus sympathetica ganglii ciliaris GraySubject GrayPage Image ciliary ganglion pathways.png Caption Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion. Green parasympathetic Red sympathetic Blue sensory Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12688108 The sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion is one of three roots of the ciliary ganglion , a biological tissue tissue mass behind the eye. It contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion . Their axons ascend with the internal carotid artery as a plexus of nerves, the carotid plexus . Sympathetic fibers innervating the eye separate from the carotid plexus within the cavernous sinus . They run forward through the superior orbital fissure and merge with the long ciliary nerves branches of the nasociliary nerve and the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion . Sympathetic fibers in the short ciliary nerves pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from neurons in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic spinal cord, at the level of thoracic spinal nerve 1 T1 and thoracic spinal nerve 2 T2 . They form synapses in the superior cervical ganglion. The ratio of incoming to outgoing fibers the convergence in this ganglion is approximately 100 1. Sympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord are controlled by supranuclear pathways that descend through the brainstem and spinal cord. Interruption of the sympathetic chain at any level from the brainstem to the ciliary ganglion will produce pupillary constriction miosis and eyelid droop ptosis eyelid ptosis the classic signs of Horner s syndrome . Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate blood vessels vasoconstriction , sweat glands, and four eye muscles the dilator pupillae , the superior tarsal muscle , the inferior tarsal muscle and the orbitalis ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Middle cervical ganglion Latin ganglion cervicale medium GraySubject 216 GrayPage 979 Image Gray844.png Caption Diagram of the cervical sympathetic. Lower cervical ganglion labeled at center right. Image2 Caption2 Innervates thyroid BranchFrom middle cardiac nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384378 The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia , and is occasionally absent. It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra , usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery . It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves . It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve . Branches Gray Rami Communicantes to the anterior rami of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. Thyroid Branches which pass along the inferior thyroid artery to the thyroid gland. The middle cardiac branch, which descends in the neck and ends in the cardiac plexus in the thorax See also Middle cardiac nerve External links GPnotebook 2006581307 NormanAnatomy thoraxlesson4 NormanAnatomyFig thoraxautonomicner SUNYAnatomyLabs 31 07 02 02 The Sympathetic Trunk and Cervical Ganglia Clinical Anatomy by Richard S. Snell seventh edition page 744 Autonomic Category Nervous system neuroscience stub de Ganglion cervicale medium ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Ganglion cell layer Latin stratum ganglionicum retinae GraySubject 225 GrayPage 1016 Image Gray881.png Caption Section of retina . Ganglionic layer labeled at right, third from the top. Image2 Gray882.png Caption2 Plan of retinal neurons. Ganglionic layer labeled at left, third from the top. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12480427 The ganglion cell layer ganglionic layer is a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cell s. In the macula lutea , the layer forms several strata. Citation needed date October 2008 The cells are somewhat Laboratory flask flask shaped the rounded internal surface of each resting on the stratum opticum , and sending off an axon which is prolonged into it. From the opposite end numerous dendrites extend into the inner plexiform layer , where they branch and form flattened arborizations at different levels. The ganglion cells vary much in size, and the dendrites of the smaller ones as a rule arborize in the inner plexiform layer as soon as they enter it while those of the larger cells ramify close to the inner nuclear layer . External links BUHistology 07902loa Gray s Retina Category Eye anatomy eye stub ... more details
A ganglion mother cell , in neurogenesis , is the daughter cell biology cell of a neuroblast that divides only once. It gives rise to two neurons . They are responsible for maintaining transcription factor expression developmental biology stub Category Cell biology Category Developmental biology Category Drosophilidae Category Neurology ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 750 Image DRG Chicken e7.jpg thumb Caption This is a dorsal root ganglion DRG from a chicken embryo around stage of day 7 after incubation overnight in nerve growth factor NGF growth medium stained with anti neurofilament antibody . Axons growing out of the ganglion are visible. Image2 Gray675.png Caption2 A spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots. The dorsal root ganglion is the spinal ganglion , following the posterior dorsal root. Precursor neural crest System MeshName Spinal Ganglia MeshNumber A08.340.390.340 DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384883 Code Terminologia Anatomica TA A14.2.00.006 In anatomy and neuroscience , a dorsal root ganglion or spinal ganglion is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neuron s in afferent nerve afferent spinal nerve s. Unique unipolar structure The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents . In the peripheral nervous system , afferents refer to the axons that relay sensory information into the central nervous ... in dorsal root ganglion neuron may initiate in the distal process in the periphery, bypass the cell ... YJ, Tsai WF, Chen CC, Sun WH title Nociceptors of dorsal root ganglion express proton sensing G protein ... ganglion neurons have a variety of sensory receptors that are activated by mechanical, thermal, chemical .... Compression of the dorsal root ganglion by a mechanical stimulus lowers the voltage threshold needed ... of mechanosensitive ion channel s have been found in the dorsal root ganglion neurons. The two channels ... of these channels in the dorsal root ganglion gives reason to believe that other sensory neurons may ... ganglion cells and are activated by higher pressures, two attributes that are characteristic of nociceptors ... nervous system ca Gangli espinal de Spinalganglion el es Ganglio espinal fr Ganglion spinal it Ganglio dorsale nl Spinaal ganglion ja fi Spinaaliganglio sv Spinala ganglion ... more details
first the ganglion cell layer , last the rods and cones Photosensitive ganglion cells , also called photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells pRGC , intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells ipRGC or melanopsin containing ganglion cells , are a type of neuron nerve cell biology cell in the retina ... retinal ganglion cell s, intrinsically photosensitive . This means that they are a third class of retinal ... agent s or by dissociating the ganglion cell from the retina . Photosensitive ganglion cells contain the photopigment melanopsin . The giant retinal ganglion cells of the primate retina are examples of photosensitive ganglion cells. Overview Compared to the rods and cones, the ipRGC respond ... Adaptation in Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells journal Neuron volume 48 issue ... a small subset 1 3 of the retinal ganglion cell s. Their functional roles are non image forming ... properties of these ganglion cells match known properties of the daily light Entrainment chronobiology entrainment synchronization mechanism regulating circadian rhythms. Photosensitive ganglion ... ganglion cells are also responsible for the persistence of circadian and pupillary light responses ... pigmentosa . Recently photoreceptive ganglion cells have been isolated in humans where, in addition ... Abstract ref Work by Farhan H. Zaidi and colleagues showed that photoreceptive ganglion cells may have a visual function and can be isolated in humans. The photopigment of photoreceptive ganglion cells ... rhabdom eric photoreceptors. Photosensitive ganglion cells respond to light by depolarizing and increasing ... retinal ganglion cells invariably expressed melanopsin, and so melanopsin and not rod or cone opsin s was most likely the visual pigment of phototransducing retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian ... M, Berson DM, Yau KW.Melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells architecture, projections, and intrinsic ... of the non rod, non cone photoreceptor in mice was a class of retinal ganglion cells RGCs . ref name ... more details
The ganglion type nicotinic receptor is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , consisting of the subunit combination 3 sub 2 sub 4 sub 3 sub . ref name Rang Pharmacology, Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore, ISBN 0 443 07145 4, 5 th ed., Churchill Livingstone 2003 Page 138. ref It is located in the autonomic ganglia , where activation yields Excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP , mainly by increased sodium Na sup sup and potassium K sup sup permeability. Ligands Agonists Acetylcholine Carbachol Nicotine Epibatidine Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Lobeline ref name Rang149 Citation author Rang, H. P. title Pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone location Edinburgh year 2003 pages isbn 0 443 07145 4 oclc doi Page 149 ref Antagonists Bungarotoxin ref name neurosci http www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu MBC3320 nicotinic.htm Neurosci.pharm MBC 3320 Acetylcholine ref Mecamylamine Trimetaphan 18 Methoxycoronaridine Bupropion Dextromethorphan Methadone See also Muscle type nicotinic receptor References Reflist 2 Ligand gated ion channels Cholinergics biochemistry stub Category Receptors Category Ion channels ... more details
Sphenopalatine may refer to sphenopalatine artery , an artery of the head, commonly known as the artery of epistaxis sphenopalatine ganglion or pterygopalatine ganglion sphenopalatine nerves sphenopalatine foramen , a foramen in the skull that connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa disambig ... more details
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