The Alliance for Justice and Democracy Movement for Renewal Alliance pour la Justice et la D mocratie Mouvement pour la R novation , AJD MR is a political party in Mauritania . It represents the black minority population of the south of the country, centered on the Senegal River valley, and was formed and is led by rights activist and former presidential candidate Ibrahima Moctar Sarr . The party s colours are back and white, and its symbol is a Zebu bull, livestock being associated with the traditionally pastoralism pastoralist Fula people ref lang fr Peul lang ff Ful e ref who make up much of its constituency. ref http www.ajd mr.org modules Dossiers NosStatuts.pdf Nos Statuts Statutes of the AJD MR. accessed 2009 04 22 ref Founding The party was founded in August 2007 by a merger of Ibrahima Moctar Sarr s Movement for National Reconciliation Mauritania Movement for National Reconciliation and the Alliance for Justice and Democracy Mauritania Alliance for Justice and Democracy AJD party, with Sarr elected as the leader of the new party. Sarr, a Fula journalist, had been a high profile activist since the 1980s, and his party defined itself as campaigning for Civil rights equal rights for Pulaar speakers, Soninke people Sonink and Wolof people Wolof people alongside Moors , and the return of Mauritanian refugee s from Senegal . ref name ami.mr http www.ami.mr fr articles 2007 mars 15 5.html Le conseil constitutionnel proclame les r sultats du premier tour de l lection pr sidentielles du 11 mars 2007 , Agence Mauritanienne d Information, March 15, 2007 fr icon . ref Sarr had stood as an independent politician independent in the Mauritanian presidential election, 2007 March 2007 presidential election on an anti racist platform, came in fifth place with 7.95 in the first round ref name ami.mr and supported Ahmed Ould Daddah for the second round. ref http apanews.net apa.php?page show article eng&id article 23863 Mauritania Ould Daddah gets support of fifth place hold ... more details
for the musical group Xalam band File Diffa Niger Griot DSC 0177.jpg thumb right A Nigerien Griot playing a Xalam in Diffa , Niger. It s not called xalam in Niger please fix this Xalam , also spelled khalam , is the Wolof language Wolof name for a traditional stringed Instrument music musical instrument from West Africa . The xalam is thought to have originated from modern day Mali , but some Who date January 2012 believe that, in antiquity, the instrument may have originated from Ancient Egypt . Many believe Who subst February 7 2012 date February 2012 that it is an ancestor to the American banjo . The xalam is commonly played in Mali , Gambia , Senegal , Niger , Northern Nigeria , Northern Ghana , Burkina Faso , Mauritania , and Western Sahara it is also known in other languages as bappe , diassare , hoddu Fula people Pulaar , koliko Gurunsi , komsa , kontigi Hausa people Hausa , koni , konting Mandinka people Mandinka , molo Songhai people Songhay Zarma , ndere , ngoni Bambara people Bambara , and tidinit Hassaniyya Arabic . Someone who plays the xalam is called a xalamkat a word composed of the verbal form of xalam, meaning to play the xalam , and the agentive suffix kat , thus meaning one who xalams . Construction and tuning The xalam, in its standard form, is a simple lute chordophone with one to five strings. The wooden body soundbox membranophone of the instrument is oval shaped and covered with the hide of cattle . The strings of the xalam are typically made of two or three tightly wound strands of low gauge nylon fishing line these strings are fixed to the instrument s wooden neck by long and narrow leather strips and to its wooden bridge by cotton strings. By moving these strips, the instrument s tune can be adjusted. The xalam usually has two main melody strings that are fingered by the left hand like the strings of a guitar or banjo and two to three supplementary strings of fixed pitch. Most xalam players construct their own xalams, although they usuall ... more details
Ibrahima Moctar Sarr born 1949 is a Mauritania n journalist and politician . Running as an independent, he placed fifth in the Mauritanian presidential election, 2007 March 2007 presidential election , and he has been the President of the Alliance for Justice and Democracy Movement for Renewal AJD MR since August 2007. After studying in Cesti , Senegal , Sarr trained as a teacher before working in insurance . He became politically active in 1972, being a co founder member of the Mauritanian Workers Party . Increasingly active as a journalist , he appeared regularly on radio and television. In 1983 he was a co founder of the Forces of African Liberation of Mauritania FLAM , and in 1986 he was a communication specialist with FLAM when they published the second edition of the Manifesto of the oppressed black Mauritanian . Following this anti racist publication, which highlighted racial and discriminatory practices by the Mauritanian government, many black leaders were arrested and thrown to jail. Ibrahima Sarr was sentenced to four years in jail. In 1989, after being released from jail, Sarr resigned from FLAM and ceased his political activities until the democratization process was started in 1992 by President Taya. Sarr then joined the Popular Progressive Alliance Mauritania Popular Progressive Alliance APP under Messaoud Ould Boulkheir , becoming a leading member of the party. He later left the APP. ref name AJD Birome Gu ye, http www.africanglobalnews.com index.php?page article&id article 690 IBRAHIMA SARR, LEADER DE l AJD MR En qu te d ouverture , Africanglobalnews.com, August 24, 2007 fr icon . ref Sarr stood in the March 2007 presidential election on an anti racist platform. In order to facilitate his candidacy, he founded the Movement for National Reconciliation , although he stood as an independent politician independent . Claiming that I am the candidate of the oppressed , he called for Civil rights equal rights for Pulaar , Soninke people Sonink and Wolof p ... more details
The Fula languages lang ff Fulfulde or Pulaar or Pular are written primarily in a Latin alphabets Latin alphabet , but in some areas is still written in an older Arabic script Arabic alphabet called the Ajami alphabet . Latin alphabets Background The Latin script was introduced to Pular speaking regions of West and Central Africa by Europeans during, and in some cases immediately before, colonization. Various people missionaries, colonial administrators, and later during the colonial period, scholarly researchers, devised various ways of writing the Pular language they encountered. One issue similar to other efforts by Europeans to use their alphabet and home orthographic conventions to write African languages with unfamiliar sounds was how to represent the implosive b and d, the ejective y, the velar n the latter being present in European languages, but never in initial position , prenasalised consonants, and doubled vowels the latter being as significant in Pular for meaning as tone differences are in other languages . Major influences on the current forms used for writing Pular were decisions made by colonial administrators in Northern Nigeria need to ref. John Philips book here and the Africa Alphabet . A major conference on African language orthographies held in Bamako in 1966 confirmed this trend. Nevertheless, orthographies for the language and its variants are determined at the country level. So while Pular writing uses basically the same character sets and rules such as for doubling vowels there are some variations. Orthography Expand section date June 2008 Some general rules Vowels Long vowels are doubled Two different vowels are never used together Consonants To accentuate a consonant, double the consonant or write before the consonant. Example, temmeere te meere . Citation needed date December 2010 Alphabets by country this section is very rough & needs verification Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania a , Aa digraph aa , b , Mb digraph mb , , c , d , Nd digraph ... more details
other languages spoken include Pulaar , Soninke language Soninke , and Wolof language Wolof ..., Wolof language Wolof is the lingua franca. Pulaar is spoken by the Fula people Fulas lang fr Peul ... more details
imprint on the Fouta was so significant and remains in the memory of the Pulaar language Halpulaareen speakers of the Pulaar language in Senegal and the Gambia such as Fula people and Toucouleur people ... more details
Image Guinee Fouta Djalon Petteh Djiga.jpg thumb Petteh Djiga Rock of the Vultures . Fouta Djallon is a Highland geography highland region in the centre of Guinea , West Africa . The indigenous name is Fuuta Jaloo sometimes spelled Fuuta Jalon Fouta Djallon is a French spelling in English it is sometimes also written Futa Jalon . The origin of the name is from the Fula language Fula word for the region and the name of the original inhabitants, the Jalonke or Djallonk . Geography Fouta Djallonke consists mainly of rolling grassland s, at an average elevation of about 900m 3,000 ft . The highest point, Mount Loura , rises to 1,515m 4,970 ft . The plateau consists of thick sandstone formations which overlie granitic basement rock. Erosion by rain and river s has carved deep jungle canyon s and valley s into the sandstone.The word Djallonke originated from the people who originally occupied highlands of Guinea commonly known as SUSU.Djallonke and SUSU are interchangeable. It receives a great deal of rainfall, and the headwaters of three major rivers, the Niger River , the Gambia River and the Senegal River , have their sources on it. It is thus sometimes called the watertower chateau d eau in French literature of West Africa. Some authors also refer to Fouta Jallonke as the Switzerland of West Africa. Citation needed date February 2007 Population The population consists predominantly of Fula people Fula or Fulani people who call themselves Fule sing. Pullo and are known in French as Peul . In Fuuta Jaloo their language is called Pular language Pular , which is a dialect of Fula language Fula like Pulaar in Senegambia and Fulfulde further east in West Africa , but with some particular characteristics. History see also Kingdom of Fouta Djallon Since the 17th century it has been a stronghold of Islam , when in 1690 jihad against Muslim aristocrats who were selling their own subjects to European slave traders began. ref Mamdani, Mahmood. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim Am ... more details
Taxobox name Combretum glutinosum image image width 240px image caption regnum Plant ae divisio Magnoliophyta classis Magnoliopsida ordo Myrtales familia Combretaceae genus Combretum species C. glutinosum binomial Combretum glutinosum binomial authority Perr. ex DC. Combretum glutinosum is a shrub species of the genus Combretum , ref cite web url http www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de root index.php?page id 14&id 393 title Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC publisher West African Plants accessdate 07 April, 2011 ref found in the Sahel belt in parts of Senegal , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Mali , The Gambia , Niger , Nigeria and Cameroon , across to parts of Sudan . It is known as dooki in Pulaar , Kantakara in Hausa language Hausa , rat in Wolof language Wolof and jambakatan k in Maninka . ref name taxonomy Cite web url http en.sl.life.ku.dk upload combretum glutinosum 128.pdf format pdf title Combretum glutinosum accessdate 9 April 2011 publisher Seadleaflet Millenisum Seed Bank Project month December year 2007 ref ref name Dyes Cite web url http database.prota.org PROTAhtml Combretum 20glutinosum En.htm title Chrombretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. accessdate 9 April 2011 publisher Databaseprota.org ref ref name EN cite web url http en.sl.life.ku.dk upload combretum glutinosum 128.pdf title Combretum glutinosum Perrot. ex DC publisher Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen date December 2007 accessdate 7 April 2011 ref Its synonyms are Combretum cordofanum Engl. & Diels, C. passargei Engl. & Diels, C. leonense Engl. & Diels. ref name taxonomy Habitat Combretum glutinosum tends to grow in savanna type forests, in several soil types but is best suited to sandy and free draining soils. It is drought resistant and grows in areas of annual rainfall of Convert 200 700 mm . Its growth is fast and profuse. ref name taxonomy ref name EN Plant growth File Combretum collinum Bild0860.jpg right thumb A species of Combretum in Burkina Faso As a bushy shrub the plant grows ... more details
The national languages are Arabic , Pulaar language Pulaar , Soninke language Soninke , and Wolof ... Soninke Murutaane Pulaar language Pulaar Moritani lang fr Mauritanie Spanish Mauritania , officially ... more details
also known as Halpulaar en, literally Pulaar speakers 24 percent are the second biggest group ... is the lingua franca . Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur, and Serer language Serer is spoken ... , and the Murid Mur diyya Murid , based in the city of Touba, Senegal Touba . The Halpulaar Pulaar ... more details
dablink This article is about the West African poets. For the rapper, see Griot rapper . morefootnotes date October 2010 File GriotF te.jpg thumb right 200px Senegalese Wolof people Wolof griot, 1890 File Diffa Niger Griot DSC 0177.jpg thumb t 200px A Hausa people Hausa Griot performs at Diffa , Niger , playing a Komsa Xalam . A griot IPAc en icon r i . o IPA fr i.o or jeli djeli or dj li in French spelling is a West Africa n storyteller, praise singer, poet and musician. The griot is a repository of oral tradition oral tradition . As such, they are sometimes also called bards . According to Paul Oliver in his book Savannah Syncopators , Though the griot has to know many traditional songs without error, he must also have the ability to extemporize on current events, chance incidents and the passing scene. His wit can be devastating and his knowledge of local history formidable. Although they are popularly known as praise singers , griots may also use their vocal expertise for gossip, satire, or political comment. Griots today live in many parts of West Africa, and are present among the Mand peoples Mande peoples Mandinka people Mandinka , Malink , Bambara people Bambara , etc. , Fula people Ful e Fula , Hausa people Hausa , Songhai people Songhai , Toucouleur Tukul or , Wolof people Wolof , Serer people Serer , Mossi people Mossi , Dagomba people Dagomba , Mauritania n Arabs and many other smaller groups. The word may derive from the French language French transliteration guiriot of the Portuguese language Portuguese word criado, or masculine singular term for servant. In African languages, griots are referred to by a number of names jeli in northern Mande areas, jali in southern Mande areas, guewel in Wolof language Wolof , gawlo in Fula language Pulaar Fula . Griots form an endogamous caste , meaning that most of them only marry fellow griots and that those who are not griots do not normally perform the same functions that they perform. Terms griot and jal ... more details
Infobox President image AbdouDiouf03c.jpg name Abdou Diouf order 2nd List of Presidents of Senegal President of Senegal term start January 1, 1981 term end April 1, 2000 primeminister Habib Thiam predecessor L opold S dar Senghor successor Abdoulaye Wade birth date birth date and age 1935 9 7 mf y birth place Louga , Senegal party Socialist Party of Senegal religion Sunni Muslim Maliki Ash ari , Tijani Abdou Diouf Serer language Serer Abdu Juuf born September 7, 1935 ref name PS http www.partisocialiste.sn ps vie bioabdou.htm Biography at Socialist Party website fr icon . ref is a Senegal ese politician, and served as the second List of Presidents of Senegal President of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. Diouf is notable both for coming to power by peaceful succession, and leaving willingly after losing the Senegalese presidential election, 2000 2000 presidential election to Abdoulaye Wade . He has been the Secretary General of Francophonie La Francophonie since 2003. Early life Diouf was born in Louga , Senegal, the child of an Hal Pulaar mother and a Serer people Serer e father. He went to primary and secondary school at the Lyc e Faidherbe in Saint Louis, Senegal Saint Louis , and studied law at Dakar University and then at the Sorbonne , Paris . Diouf graduated in 1959. ref name Rake Image Abdou Diouf.jpg thumb left Abdou Diouf in 2008 Political career After graduation, Diouf returned to Senegal, where in September 1960 he was appointed Director of International Technical Cooperation. In November 1960 he became assistant of the Secretary General of the Government, and in June 1961 he became Secretary General of the Ministry of Defense. ref name PS ref name Rake Rake, African Leaders Guiding the New Millinium, p. 193. Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2001. ref In 1961 he joined the Senegalese Progressive Union Union Progressiste S n galaise , UPS , which later became the Socialist Party of Senegal . ref name Rake In December 1961 he became Governor of the Sine Saloum Region, servi ... more details
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