Unreferenced date December 2009 In the United States, a publicutility district PUD is a special purpose district or other government al jurisdiction that provides Publicutilitypublic utilities such as electricity , natural gas , sewage treatment , waste collection Waste management management , wholesale telecommunications , water to the residents of that district. PUDs are created by a local government body, such as a city , county US county , or metropolitan area metropolitan service area two or more communities joining together for publicutility purposes . Normally the districts are Non profit organizations non profit . PUDs are often governed by a Government agency commission , which may be appointed or Election elected . Municipal Utility District s Municipal Utility District MUD are similar but have taxation authority while PUD do not. Historically, many of the electric PUDs in the Pacific Northwest were created with the express purpose of taking over the territory served by the investor owned utility then serving customers within the proposed PUD s territory and in some cases, the PUD s organizers were the only ones in favor of its creation elections centering on the creation of a PUD often coming back with a decisive majority in favor of staying with the IOU . The creation of many of these PUDs was also possible due to favorable laws on the books at the time and with the direct assistance of individuals in various federal agencies that were strong proponents of public ownership of electric utilities such as Dr. Paul J. Raver of Bonneville Power Administration . DEFAULTSORT PublicUtility District Category Special administrative structures in the United States Category Public utilities ... more details
Infobox Government agency agency name Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission logo logo caption seal formed preceding1 Pennsylvania State Railroad Commission br Pennsylvania Public Service Commission preceding2 ... etc. dissolved superseding jurisdiction Government of Pennsylvania State government of Pennsylvania headquarters region code employees budget chief1 name Robert F. Powelson chief1 position Chairman chief2 name John F. Coleman, Jr. chief2 position Vice Chairman chief3 name Tyrone J. Christy chief3 position Commissioner chief4 name Wayne E. Gardner chief4 position Commissioner chief5 name James H. Cawley chief5 position Commissioner parent agency child1 agency website http www.puc.state.pa.us footnotes Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission is the publicutility commission in Pennsylvania . It is composed of five commissioners, appointed by the Governor with the consent of the state Senate. ref cite web title PUC History work www.puc.state.pa.us publisher Commonwealth of Pennsylvania date url http www.puc.state.pa.us general pdf PUC History.pdf ref See also List of Pennsylvania state agencies References reflist External links http www.puc.state.pa.us Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission Category State agencies of Pennsylvania Category Public utilities Category Public utilities commissions of the United States Pennsylvania stub ... more details
PublicUtility Building Apna Bangalore , retrieved December 29, 2011 ref The PublicUtility building ... from Public Utilities Building Image Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building.jpg Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building Image Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 4.jpg Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building Image Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 3.jpg Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building Image Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 5.jpg Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building gallery ...Multiple issues incomplete December 2011 refimprove December 2011 Infobox building name Public Utilities Building native name image Bangalore Skyscraper.jpg caption The Public Utilities Building is located on MG Road, a major commercial center in Bangalore former names alternate names map type India map alt map caption Location within India building type architectural style structural system cost location Bangalore , India client owner current tenants landlord location country India latd 12 latm 58 lats 26.93 latNS N longd 77 longm 36 longs 34.95 longEW E altitude replace data if known convert 2 m ft 0 abbr on start date completion date inauguration date demolition date height convert 106 m ft abbr on diameter replace data if known convert 160 x 150 m ft 0 abbr on other dimensions floor count floor area replace data if known convert 260000 m2 sqft abbr on main contractor architect Reza Kabul structural engineer Kamal N. Hadker ref http sterlingengg.com keyperson.htm Key Persons Kamal N. Hadker The Sterling Website , retrieved December 29, 2011 ref services engineer civil engineer other designers quantity surveyor awards url replace data if known URL example.com references The PublicUtility Building is a skyscraper on Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore Mahatma Gandhi Road overlooking from the top floor the entire scenic beauty of Bangalore , India . It is one of the tallest buildings ... more details
Infobox Government agency agency name Oregon PublicUtility Commission logo OPUClogo.png logo width logo caption seal seal width seal caption picture Puc building 2.jpg picture width picture caption formed preceding1 preceding2 dissolved superseding jurisdiction headquarters Salem, Oregon latd latm lats latNS longd longm longs longEW region code employees budget minister1 name minister1 pfo minister2 name minister2 pfo chief1 name chief1 position chief2 name chief2 position agency type parent agency ... PUC footnotes map map width map caption The Oregon PublicUtility Commission PUC is the chief electric, gas and telephone utility regulatory agency of the state government government of the U.S. state of Oregon . It sets rates and establishes rules of operation for the state s investor owned utility companies. With respect to publicly owned utility districts and cooperatives, its authority is limited to safety regulations. The first regulation of a publicutility was effected in 1874 when the Oregon ... panel, replacing the office of the PublicUtility Commissioner, as a result of voters passage of a statewide ... s PublicUtility Commissioner under Gov. Robert W. Straub , from 1975 1979. ref name oreg 1apr87 ... Hearings Division conducts public hearings and other proceedings on utility matters, including ... to these statutes. References Reflist Category Public utilities commissions of the United States Category State agencies of Oregon PublicUtility Commission Oregon gov stub ... gas street lamps. The agency, or its predecessors including the Public Service Commission, have been ... into several sections. Staff members in the Utility Program represent customers in rate filings by examining utility companies financial needs. They regularly check utility records to see that they comply ... a convenient opportunity to participate The Public Information Office disseminates information on the agency s responsibilities and operations through publications, the news media and direct public contact ... more details
PublicUtility Model PUM , is an Emergency Medical Service EMS system. In a PublicUtility Model system, the government is a purchaser of Dispatcher s, EMT s and Paramedic providers from a EMS provider contractor . In most cases, this is a private for profit ambulance company. In the ownership of a PublicUtility Model, the community retains control of EMS system capital assets and accounts receivable through daily oversight. The EMS provider contractor manages the day to day operations of the service and provides the system with properly trained providers. The system is designed whereas the government not only regulates and oversees system performance, but the ambulance service contractor is held accountable to meet or exceed performance requirements. These requirements include, but not limited ... Emergency Medical Services agencies are PublicUtility Model EMS systems. citation needed date September ... EMS system. Soon after, he proposed, or was instrumental in developing PublicUtility Models ... time standards were developed that most PUM s use. PublicUtility Models In USA In Fort Worth, Texas , the 9 1 1 publicutility model is known as MedStar . However, the contractor up until 2005 was Rural Metro. In Richmond, Virginia , the 9 1 1 publicutility model is called the Richmond Ambulance ... September 2011 ref PublicUtility Model EMS Systems In United States ref Known services as of 27 September ... Characteristics PublicUtility Model EMS systems have certain characteristics which make it different ... advocates Patient Care High quality patient care is the number one focus of a publicutility model ... Financial controls must be in place where the publicutility model oversight authority controls all EMS system funding. A publicutility model is designed to be funded through the collection of user fees .... SSM enables a publicutility model EMS contractor to match resources to demand more accurately than ... ISBN 0 8151 3391 X Publicutility model EMS. Emerg Med Serv. 2004 Mar 33 3 87 91 Dean S. University ... more details
The PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 PUHCA , also known as the Wheeler Rayburn Act , was a law ... , including the collapse of Samuel Insull s publicutility holding companies. By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor owned electric industry. ref LEONARD S. HYMAN, AMERICA S ELECTRIC UTILITIES PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 74 PublicUtility Reports ... effective on February 8, 2006. It was replaced by a much weaker set of laws called the PublicUtility ... Necessary to Carry Out the PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 2005 and Related Amendments ref but Congress ... FTPROOT electricity 0563.pdf PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 1935 &ndash 1992 by the United ... Registered Holding Companies Under the PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 at the Securities ... nle crsreports energy eng 47.cfm Electricity Restructuring Background PublicUtility Holding ... Discarding PUHCA http www.ucsusa.org clean energy clean energy policies publicutility holding ... PublicUtility Holding Company Act Of 1935 Category New Deal Category United States securities law Category United States federal securities legislation Category 1935 in law fr PublicUtility Holding ... a limited geographic area. Another purpose of PUHCA was to keep utility holding companies engaged in regulated ... prior to engaging in a non utility business and that such businesses be kept separate from the regulated ... unnecessary corporate layers. Individual operating utility companies could centralize certain business ... utility commission regulated a utility located in a particular state, the rate payers of that state ... based regulated rates by artificially marking up the prices paid by the utility operating companies ... utility holding companies. These streetcar companies were generally unregulated, while the electric utilities were regulated. The electric utility company would sell electricity to the streetcar affiliate ... utility. Citation needed date October 2010 This allowed the utility company to subsidize the streetcar ... more details
Infobox company company name Snohomish County PublicUtility District company logo company type Municipal utility foundation 1949 location Everett, Washington , United States USA key people Commissioners br Dave Aldrich br Toni Olson br Kathy Vaughn br br General Manager br Steven Klein industry PublicUtility products Electric utility , Drinking water revenue 554 million 2010 num employees 1,002 2010 slogan homepage http www.snopud.com www.snopud.com Snohomish County PublicUtility District is a publicutility providing power to 320,000 customers in Snohomish County and on Camano Island , Washington ... County. The utility is the second largest publicutility in the Pacific Northwest and the 12th ... ref History The Snohomish County PublicUtility District is a municipal corporation of the State of Washington, formed by a majority vote of the people on November 3, 1936. It started as a water utility on January 17, 1946. The PUD began operating as an electric utility on September 1, 1949. In 2005 ... PUD Hoovers website Category PublicUtility Districts of Washington state Category Water companies ... utility customer of the Bonneville Power Administration , a major wholesale marketer of energy in the Western United States. The utility is one of the leaders in tidal power tidal ref http ... in the Pacific Northwest, both of which are clean, reliable and plentiful in the region. In 2010, the utility ... power wind energy projects. The utility started offering incentives, loans and other resources for small .... The utility has weatherized more than 60,000 homes, recycled 23,000 older, energy wasting refrigerators ... at discounted prices through a retail network. In 2009, the utility set its record for conservation ... the Columbia River Gorge. The utility will receive about 60 average megawatts from these facilities ... drinking water. The utility is developing several additional small, low impact hydroelectric facilities .... The PUD has sold a portion of the environmental attributes to fund the utility s renewable energy ... more details
The PublicUtility Regulatory Policies Act PURPA is a law, passed in 1978 by the United States Congress as part of the National Energy Act . It is meant to promote greater use of domestic renewable energy . The law forced regulated, natural monopoly Electric utility electric utilities to buy power from other more efficient producers, if that cost was less than the utility s own avoided cost rate to the consumer the avoided cost rate was the additional costs that the electric utility would incur if it generated the required power itself, or if available, could purchase its demand requirements from another source. At the time generally, where demand was growing, this was considered to be the construction and fossil fuel costs incurred in the operation of another thermal power plant . This free market approach presented investment opportunity and government encouragement for more development of environment friendly, renewable energy projects and technologies the law created a market in which non utility Independent Power Producer s developed, and some energy market players Enron scandal failed . Although a Federal law, PURPA s implementation was left to the States Rights individual states , because needs varied a variety of regulatory regimes developed in states where renewable power resources were needed, available for development, or the generated power could be Electric power transmission transmitted . Little was done in many states where such resources were unavailable, where ... 16 10 46.html PURPA at U.S. Code http www.ucsusa.org clean energy solutions big picture solutions publicutility regulatory.html Union of Concerned Scientists http www.energyvortex.com energydictionary publicutility regulatory policies act of 1978 purpa .html EnergyVortex.com Category 1978 in law ... agencies have therefore stopped forcing utilities to give contracts to developers of non utility ... and Development of Power, Subchapter II Regulation of Electric Utility Companies Engaged in Interstate ... more details
County Community Network coord missing Washington Category Douglas County, Washington Category PublicUtility Districts of Washington state ... more details
about the economic concept Utilitarianism In economics , utility is a measure of satisfaction, referring ... the simple meaning of term utility is The want satisfying capacity of a good is called Utility of that good Ex Satisfying the want of Writing is the utility of a pen, http www.investopedia.com terms u utility.asp axzz1eGQlDNsr , Definition of Utility by Investopedia ref but also referring to satisfaction received by its contingent production relations ref http www.thefreedictionary.com utility , Definition of Utility Economics by The Free Dictionary ref . Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of increasing or decreasing utility, and thereby explain economic behavior in terms of attempts to increase one s utility. Utility is often modeled to be affected by Consumption economics consumption ... of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion for the organization of society ... , society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for the greatest happiness ... maximize the utility of those with the lowest utility, raising them up to create a more equitable distribution across society. Utility is usually applied by economists in such constructs as the indifference ... accept to maintain a given level of satisfaction. Individual utility and social utility can be construed as the value of a utility function and a social welfare function respectively. When coupled with production ... is a central concept in welfare economics . In finance , utility is applied to generate an individual s price for an asset called the indifference price . Utility functions are also related to risk measure s, with the most common example being the entropic risk measure . Quantifying utility It was recognized that utility could not be measured or observed directly, so instead economists devised a way ... named by Paul Samuelson , were revealed e.g. in people s willingness to pay blockquote Utility ... Cardinal and ordinal utility Details cardinal utility Economists distinguish between cardinal ... more details
Wiktionary utilityUtility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory. Utility may also refer to Publicutility , an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves Utility patent , one of the requirements for patentability in Canadian and United States patent laws Utility software or a utility program, a software program that functions for a particular purpose Utility player , a baseball player who plays more than one position regularly. Utility model , an intellectual property right to protect inventions Utility Radio , a radio receiver manufactured in Great Britain during the 1939 45 World War Utility room , a room in a house, which is the descendant of the scullery Utility vehicle , a vehicle that is designed for a specific task Utility car , a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ute Utilities film Utilities film , a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform , often abbreviated to Utilities , the battledress uniform of the United States Marine Corps disambiguation de Utility es Utilidad eu Baliagarritasun argipena ko it Utilit nl Utility ja pl U yteczno pt Utilidade sk Utilita ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 Image UtilityVault.JPG thumb right 175px A open Utility Vault. ELEC on cover indicates Electrical Equipment Wires. A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean publicutility equipment, such as valve s for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunication s equipment. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete box es, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined space s and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical room mechanical or electrical room s in design and content. See also Utility tunnel Utilidor Common utility duct Dartford Cable Tunnel External links http www.precast.org vault faq.htm National Precast Concrete Association Category Public utilities Category Rooms Category Subterranea geography room stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Confusing date February 2009 The Utility pattern is a software pattern that is used for utility Class computer science class es that do not require instantiation and only have static method s. The state computer science stateless class is designated as static so that no instance can be created. Good candidates for utility classes are convenience methods that can be grouped together functionally. Furthermore, methods in Utility classes are usually deterministic. As the Utility class is stateless, all parameters in each method must pass all necessary information to the method. Example in C public static class LogUtil public static void LogError String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogError message public static void LogWarning String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogWarning message public static void LogInfo String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogInfo message A simple example showing how the utility methods are used class MyProgram static void Main String args if args.Length 0 Call our utility helper methods. Note that these are static methods that are called directly off the class. LogUtil.LogError User ran app with arguments else LogUtil.LogInfo Running program. Run See also Utility class Category Software design patterns Compu prog stub ... more details
Utility ratemaking is the formal regulatory process by which publicutilitypublic utilities set the prices ... 2011 01 31 . ref Ratemaking, typically carried out through rate cases before a public utilities commission , serves as one of the primary instruments of government regulation of public utilities. History and Overview Historically, many different classes of business have been classified as publicutilitypublic utilities , and thus have been legally mandated to go through the ratemaking process ... of publicutilitypublic utilities has changed over time, typically such businesses must constitute .... Prominent publicutilitypublic utilities which must utilize ratemaking to set rates includes ... sfn Principles of PublicUtility Rates Capital Attraction Reasonably Priced Energy Efficiency ... first year 2nd ed. 1988 title Principles of PublicUtility Rates publisher location isbn ref sfnRef Principles of PublicUtility Rates cite book last Phillips, Jr. first C. year 3rd ed. 1993 title ... DEFAULTSORT Utility ratemaking Category Economics of regulation Category Public utilities .... In the United States , where many industries classified as public utilities are either private businesses ... of a state regulatory body, most often a public utilities commission in an administrative law format ... the history of utility regulation. These five goals attempt to serve the several interests of the utility, its shareholders, consumers, and the public generally. To be constitutional a rate cannot ... for customers. Utility companies are therefore allowed to charge reasonable rates, which are generally regarded as rates that allow utilities to encourage people to invest in utility stocks and bonds ... decline, consumption rises. The price of a utility s products and services will affect its consumption ... of utilities and thereby affect the consumption. With declining block rates , the per unit price of utility ... for all consumption. Income Transfer Ratemaking distributes wealth from consumers to utility owners ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 confused Publicutility vehicle Utility vehicle is used to describe a vehicle , generally motorized , that is designed for a specific task. Types of utility vehicles Armored utility vehicle Sport utility vehicle Vehicles similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck chassis, usually with off road capability. main Sport utility vehicle Crossover utility vehicle Image Kawasaki Mule snow removal.jpg thumb 200px right Kawasaki Mule used for snow removal Station wagon s based on car chassis, but styled to look like sport utility vehicles main Crossover automobile Light equipment Vehicles like the Kawasaki motorcycles All Terrain Vehicles and utility vehicles Kawasaki s MULE in which a flat bed is added to an all terrain vehicle . Generally used as a maintenance vehicle. Coup utility or Tray utility vehicle Vehicles featuring a coupe passenger compartment with an attached cargo bed. All steel bodied utility vehicles, more commonly called utes , were invented in Australia . main Coup utilityUtility Terrain Vehicle A type of small vehicle like an All terrain vehicle ATV all terrain vehicle but with more truck like features for working instead of recreation. main Utility terrain vehicle UTV Characteristics UTV s differ from ATV s in that UTV s typically have a side by side seating arrangement, many have seat belts and roll over protection, and most have a cargo box at the rear of the vehicle. The UTV s generally have a higher payload capability and are longer and wider than ATV s. While most ATV s can carry 125 to 200 lbs. of cargo in addition to the operator s weight, the UTV payloads run from 800 to 1350 lbs. above the operator passenger s weight. The payload is usually carried on a UTV below the top of the tires as opposed to an ATV where the load is carried above the fenders. This lower load positioning can drastically lower the vertical center of gravity which will increase stability. UTV s come in a number of different configurations ... more details
The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving . Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes most often utility transmissions are of a point to point nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies. Examples of utility station and modes One common use of utility stations is disseminating weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using radioteletype RTTY and sending synoptic code s, or weather chart s are sent using radiofax , which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on High frequency HF , known as VOLMET . Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe. HF frequencies are still often used for trans oceanic air traffic control. News agencies previously used RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, radiofax for the images, although is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application. Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship to shore and vice ... of Automatic link establishment modes to set up communication links automatically. Some utility stations ... other utility type signals are piggybacked on Subsidiary Communications Authority FM broadcast ... Utility World with various sound samples of utility modes http kb9ukd.com digital KB9UKD Digital Modes with mostly non HF utility modes samples http www.wunclub.com Shortwave Utility Radio with information and links to utility sites, information, and products Category Radio stations radio comm stub ... more details
Infobox software name Disk Utility logo Image Diskutil.png 64px screenshot Image Disk Utility screenshot.png 220px Disk Utility screenshot caption author developer Apple Inc. released latest release version 12.1 latest release date February 1, 2012 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Mac OS X platform language genre Software utilityUtility license Proprietary software Proprietary website Disk Utility is the name of a Utility software utility created by Apple Inc. Apple for performing Disk storage disk related tasks in Mac OS X . These tasks include ref http docs.info.apple.com article.html?path DiskUtility 10.5 en duh1008.html Disk Utility 10.5 Help Testing and repairing ... range of formats read by Disk Utility to .dmg or for CD DVD images .cdr Mount computing mount ... ref http support.apple.com kb HT1452 About Disk Utility s Repair Disk Permissions feature ref ... Mac OS X How to combine RAID sets in Disk Utility ref , and repairing RAID sets restoring volumes from ... Technology S.M.A.R.T status of a hard disk. Disk Utility functions may also be accessed from ... commands. Disk Utility was updated with Mac OS X v10.3 . Prior to v10.3, the functionality of Disk Utility was spread across two applications Disk Copy and Disk Utility. Disk Copy was used for creating and mounting disk image files, and Disk Utility was used for formatting, partitioning, verifying and repairing ... Bot generated title ref Further changes introduced in 10.4.3 allowed Disk Utility to be used to verify the file structure of the current boot drive. However as Apple notes in their public knowledge base ref http docs.info.apple.com article.html?artnum 302672 Using Disk Utility in Mac OS X 10.4.3 ..., similar functionality to the verification features of Disk Utility could be found in the Disk First ... Palimpsest Disk Utility GNU Parted diskpart fdisk cfdisk References Reflist External links http ... software Category Data erasure it Utility Disco ja ru Disk Utility uk Disk Utility zh ... more details
See also Industrial applicability Patent law In United States patent law , utility is a patentability ... Mass. 1817 The law...does not look to the degree of utility it simply requires that it shall be capable of use.... ref The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, ref Janice ... s guidelines require that a patent application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility. ref See Brenner v. Manson , 383 U.S. 519 1966 USPTO, Utility Examination Guidelines, 66 Fed. Reg ... showing that there is no specific, substantial, and credible utility. European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion. ref In this respect, decision http legal.european patent ... under EPC Article 52 2 and 3 even where they have practical utility headnote III. , thus ruling out the utility of an invention as a decisive patentability criterion. ref Instead, it requires ... Convention , see for instance EPC Article 57 . ref Utility criterion In considering the requirement of utility for patents, there are three main factors to review operability of the invention, a beneficial ... of functionality, also known as General Utility. Operability concerns whether the invention actually works or accomplishes the utility that the inventor claims. The operability of an invention ... inoperative embodiments does not necessarily render a claim invalid as lacking utility. ref name ... asserts the utility of shrinking cancer tumors. If it is established that the embodiment of the invention ... the utility asserted for the genus. ref name JMMueller247 She further explains, however, that while ... to practice the invention without undue experimentation. ref name JMMueller247 Beneficial utility Beneficial utility was first recognized as a requirement in United States patent law in the 1817 case Lowell v. Lewis ref name lowell Lowell v. Lewis, 15 F. Cas. 1018 C.C.D. Mass. 1817 ref the utility ... the public into believing that the liquid seen in the attached reservoir was that which was being ... more details
of the future, then computing may someday be organized as a publicutility just as the telephone system is a publicutility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry ...Refimprove date September 2007 Utility computing is the packaging of Computational resource computing .... IBM, HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of Utility Computing with their business ... their own utility services for computing, storage and applications. Utility Computing can support ... which are supported via a large number of computers. Utility computing has usually envisioned some form ... are geographically distributed or cross administrative domain s. To provide utility computing services, a company can bundle the resources of members of the public for sale, who might be paid with a portion ... idle. The definition of utility computing is sometimes extended to specialized tasks, such as web service s. History Utility computing is not a new concept, but rather has quite a long history. Among ... of servers. In the late 90 s utility computing re surfaced. InsynQ http www.insynq.com , Inc. launched ... up the Utility Computing Division in Mountain View, CA, assigning former Bell Labs computer scientists .... Services such as IP billing on tap were marketed. HP introduced the Utility Data Center in 2001 ... Alexa Web Search Platform, a Web search building tool for which the underlying power is utility ... industries and applications as well as other niche applications powered by utility computing ... on commodity server and storage hardware that creates highly available utility computing environments ... industries such as financial services, seismic processing, and content serving. The Database Utility and File Serving Utility enable IT organizations to independently add servers or storage as needed ..., image rendering and processing but also general purpose business applications. Utility computing ... 680 ISBN 0 13 198660 0 External links http communication.howstuffworks.com utility computing.htm ... more details
Utility furniture refers to furniture produced in the United Kingdom during and just after World War II , under a Government scheme which was designed to cope with shortages of raw materials and rationing of consumption. Introduced in 1942, the Utility Furniture Scheme continued into post war austerity and lasted until 1952. History By 1941 it had become apparent that the combination of a severe lack of timber suitable for furniture making in which Britain was not self sufficient and the increased demand for new furniture due to the losses of housing caused by bombing and to the continuing establishment of new households after marriage, had created a severe furniture shortage. The Utility Furniture Advisory Committee was set up in 1942, drawing on considerable expertise, principally Sydney Gordon Russell Gordon Russell and Ernest Clench , also Herman Lebus and John Gloag , in order to assure that the scarce available resources were used in a sensible way. New furniture was Rationing in the United ... in the Utility Furniture Catalogue of 1943. The aim was to ensure the production of strong well designed ... utility furniture with added carvings and decoration. The Committee were reconstituted as the Design ... public taste, as soon as the war ended the general public reacted against its austerities and the mass ... in 1948, drawing on contemporary Scandinavian design s, the tide of public taste was against it and the Panel was wound down the Scheme was officially closed in 1952. The CC41 logo of utility furniture was taken from that developed earlier for the Utility clothing scheme two capital letters ... on influence, eg., Design Council? Further reading Richard Sword Utility furniture and fashion, 1941 1951 1974 ISBN 0716806282 Jon Mills Utility Furniture The 1943 Utility Furniture Catalogue with an explanation of Britain s Second World War Utility Furniture Scheme 2008 ISBN 9780955272325 External ... Time Magazine Aug 2 1943 GOVERNMENT Utility Furniture Category Austerity Britain Category ... more details
during excavation. Publicutility systems are often run underground some by the very nature of their function ...File Using a Utility Locator.jpg thumb right Utility locator in use. Perry, OK, 2011 Utility location is the process of identifying and labeling publicutility mains which are underground. These mains may include lines for telephones, electricity electricity distribution , natural gas , cable television , optical fibers fiber optics , traffic lights , street light s, storm drain s, water supply network water mains , and wastewater pipes. In some locations, major pipeline transport oil and gas pipelines , national defense communication lines, public transport mass transit , rail and road tunnels also compete for space underground. http www.nal.usda.gov ttic utilfnl.htm Because of the many different ... entirely. Call before you dig , Digger s Hotline , One call , Miss Utility , or Underground Service Alert are services that allow construction workers to contact utility companies, who will then denote ... causes a major utility power outage outage or serious accident, or an evacuation due to a gas ... below street gas utility line. New York city , 2007. Utility color code s are used for identifying ... that the underground systems locations be denoted and approved, if it is to be in the public Right ... the type of underground utility. A special type of spray paint, which works when the can is upside ... the company or municipal utility which the lines belong to, or an advertisement for a company which ... Public Works Association APWA Uniform Color Codes for temporary marking of underground ... www.ditchwitch.com utility locators Ditch Witch http solutions.3m.com wps portal 3M en US Telecom Home ... ttic utilfnl.htm Statement of Need Utility Locating Technologies . Accessed October 31, 2007 ...?Section Best Practices Common Ground Alliance http www.apwa.net American Public Works Association ... Marking Guidelines For Underground Utilities PDF Category Color codes Category Public utilities ... more details
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