For archive utility applications in general see file archiver . For the MAC OS Archive Utility service application see Archive Utility . disambiguation ... more details
An electric utility is an electric power industry electric power company often a publicutility that engages in the Electricity generation generation , Electric power transmission transmission , and Electricity retailing distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market . The electrical utility industry is a major provider of energy in most countries. It is indispensable to factories, commercial establishments, homes, and even most recreational facilities. Lack of electricity causes not only inconvenience, but also economic loss due to reduced industrial production. Electric utilities include Investor owned utility investor owned , Public ownership publicly owned , cooperatives , and nationalized entities. They may be engaged in all or only some aspects of the industry. Electricity market s are also considered electric utilities these entities buy and sell electricity, acting as brokers, but usually do not own or operate generation, transmission, or distribution facilities. Utilities are regulated by local and national authorities. Electric utilities are facing increasing demands ref name one By Candace Lombardi, CNET. http news.cnet.com 8301 11128 3 10458148 54.html Utilities Green tech good for planet, bad for business . February 23, 2010. ref according to Black & Veatch s annual utility survey, based on input from 700 utility participants, for 2011 the top ... Utility service territories are typically geographically distinct from one another. These territories ... on the type of service they receive. Sectoral classification of consumers is determined by each utility ... and the associated impact on the utility s costs of providing the service. Power transactions ... Advocate for Customers of Public Utilities Distributed generation Electricity generation Electricity ... California Energy Commission Utilities Industry Category Electric power Category Public utilities Category Electric utility Category Electric utilities de Elektrizit tsversorgungsunternehmen ... more details
Image Batavus 2.jpg thumb right 275px Batavus Contemporary utility bicycles A utility bicycle is a bicycle designed for utility cycling practical transportation , as opposed to bicycles which are primarily ... where automobiles remain a luxury. ref and are utility bikes. As such utility bikes are the most ... like the USA, the use of utility bicycles all but disappeared until after the Second World ... the Second World War, utility bicycles have remained popular in countries like the Netherlands, China ... only incremental mechanical advances have taken place for the majority of the world s utility bicycles ... . One exception to this was the continued development of substitute propulsion systems for utility ... and the United States, motorized utility bicycles surged in popularity in Western Europe after ... roller drive mechanism that would convert any standard utility roadster into a motorised bicycle ... national registration schemes. The motorised utility bicycle or cyclemotor offered greater range, faster ... outlook to the traditional utility concept. Utilizing small, easily transportable frames and wheels as well as suspension, the Moulton was designed to accommodate the increasing public usage of bicycles ..., several bicycle designs were introduced in an attempts to improve on the traditional utility ... thumb right 200px Utility bicycles are now becoming fashionable once again Utility bicycles are principally ... goods or merchandise. Utility bikes may also be seen in mail postal service , Bicycle infantry in war ... studio lots, etc. . In some countries, entire fleets of utility bicycles may be operated or administered by local or national government agencies as part of a Bicycle sharing system public bike sharing programme . Utility bicycles often feature a step through frame so they can be easily mounted, Single ..., old utility bicycles are often seen with the windshields and engine covers of 125cc motorbikes ... relatively and availability. Citation needed date April 2010 Design A traditional type of utility ... more details
Intellectual property A utility model is an intellectual property right to protect invention s. This right ... sme en ip business utility models where.htm Where can Utility Models be Acquired? Bot generated ... 6 to 15 years and less stringent patentability requirements. The Germany German and Austria n utility ... the utility model is called a Petty Patent . ref cite web url http www.wipo.int wipolex ... 2011 08 20 ref Definition A utility model is a statutory monopoly granted for a limited time ... of ordinary skill in the relevant art to perform the invention. The rights conferred by utility model ... the definition of utility model . ref Kelsey Martin Mott, The Concept of the Small Patent, in The International Business Executive, 5 February 2007, Volume 5, Issue 3 , pp 23 24 ref A utility innovation ... generated title ref Requirements for grant Most countries having utility model laws require that the invention be new. However, many patent or utility model offices do not conduct substantive examination and merely grant the utility model after checking that utility model applications comply with formalities. Some countries exclude particular subject matter from utility model protection. For example, methods, plants and animals are normally barred from utility model protection. In Germany a utility ... comprises any knowledge made available to the public by means of a written description or by use .... ref Utility Model Law 3 Abs. 1 ref In Spain , the novelty patent novelty requirement for obtaining a utility model lang es modelo de utilidad is relative , i.e. only public written disclosure of the invention in Spain is prejudicial against the novelty of the invention claim patent claim ed in the utility ... 2004 2740 PEMSA c. Interflex ref Availability and names Primary sources date March 2008 Utility model applications may be prepared and filed at local patent offices in countries where utility model protection is available. The table below is a list of countries having utility model protection under ... more details
morefootnotes date February 2011 Multi utility relates to companies offering a wide range of services and or products. In the business market, this type of Service provider service provision usually relates to energy , environmental services, waste issues, infrastructure and or telecom services. In the consumer market, it often concerns a combined offering of services in the field of energy and digital products and services telephony , internet and television . Providers like these are also referred to as multi service providers. So it often concerns services and products in relation to Publicutilitypublic utilities . Multi utility has a relation with cross selling , offering complementary products and services. Netherlands In the Netherlands , multi utility became very popular amongst Power company power companies in the nineties of the previous century. As a consequence of the liberalization of the energy market, these companies were looking for opportunities to widen their product range. In addition to energy, they started to offer products and services through cable internet, television as well in the business market they also became active in the fields of Environmental quality ... supply . These markets had a strong association with public utilities, which led to the name multi utility. Cogeneration In the business markets, partnerships were often created as well with large ... have abandoned this multi utility strategy. They have chosen to focus on energy mono utility ... with the purchase of several products and services 4 Outsourcing Taking over the utility related assets ... Outside of the Netherlands Outside of the Netherlands, there are various other multi utility ... of traffic light installations, public swimming pools. Shareholder s are municipalities ... utility companies. Another example is GDF Suez , an international industrial and service group. This company ... german presse data Presse4.pdf http www.delta.nl Category Public utilities it Multiservizi ... more details
Utility Submeter Category Public utilities Category Flow meters Category Water supply ..., many landlords either included the utility cost in the bulk price of the renting rent or lease , or divided the utility usage among the tenants in some way such as equally, by square footage, or some ... direct customers of the utility. ref http www.pulp.tc html residential submetering.html ref The Ontario ... , which is owned by the utility supplying the water, electricity, or gas, with overall usage billed ... method of utility cost allocation called RUBS Ratio Utility Billing Systems is sometimes used to allocate ... constraints. This method divides utility costs by square footage, number of occupants, or some ... unit in each apartment. The master unit in turn transmits collated readings to the utility company ... www.epa.gov ow you submeter.html EPA website Section on submetering http www.utilitymca.org UMCA Utility Management and Conservation Association formerly National Submetering & Utility Allocation Association ... more details
Utility Trailer may refer to Trailer vehicle , an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company , an American semi trailer manufacturer disambiguation ... more details
In computer programming , a utility class is a class computer science class that defines a set of methods that perform common, often re used functions. Most utility classes define these common methods under static see Static variable scope. Examples of utility classes include java.util.Collections http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collections.html which provides several utility methods such as sorting on objects that implement a Collection java.util.collection http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collection.html . See also Utility pattern External links http c2.com cgi wiki?UtilityPattern Utility Pattern For a utility class, which does not require instantiation and only has static methods, use a private constructor Category Programming constructs Compu prog stub ... more details
Infobox aviation name Utility helicopter image Image CH 146 Griffon Helicopter.jpg caption The Canadian Forces Bell CH 146 Griffon is a typical utility helicopter A utility helicopter is a multi purpose helicopter . A utility Military helicopters military helicopter can fill roles such attack helicopter ground attack , air assault , cargo , MEDEVAC , command and control, and troop transport. ref name FD Cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Utility helicopter title Utility helicopter accessdate 10 January 2012 last Farlex, Inc date 2012 ref A utility helicopter is generally of a size between a medium transport helicopter and a Light Observation Helicopter light observation helicopter . References Reflist Aviation lists DEFAULTSORT Utility Helicopter Category Military helicopters Aero stub ca Helic pter utilitari es Helic ptero utilitario it Elicottero utility lt Bendrosios paskirties sraigtasparnis ms Helikopter utiliti ja ... more details
A utility cooperative is a type of cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a publicutility such as electricity , water or telecommunications to its members. Profit accounting Profits are either reinvested for infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of patronage or capital credits ... have another variation of the utility cooperative and which are known as Public Power Districts PPDs in Nebraska and PublicUtility Districts PUDs in Oregon and Washington. In both cases, the laws ... National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Vector Limited a 75 utility coop in New Zealand PublicUtility District References references External links http www.nreca.org National Rural Electric ... areas, when the nearest investor owned utility would not provide service, believing there would ... and transmission, to supply their member owners with electricity. Many utility cooperatives strive ... to rural areas of the United States by the same means. ref citeweb title Could Utility Cooperatives be the Answer to Rural Broadband? url http www.accel networks.com blog 2009 08 could utility cooperatives ... contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They inform the general public, particularly ... from a mixture of power companies serving the state to a public power empire spanned the 1940s the last privately owned utility line into the state being cut on December 29, 1949 , with the creation of the PUDs ... s board members each year and generally have more say in the operations than other utility ... public index.html Touchstone Energy , a national branding association of U.S. energy utility co ops. http www.coop litigation.com default.aspx History of Coops , a discussion ... Cooperative SEDC , a national provider of utility based technology and Billing Accounting software ... and Culture Electric Cooperatives Co operatives DEFAULTSORT Utility Cooperative Category Utility cooperatives Category Telecommunications companies Category Public utilities ... more details
Transferable utility is a term used in Cooperative game cooperative game theory and in economics . Utility is transferable if one player can losslessly transfer part of its utility to another player. Such transfers are possible if the players have a common currency that is valued equally by all. Note that being able to transfer cash payoff s does not imply that utility is transferable wealthy and poor players may derive a different utility from the same amount of money. Transferable utility is assumed in many cooperative game s, where the payoff s are not given for individual players, but only for coalitions. In this case the assumption implies that irrespective of the division of the coalitional payoff, members of the coalition enjoy the same total utility . References cite book last Myerson first Roger B. authorlink Roger B. Myerson title Game Theory Analysis of Conflict publisher Harvard University Press date 1991 location Cambridge, Massachusetts pages 568 url doi id isbn 0 674 34116 3 game theory Category Game theory Category Utility ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 The Utility Radio or Wartime Civilian Receiver was a vacuum tube valve domestic Superheterodyne receiver superhet radio receiver, manufactured in United Kingdom Great Britain during World War II starting in July 1944. Both AC and battery operated versions were made. ref name Miller00 Charles Edward Miller, Valve Radio and Audio Repair Handbook Newnes, 2000 ISBN 0750639954 pages 144 151 ref When war broke out in 1939 all the British radio manufacturers switched to producing a wide range of military radio equipment for the armed forces . Perhaps the most famous product was the R1155 communications receiver used by the RAF . After a few years there was a shortage of radio repairmen as they had all been called up to maintain vital radio and radar equipment. Similarly there was a shortage of spare parts, particularly valves, as all production was for the services. This meant it was very difficult to get a radio repaired and with no new sets available there was a desperate need to overcome the problem. The Government solved this by arranging for all radio manufacturers to produce a standard design with as few components as possible. Earlier the Government had introduced the Utility brand to ensure that all clothing, which was rationed, was produced to a reasonable quality standard as prior to its introduction a lot of shoddy goods had appeared on the market. So the Utility brand was adopted for this wartime radio. The only significant shortcoming compared with pre war radios was the absence of a long wave band and a simple tuning dial. This resulted in fewer ... trimmer capacitors. The general public were unable to tell the manufacturer of a particular ... below show that 44 different manufacturers produced the Utility set, today only two brands remain Roberts ... links http www.thorneyhill.freeserve.co.uk othersets.html Utility Set 1 http www.thevalvepage.com radios wartime mains warmains.htm Utility Set 2 http www.thevalvepage.com radios wartime mains ... more details
Florida cite web title What s on a utility pole? work Consumer Assistance publisher Florida Public Service ... is considerably more expensive, and so it is not common. See also Publicutility Stobie pole Caber ...Refimprove date January 2008 Image SIF Overhead Wires 1 Cropped.jpg thumb right Utility pole supporting ... of Shoe tossing shoes can be seen hanging from the wires center left, far right . A utility pole is a Column pole used to support overhead power line s and various other public utilities, such as cable ... and out of the way of people and vehicles. Utility poles can be made of wood, metal, concrete, or composites ... line s are carried on steel Electricity pylon transmission towers or pylons . Utility poles ... when this system proved faulty. Use Utility poles are commonly used to carry two types of electric ... their own dedicated poles. Description The standard utility pole in the United States is about convert ... based on terrain. Joint use poles are usually owned by one utility, which leases space on it for other ... and Electronics Engineers IEEE , sets the standards for construction and maintenance of utility ... for Wooden Utility Poles . Pole materials Image Steel Utility pole.jpg thumb upright Steel utility pole in Darwin, Northern Territory Darwin , Australia . Most utility poles are made of wood ... species of long straight trees are used to make utility poles, including Douglas fir , Jack pine ... Association AWPA has developed the standards for preserving wood utility poles. Despite the preservatives ... ref ref http www.pmcpole.com cms rus bulletin 1730B 121.pdf ref Other common utility .... One particular patented utility pole variant used in Australia is the Stobie pole , made up of two ... China utility pole.jpg thumb left A joint use utility pole in People s Republic of China China . Distribution ... found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable FOC for telephone lines and coaxial cables ... Utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights , supports for traffic lights ... more details
Infobox software name Directory Utility logo Image Directory Utility Logo.png screenshot caption Directory Access Services tab developer Apple Computer latest release version 2.0.1 294.1 latest release date August 5, 2009 operating system Mac OS X genre Utility license Proprietary software Proprietary website URL http www.apple.com macosx Directory Utility is a utility included with the Mac OS X operating system to configure connections to directory services . In OS X 10.6 and up, Directory Utility is in the System Library CoreServices it can be accessed through the GUI via the Accounts System Preferences panel, after clicking Join next to Network Account Server, and then clicking Open Directory Utility. ref cite web last Griffiths first Rob url https www.macworld.com article 142495 2009 08 snowleopardwhatsgonewhere.html title Snow Leopard What s gone where & 124 Mac OS X publisher Macworld date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref ref cite web author wallsbk url http hints.macworld.com article.php?story 20090928101901621 title 10.6 Use Directory Utility in Snow Leopard Mac OS X Hints publisher Hints.macworld.com date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref Prior to Mac OS X 10.5 this tool was named Directory Access. See also Apple Open Directory References reflist Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub it Accesso Directory uk Directory Utility zh Directory Utility ... more details
Utilitarianism expanded Problems The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics . It was created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism . In the thought experiment, a hypothetical being is proposed who receives as much or more utility from each additional unit of a resource he consumes as the first unit he consumes. In other words, the utility monster is not subject to diminishing marginal returns with regard to utility, but instead experiences constant marginal returns, or even increasing marginal returns. Since ordinary people receive less utility with each additional unit consumed, if the utility monster existed, the doctrine of utilitarianism would justify the mistreatment and perhaps annihilation of everyone else, according to Nozick s argument. In his words Utilitarian theory is embarrassed by the possibility of utility monsters who get enormously greater sums of utility from any sacrifice of others than these others lose . . . the theory seems to require that we all be sacrificed in the monster s maw, in order to increase total utility. ref Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974 ref This thought experiment attempts to show that utilitarianism is not actually egalitarian , even though it appears to be at first glance. It is the opposite of the mere addition paradox , which argues that utilitarianism may lead to a very heavily populated world. See also Average and total utilitarianism References reflist Category Utilitarianism Category Thought experiments in ethics lt Laim s monstras ... more details
A utility room is a room within a house where equipment that are not used in day to day activities are kept. Utility refers to an item which is designed for usefulness or practical use, so in turn most of the items kept in this room have functional attributes. A utility room is generally the area where laundry is done, and is the descendant of the scullery room scullery . ref cite web title Utility ... 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room url http www.learnersdictionary.com search utility 20room work Merriam Webster, Incorporated accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Organized Utility Room url http www.hihut.com organized utility room.html work Hi Hut accessdate 2010 03 17 ref Utility room ... 200px Laundry equipment within a room The utility room has several uses but typically functions ... , Ironing ironing boards and clothes iron . ref cite web title Utility Room Laundry Aids url http .... ref cite web title Utility Room Closet Organizers url http www.utilityrooms.com closetorganizers work Utility Rooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room Storage Cabinets url ... Utility Room Trash url http www.utilityrooms.com trashcans work UtilityRooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref History The utility room was a modern spin off to the scullery ... 03 17 ref The term utility room was mentioned in 1760, when a cottage was built in a rural location in the United Kingdom that was accessible through Penarth and Cardiff . ref cite web title utility room history url http www.google.com search?q utility room history&hl en&sa X&tbo p&tbs tl 1,tl num ... Google Timeline Search for Publications on Utility Room accessdate 2010 03 17 ref A utility room for general ... title Utility Rooms url http news.google.com newspapers?id ahIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid 204DAAAAIBAJ&pg 2960,5453559&dq utility room history&hl en work St. Petersburg Times Aug 3, 1946 accessdate 2010 03 17 ref An American publication, the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, on July 24, 1949 ref cite web title Utility Room ... more details
System utility may refer to System software System utility system engineering Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
The Utility Clothing Scheme was a rationing scheme introduced in the United Kingdom by the British government during World War II . In response to the shortage of clothing materials and labour due to the requirements of the war effort, the Board of Trade sponsored the creation of ranges of utility clothing meeting tight specifications regarding the amount of material and labour allowed to be used in their construction. Utility clothing, and later utility furniture , was marked with the CC41 mark. ref cite web url http www.hullcc.gov.uk museumcollections collections storydetail.php?irn 233&master 455 title 1940s Fashion Utility scheme publisher Hull City Council accessdate 2012 01 01 ref In spite of its austere specification, utility clothing designs were commissioned from leading fashion designers including Hardy Amies , Norman Hartnell and other members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers . ref cite web url http www.nationalarchives.gov.uk podcasts fashion or ration.htm title Fashion or ration Hartnell, Amies and dressing for the Blitz publisher The National Archives author Robert Daoust date 18 Feb 2010 ref References reflist See also Limitation of Supplies Cloth and Apparel Order 1941 Utility Cloth Maximum Price Order Utility Clothing Maximum Prices and Charges Order Category Austerity Britain Category Rationing and licensing Category United Kingdom home front during World War II Category 1940s fashion fashion stub ... more details
Image Cardinal utility example.png thumb alt An example of two cardinal utility functions A simple example of cardinality. Y 2x 3 In economics , a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index ... name Ellsberg, Daniel 1954 Ellsberg, Daniel. 1954 . Classic and current notions of Measurable utility . Economic Journal 64 255 528 556 ref ref Strotz, Robert. 1953 . Cardinal utility . American economic review Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 384 397 ref Two utility indices are related by a linear transformation ... of the form math v x 1 au x 1 b math , for fixed constants a and b . Thus the utility ... and origin. ref name Ellsberg, Daniel 1954 Cardinal utility is mostly considered to be an outdated idea. Only within specific contexts such as expected utility theory decision making under risk ... evaluations , is cardinal utility usually accepted. ref K bberling, Veronika. 2006 . Strength of preference and cardinal utility . Economic theory , No. 27, p. 375 ref Elsewhere, such as in general Consumer choice consumer theory , ordinal utility is preferred. History Modern work in cardinal utility theory began in the 18th century, when Daniel Bernoulli noted how the diminishing marginal utility of wealth would satisfactorily explain why a riddling game like the St. Petersburg ... utility function accounted well for the diminishing marginal utility of wealth since people ... ground for a theory of utility was laid down, though it was yet to be linked to the economic analysis of demand. The first initiatives to theorize about utility treated it as if it was a physical ... reflected on how satisfaction or utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination. Driven by a desire to establish the principle of utility as the basis of all legislation and social ... . The development of utility theory. I . Journal of political economy Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 307 327 ref In the 18th and 19th centuries the issue of the measurability of utility received plenty of attention ... more details
Infobox Software name Apple AirPort Utility logo Image AirPort Utility icon.png 65px caption The logo of Airport Utility screenshot Commented out Image airportadmin.png 220px caption Screenshot of AirPort Admin Utility on Apple Mac OS X v10.4 developer Apple Inc latest release version 6.0 latest release date January 31, 2012 operating system Mac OS X br Windows XP , Windows Vista Vista , Windows 7 7 genre computer networking Networking utility software utility license Proprietary software Proprietary Next release ? Unknown website http www.apple.com airportexpress features utility.html Apple Airport Utility The AirPort Utility , formerly known as the AirPort Admin Utility , is a utility that allows users to configure an AirPort Wi Fi Base Station to create a wireless network and manage a USB device e.g., printer, external hard drive attached to the AirPort device. It is pre installed in Mac OS X and was later made available for download for Microsoft Windows operating systems. Version 6.0 supports Mac OS X Lion Version 5.5.3 supports Mac OS X Leopard and later, as well as Windows XP and later. Version 5.4.2 ref http support.apple.com kb DL839 AirPort Utility 5.4.2 for Mac ref is the final version supported by Mac OS X Tiger . Version 4.2 ref http support.apple.com kb DL455 AirPort 4.2 for Mac OS X 10.3.3 ref is the final version supported by Mac OS X Panther as well as Windows 2000 . ref http support.apple.com kb DL456 AirPort 4.2 for Windows ref References reflist External links http www.apple.com airportextreme features utility.html AirPort Utility http support.apple.com kb DL1390 AirPort Utility 5.5.3 for Mac http support.apple.com kb DL1391 AirPort Utility 5.5.3 for Windows ... Mac software stub May 2010 Windows software stub May 2010 DEFAULTSORT Airport Utility Category Mac OS X, Airport, Windows Software Network software stub Category Wireless Category Mac OS ko it Utility Amministrazione AirPort ru AirPort uk AirPort Admin Utility zh AirPort ... more details
Ordinal utility in ordinal approch utility can not be measured but can be renked. Economic theory states that while the utility of a particular good economics good or service cannot be measured using a numerical scale bearing economic meaning in and of itself, pairs of alternative bundles combinations of goods can be ordered such that one is considered by an individual to be worse than, equal to, or better than the other. This contrasts with cardinal utility theory, which generally treats utility as something whose numerical value is meaningful in its own right. Indifference curve mappings When a large number of bundles of goods are compared, the preferences of the individual can be seen. This information ... of utility. The slope of the curve the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X ... Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer ... curves an ordinal approach gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility ... utility functions An ordinal utility function describing a consumer s preferences over, say, two ... preferences could be expressed as another utility function that is a monotonic transformation of u math g x, y equiv f u x, y , math where f is any globally increasing function. Utility functions g and u give rise to identical indifference curve mappings. Thus in ordinal utility theory, there is no concept of diminishing marginal utility , which would correspond to the second derivative of utility being negative. For example, even if u has a negative second derivative with respect to x , the equivalent utility function g may have a positive second derivative with respect to x . See also Cardinal utility Consumer theory Marginal utility References Reflist External links Ordinal utility vs. Cardinal utility Murray N. Rothbard , http mises.org daily 2205 Towards a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics Category Utility nl Ordinaal nut ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Heatpipe tunnel copenhagen 2009.jpg thumb Underground tunnel for heatpipes between Rigshospitalet and Amagerv rket in Denmark . Image Dec27 004.jpg right thumb A picture of a utility tunnel taken by an Urban Exploration urban explorer in Toronto Canada. Note the steam and electrical conduit. File Schiffbau tunnel.jpg thumb Utility tunnel in the center of Zurich , Switzerland A utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people. Steam pipe s, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking . See also Common utility duct Jefferies tube Steam tunnel incident Utilidor Utility vault Dartford Cable Tunnel DEFAULTSORT Utility Tunnel Category Tunnels Architecture stub cs Kolektor tunel he ja zh ... more details
In economics , the isoelastic function for utility , also known as the isoelastic utility function , constant relative risk aversion utility function , or power utility function , is used to express utility in terms of consumption economics consumption or some other economic variable that a decision maker is concerned with. It is math u c begin cases frac c 1 eta 1 1 eta & eta neq 1 log c & eta 1 end cases math where math c math is consumption, math u c math the associated utility, and math eta math is a non negative constant. ref Ljungqvist & Sargent Recursive Macroeconomic Theory , page 451 ref Since additive constant terms in objective functions do not affect optimal decisions, the term 1 in the numerator can be, and usually is, omitted except when establishing the limiting case of log c as below . When the context involves risk, the utility function is viewed as a von Neumann Morgenstern utility function , and the parameter math eta math is a measure of risk aversion. The isoelastic utility function is a special case of the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion HARA utility functions, and is used in analyses that either include or do not include underlying risk . Empirical parametrization There is substantial debate in the economics and finance literature with respect to the empirical value of math eta math . While relatively high values of math eta math as high as 50 in some models Citation needed date December 2010 are necessary to explain the behavior of asset prices, controlled experiments Citation needed date December 2010 lead to the conclusion that individuals have math eta math close to one. Risk aversion features This and only this utility function has the feature .... Special cases math eta 0 math this corresponds to risk neutrality , because utility is linear in c ... Exponential utility Risk aversion References references DEFAULTSORT Isoelastic Utility Category Macroeconomics Category Microeconomics Category Finance Category Utility ... more details
can also provide a public transport service like bus es and taxicab s. Utility cycling is believed to have several social and economic benefits. Policy Policies that encourage utility cycling have been proposed and implemented for reasons including improved public health , ref name rws ref name bmj ... cycling Various interests may wish to portray a negative image of utility cycling on public roads ... , India Utility cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than ... doi id isbn 0 300 10418 9 ref Overview Utility or transportational cycling generally involves ... publisher Rijkswaterstaat Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management format ... s equipment File Batavus 5.jpg thumb 200px A Dutch utility bicycle Utility bicycle s have many ... rain gear is often an essential part of the utility cyclist s wardrobe, especially in countries ... in Buenos Aires delivering bread Factors that influence levels of utility cycling Many different factors combine to influence levels of utility cycling ref Gr gory Vandenbulcke Plasschaert, 2011 ... 2011, 318 pages. ref . In developing economies, a large amount of utility cycling may be seen simply ... , trip end facilities particularly secure parking , retail policy, marketing the public image of cycling ... with, and work with, alternative transport modes such as private cars, public transport and walking ... makes the competing modes more or less attractive. In developed countries with high utility cycling levels, utility cyclists tend to undertake relatively short journeys. According to Republic of Ireland ..., residents organisations and public and private sector employers, can all have an impact on the so ..., shops, colleges, health clinics, public transport interchanges remain within a reasonable cycling ... a dense road network consisting of grid plan interconnected street s will tend to be viable utility ..., CANADA ref Particular issues have arisen with personal security and public order problems in some housing ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 File Tillie Shafer.jpg right thumb 200px Tillie Shafer was a utility infielder for the New York Giants. A utility infielder UI is a baseball player, usually one who does not have a regular starting role on the team and who is capable of playing more than one of the four defensive infielder infield baseball positions positions ref cite book last Simon first Thomas P. title Deadball stars of the National League publisher Brassey s year 2004 pages 173 isbn 1574888609 url http books.google.com books?id gEHVs0v0eIkC&pg PA173&dq utility infielder&lr &as brr 3&ei FYKrS7bvKYqizQT83rmIDg&cd 23 v onepage&q utility 20infielder&f false ref second baseman second base , third baseman third base , shortstop , and less typically first baseman first base . Utility infielders are generally considered excellent defensive players who do not hit well enough to remain in the starting lineup, ref cite book last Swaine first Rick title Beating the breaks major league ballplayers who overcame disabilities publisher McFarland year 2004 edition 2 pages 66 isbn 0786418281 url http books.google.com books?id wu1cJHb4yo0C&pg PA66&dq utility infielder&lr &as brr 3&ei FYKrS7bvKYqizQT83rmIDg&cd 29 v onepage&q utility 20infielder&f false ref but can fill in at multiple defensive positions to give the various starters a rest, or replace a starter late in a game to provide improved defense when the team is winning. Examples of current utility infielders include Geoff Blum ref cite web url http www.chron.com disp story.mpl sports bb 6925705.html title Blum understands role with Astros last Fallas first Bernardo date March 23, 2010 work Houston Chronicle accessdate 25 March 2010 ref , and John McDonald infielder John McDonald . References Reflist Baseball positions DEFAULTSORT Utility Infielder Category Baseball positions Baseball stub ko ... more details
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