inline date January 2009 Chemical warfare vert A pulmonary agent or choking agent is a chemical weapon agent designed to impede a victim s ability to Respiratory system breathe . They operate by causing a build up of fluids in the lungs which then leads to Asphyxia suffocation . Exposure to the eyes and skin tend to be corrosive, causing blurred vision and severe deep burns. Inhalation of these agents cause burning of the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, tightness in chest, and respiratory and circulatory failure. Examples of pulmonary agents include chlorine Chlorine gas Chloropicrin PS Diphosgene DP Phosgene CG Disulfur decafluoride Perfluoroisobutene Acrolein Diphenylcyanoarsine Phosgene is the most dangerous commonly used pulmonary agent although disulfur decafluoride and perfluoroisobutene are both even more dangerous, with respectively 4 and 10 times the lethality of phosgene, neither is widely used . It is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions. It has a vapor density 3.4 times greater than that of air allowing it to remain low in the air for long periods of times. Phosgene leads to massive pulmonary edema, which reaches maximum symptoms in 12 hours after exposure followed by death within 24 48 hours. Chlorine is an element used in industry. It is one of the most commonly manufactured chemicals in the United States. It is used to make pesticides, rubber, and solvents. It is also used in drinking water and swimming pools to kill bacteria. The extent of poisoning caused by chlorine depends on the amount of chlorine a person is exposed to. History The first modern history use of a pulmonary agent was by the British in the Crimean War Citation needed date February 2012 and the Union in the Civil War, Citation needed date February 2012 using shells ... of Chemical Casualties Handbook Pulmonary Agents . Retrieved Nov. 7, 2004. Roland E. Langford, Introduction ... Pulmonary agents Weapon stub de Lungenkampfstoff ja ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Pulmonary contusion Image Pulmonary contusion CT arrow.jpg Caption A CT scan showing a pulmonary contusion red arrow accompanied by a rib fracture blue arrow DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 ... MeshID Definition A pulmonary contusion or lung contusion is a contusion bruise of the lung , caused ... oxygen levels hypoxia medical hypoxia . Unlike pulmonary laceration , another type of lung injury, pulmonary contusion does not involve a cut or tear of the lung tissue. Causes, history A pulmonary ... I and II, pulmonary contusion resulting from blasts gained recognition. In the 1960s its occurrence ... overload can worsen pulmonary edema , which may be lethal. Prognosis, Epidemiology The severity ... pulmonary contusion is the most common type of potentially lethal chest trauma. It occurs in 30 75 of severe chest injuries. With an estimated mortality rate of 14 40 , pulmonary contusion plays a key .... Pulmonary contusion is usually accompanied by other injuries. Although associated injuries are often the cause of death, pulmonary contusion is thought to cause death directly in a quarter to half ... instead to the lung. Pulmonary contusion is associated with complications including pneumonia ... Image Alveolus diagram.svg thumb right The alveoli Pulmonary contusion and laceration are injuries to the lung tissue. Pulmonary laceration , in which lung tissue is torn or cut, differs from pulmonary contusion in that the former involves disruption of the macroscopic architecture of the lung ... name Wicky00 When lacerations fill with blood, the result is pulmonary hematoma , a collection ... 103 isbn 0 397 51732 7 ref Contusion involves hemorrhage in the pulmonary alveolus alveoli tiny air ... may have no symptoms at all. ref name Costantino06 However, pulmonary contusion is frequently associated .... ref name Fabian07 In general, pulmonary contusion tends to worsen slowly over a few days, ref name ... Crushed Saturn.jpg thumb right Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of pulmonary contusion ... more details
Infobox disease Name Pulmonary embolism Image SaddlePE.PNG Caption Chest spiral CT scan with radiocontrast agent showing multiple filling defects both at the bifurcation and in the pulmonary artery pulmonary ... Pulmonary embolism PE is a blockage of the pulmonary artery main artery of the lung or one of its ... 139140 1 pages 1561 65 chapter Pulmonary thromboembolism ref Symptoms of pulmonary embolism include ... and imaging studies, usually CT pulmonary angiography . Treatment is typically with anticoagulant medication ... plasminogen activator tPA or may require surgical intervention via pulmonary thrombectomy . ref ... pulmonary component of the second heart sound , and raised jugular venous pressure . ref name Goldhaber A low grade fever may be present, particularly if there is associated pulmonary hemorrhage or infarction. ref cite journal author Stein PD, Sostman HD, Hull RD, et al. title Diagnosis of Pulmonary ... hump in a person with a right lower lobe pulmonary embolism The diagnosis of PE is based primarily ... J title Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism ... of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism increasing the models ... I, Dreyer JF, Barnes D, Forgie M, Kovacs G, Ward J, Kovacs MJ title Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism ... in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. ANTELOPE Study Group journal Thromb. Haemost. volume ... Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability ... pulmonary embolism journal Ann. Intern. Med. volume 144 issue 3 pages 157 64 year 2006 pmid 16461959 ... policy on evaluation and management of pulmonary embolism journal American Family Physician volume ... A prospective reassessment of the utility of the Wells score in identifying pulmonary embolism journal ... A, Goodman LR, Fowler SE, Buckley JD title Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism recommendations ... more details
Pulmonary pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplasia neoplastic and non neoplastic disease s of the lung s and thorax thoracic pleura . Diagnostic specimens are often obtained via bronchoscope bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy , Computed tomography CT guided percutaneous biopsy, or thoracic surgery video assisted thoracic surgery VATS . The diagnosis of inflammation inflammatory or fibrosis fibrotic diseases of the lungs is considered by many pathologist s to be particularly challenging. Pathology stub Category Anatomical pathology ... more details
The pulmonary lobes may refer to 2 Left lung Lobes lobes of the left lung 3 Right lung Lobes lobes of the right lung disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
A pulmonary hematoma is a collection of blood within the tissue biology tissue of the lung . It may result when a pulmonary laceration fills with blood. ref name White99 A lung laceration filled with air is called a pneumatocele . ref name White99 In some cases, both pneumatoceles and hematomas exist in the same injured lung. ref name Gavelli02 cite journal author Gavelli G, Canini R, Bertaccini P, Battista G, Bn C, Fattori R title Traumatic injuries imaging of thoracic injuries journal European Radiology volume 12 issue 6 pages 1273 1294 year 2002 month June pmid 12042932 doi 10.1007 s00330 002 1439 6 url ref Pulmonary hematomas take longer to heal than simple pneumatoceles and commonly leave the lungs scarred. ref name White99 cite book author White C, Stern EJ title Chest Radiology Companion publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 1999 pages 80, 176 isbn 0 397 51732 7 oclc doi accessdate 2008 04 30 url http books.google.com ?id keNyAl8AArUC&pg PA176&dq pulmonary laceration ref A pulmonary contusion is another cause of bleeding within the lung tissue, but these result from microhemorrhages, multiple small bleeds, and the bleeding is not a discrete mass but rather occurs within the lung tissue. An indication of more severe damage to the lung than pulmonary contusion, a hematoma also takes longer to clear. ref name Moore03 cite book chapter Trauma to the chest wall and lung author Livingston DH, Hauser CJ title Trauma. Fifth Edition editor Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL year 2003 publisher McGraw Hill Professional isbn 0071370692 accessdate 2008 06 30 pages 525 528 ref Unlike contusions, hematomas do not usually interfere with gas exchange in the lung, but they do increase the risk of infection and abscess formation. ref name mlr07 cite journal author Miller DL, Mansour KA title Blunt traumatic lung injuries journal Thoracic Surgery Clinics volume 17 issue 1 pages 57 61 year 2007 pmid 17650697 doi 10.1016 j.thorsurg.2007.03.017 ref References ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Pulmonary hypoplasia Image Caption DiseasesDB 32488 ICD10 ICD10 Q 33 6 q 30 ICD9 ... radio 790 MeshID Pulmonary hypoplasia is incomplete development of the lung s, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segment s or Pulmonary alveolus alveoli . A congenital ... with normal development of the lungs. Primary idiopathic pulmonary hypoplasia is rare and usually not associated with other maternal or fetal abnormalities. Incidence of pulmonary hypoplasia ranges from 9 11 per 10,000 live birth s and 14 per 10,000 births. ref name Cadichon Pulmonary hypoplasia is a common ... in stillbirth s, although not regarded as a cause of these. Causes Causes of pulmonary hypoplasia include a wide variety of congenital malformations and other conditions in which pulmonary hypoplasia ... 22 Pulmonary hypoplasia title Congenital malformations evidence based evaluation and management editor1 ... masses of the neck such as cervical teratoma also can cause pulmonary hypoplasia, presumably by interfering with the fetus s ability to fill its lungs. In the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia, the EXIT ... TM, Flake AW, Adzick NS title Severe pulmonary hypoplasia associated with giant cervical ... Warsaw, Poland 1960 volume 58 issue 7 8 pages 462 5 year 2005 pmid 16425805 doi url issn ref Pulmonary ... of oligohydramnios and cervical cord transection on lung growth in experimental pulmonary hypoplasia ... year 1997 month July pmid 9240585 doi url issn ref Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with Dextrocardia ... pmid 9639726 doi url issn ref Diagnosis Medical diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia in utero may use imaging ... pulmonary hypoplasia measurement of the chest trunk length ratio in fetuses journal Pediatric Surgery ... of pulmonary hypoplasia journal Pediatric Radiology volume 31 issue 9 pages 669 72 year 2001 month September ... pulmonary hypoplasia, the group that responded to maternal oxygenation had a more favorable outcome ... R, Weiner S, Berghella V title Prenatal prediction of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia the hyperoxygenation ... more details
Pulmonary cyst may refer to Bronchogenic cyst Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Pulmonary cyst may be relevant to Carcinoma ref name pmid21930334 cite journal author Singh N, Bal A title Lung Cyst Caused by Centrally Located Bronchogenic Carcinoma. journal Arch Bronconeumol year 2011 volume issue pages pmid 21930334 doi 10.1016 j.arbres.2011.06.019 pmc url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 21930334 ref Infantile Stridor ref name pmid21767428 cite journal author Goswamy J, de Kruijf S, Humphrey G, Rothera MP, Bruce IA title Bronchogenic cysts as a cause of infantile stridor case report and literature review. journal J Laryngol Otol year 2011 volume 125 issue 10 pages 1094 1097 pmid 21767428 doi 10.1017 S0022215111001502 pmc url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 21767428 ref Treatments for pulmonary cysts include Marsupialization ref name pmid8362815 cite journal author Downing GJ, Hayen LK, Kilbride HW title Acquired subglottic cysts in the low birth weight infant. Characteristics, treatment, and outcome. journal Am J Dis Child year 1993 volume 147 issue 9 pages 971 4 pmid 8362815 doi pmc url ref Bronchoscopy ref name pmid8362815 References references Category Respiratory therapy Category Pulmonology Category Medicine ... more details
Pulmonary compliance or lung compliance can refer to either dynamic or static lung compliance. Static lung compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure. ref MeshName Lung compliance ref Dynamic lung compliance is the compliance of the lung at any given time during actual movement of air. The compliance of the lungs demonstrate Hysteresis Respiratory physiology hysteresis , that is the compliance is different on inspiration and expiration for identical volumes. Compliance is greatest at moderate lung volumes , and much lower at volumes which are very low or very high. Calculation Pulmonary compliance is calculated using the following equation, where V is the change in volume, and P is the change in pleural pressure math Compliance frac Delta V Delta P math For example if a patient inhales 500 mL of air from a spirometer with an intrapleural pressure before inspiration of 5 cm H sub 2 sub O and 10 cm H sub 2 sub O at the end of inspiration. Then br math Compliance frac Delta V Delta P frac .5 L 5 cmH 2O 10 cmH 2O frac .5 L 5 cmH 2O 0.1 L times cmH 2O 1 math Static Compliance C sub stat sub Static compliance represents pulmonary compliance during periods without gas flow, such as during an inspiratory pause. It can be calculated with the formula math C stat frac V T P plat PEEP math where P sub plat sub plateau pressure. P sub plat sub is measured at the end of inhalation and prior to exhalation using an inspiratory hold maneuver. During this maneuver, airflow is transiently 0.5 sec discontinued, which eliminates the effects of airway resistance. Pplat is never ... Compliance C sub dyn sub Dynamic compliance represents pulmonary complaince during periods of gas flow ... is associated with a decrease in pulmonary compliance. emphysema Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD may be associated with an increase in pulmonary compliance due to the loss of alveolar and elastic tissue. Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance by decreasing the surface tension of water ... more details
one source date June 2010 Infobox disease Name Pulmonary aspiration Image Illu conducting passages.svg Alt Conducting passages. Caption Upper respiratory tract Human pharynx pharynx and larynx and lower respiratory tract Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and lung ICD10 ICD10 J 69 , ICD10 J 95 4 J 95 br ICD10 O 29 0 O 29 , ICD10 O 74 0 O 74 br ICD10 O 89 0 O 89 , ICD10 P 24 br ICD10 T 17 3 T 17 ICD10 T 17 9 T 17 ICD10 W 78 ICD10 W 80 ICD9 ICD9 668.0 , ICD9 997.3 DiseasesDB 979 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D053120 Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material such as Human pharynx pharyngeal secretion s, food or drink, or stomach contents from the oropharynx or Human gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract into the larynx voice box and lower respiratory tract the portions of the respiratory system from the Vertebrate trachea trachea windpipe to the lung s . A person may either inhalation inhale the material, or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking, the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as going down the wrong pipe. Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all, to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia ... complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as Altered level of consciousness ... bifurcations . Risk factors Risk factors for pulmonary aspiration include conditions which depress .... Citation needed date August 2011 Consequences Particle related Pulmonary aspiration of particulate ... . ref name Engelhart1999 Cite journal last Engelhart first T last2 Webster first2 NR title Pulmonary ... ref Acid related Pulmonary aspiration of acidic material such as gastric acid stomach acid ... name Engelhart1999 Bacterial Pulmonary aspiration is often followed by bacterial pneumonia . Community ... , sedation or general anesthesia . In intensive care , sitting patients up reduces the risk of pulmonary ... more details
Anterior ligament can refer to Anterior ligament of the head of the fibula Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus Anterior ligament of elbow disambig ... more details
Pulmonary hygiene , formerly referred to as pulmonary toilet ref name Moody77 cite journal author Moody LE title Primer for pulmonary hygiene journal Am J Nurs volume 77 issue 1 pages 104 6 year 1977 month January pmid 584121 doi 10.2307 3424229 jstor 3424229 ref is a set of methods used to clear mucus and secretion s from the airway s. The word pulmonary refers to the lung s. Toilet Etymology The word toilet is related to the French toilette , refers to body care and hygiene this root is used in words such as toiletry that also relate to cleansing.These methods are widely used by Physiotherapists specialist Physiotherapists who are specialising in Cardiopulmonary field. Pulmonary hygiene prevents atelectasis the collapse of the alveoli of the lungs and rids the respiratory system of secretions, ref name Allen96 cite journal author Allen GS, Coates NE title Pulmonary contusion A collective review journal The American Surgeon volume 62 issue 11 pages 895 900 year 1996 month November pmid 8895709 doi url ref which could cause respiratory infection s. It can also decrease pulmonary shunt ... Methods used for pulmonary hygiene include suction medicine suctioning of the airways, chest physiotherapy ... author Allen GS, Cox CS title Pulmonary contusion in children Diagnosis and management journal Southern ... into the airways so that an examiner can view them, can be used therapeutically as part of pulmonary ... that do not inhibit breathing are also parts of pulmonary toilet. ref name Wilson01 Coughing is also ... G chapter Chronic pulmonary disease Bronchopulmonary dysplasia editor Perkin RM, Swift JD, Dale ... facilitates pulmonary toilet. ref name isbn0 387 98393 7 cite book author Reilley JM, Sicard ... issue 8 pages 739 48 pmid 20597083 doi 10.1002 ppul.21254 pmc url ref . Applications Pulmonary bronchial ... pressure 20mmHg , any spinal injury acute or otherwise, active hemoptysis , pulmonary embolism , pulmonary edema with congestive heart failure and an open or healing wound in the area where ... more details
, reduces surface tension . Function To increase pulmonary compliance . To prevent atelectasis collapse ... to very low, near zero levels. Pulmonary surfactant thus greatly reduces surface tension , increasing ... surfactant molecule in the pulmonary surfactant mixture. It also has higher compaction capacity ... substances of the pulmonary surfactant mixture, the DPPC s adsorption kinetics is very slow. This happens ... title Pulmonary surfactant Surface properties and function of alveolar and airway surfactant journal ... issue 1 pages 195 207 doi 10.1016 S1095 6433 01 00316 6 ref Artificial surfactants File Pulmonary surfactant.JPG thumb 200px Survanta, surrounded by devices for its application. Synthetic pulmonary ... author HW Taeush title Improving Pulmonary Surfactants journal Acta Pharmacologica Sinica year ... tension can be greatly reduced by pulmonary surfactant, this effect will depend on the surfactant ... text align left Pulmonary surfactant in equilibrium at 36 C 25 style text align left Healthy lung ... deficiency Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis History In late 1920s von Neergaard ref cite journal ... of the pulmonary surfactant in increasing the compliance of the lungs by reducing surface tension ... author Veldhuizena,Ruud Nagb, Kaushik Orgeigc, Sandra Possmayer, Fred title The role of lipids in pulmonary ... Mini review on Pulmonary Surfactant Minireview covering composition, function and pathologies of Pulmonary Surfactant Respiratory physiology Membrane proteins DEFAULTSORT Pulmonary Surfactant ... Pulmonary function testing de Surfactant fr Surfactant pulmonaire it Surfattante polmonare pt Surfactante ... more details
The Posterior ligament can refer to Posterior sacroiliac ligament Posterior ligament of the head of the fibula Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus Oblique popliteal ligament Posterior ligament of elbow disambig ... more details
Transverse ligament can refer to Superior transverse ligament of the scapula Transverse ligament of the atlas Transverse ligament of the acetabular notch Transverse ligament of knee disambig ... more details
Suspensory ligament describes any ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ anatomy organ . Types include In humans Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland or Berry s ligament Suspensory ligament of clitoris Suspensory ligament of axilla or Gerdy s ligament Suspensory ligament of duodenum or Suspensory muscle of duodenum Suspensory ligament of ovary Suspensory ligament of penis Suspensory ligament of lens or Zonular fibres Suspensory ligament of eyeball or Lockwood s ligament Suspensory ligaments of breast or Cooper s ligaments In other animals In horse s, the suspensory ligament is part of the suspensory apparatus of the leg . It supports the fetlock joint when the leg is supporting the horse s weight. It is frequently injured in athletic horses. http www.vetpro.co.nz 888 Vet 20Talk Equine the suspensory ligament.htm The Horse Owners Guide To The Suspensory Ligament disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The term arcuate ligament refers to an arc shaped ligament . Specifically, it can refer to a variety of ligaments in the human body Arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm Median arcuate ligament Medial arcuate ligament Lateral arcuate ligament Inferior pubic ligament arcuate ligament of the pubis DEFAULTSORT Arcuate Ligament Category Ligaments Category Article Feedback 5 Ligament stub ... more details
Collateral ligament can refer to Fibular collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Medial collateral ligament Collateral ligaments of interphalangeal articulations of foot Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal articulations disambig de Ligamentum collaterale ... more details
Crural ligament may refer to Transverse crural ligament Cruciate crural ligament disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Triangular ligament may refer to Right triangular ligament Left triangular ligament Urogenital diaphragm disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
A palmar ligament is one of several ligaments in or near the palm of the hand Palmar radiocarpal ligament Palmar carpal ligament Palmar plate disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
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