In signalprocessing , the term pulse has the following meanings A rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a Signalling telecommunication signal from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value. A rapid change in some characteristic of a signal, e.g., phase waves phase or frequency , from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value. ref FS1037C MS188 ref Pulse shapes Pulse shapes can arise out of a process called Pulse shaping pulse shaping . Optimum pulse shape depends on the application. Rectangular pulse These can be found in pulse wave s, square wave s, boxcar function s, and rectangular function s. In digital signals the up and down transitions between high and low levels are called the rising signal edge edge and the falling edge. In digital systems the detection of these sides or action taken in response is termed edge triggered, rising or falling depending on which side of rectangular pulse. A digital timing diagram is an example of a well ordered collection of rectangular pulses. Nyquist pulse A Nyquist pulse is one which meets the Nyquist ISI criterion and is important in data transmission. An example of a pulse which meets this condition is the sinc function . The sinc pulse is of some significance in signalprocessing theory but cannot be produced by a real generator for reasons of causality. Gaussian pulse A Gaussian pulse is shaped as a Gaussian function and is produced by a Gaussian filter . It has the properties of maximum steepness of transition with no overshoot and minimum group delay . References references Category signalprocessingSignalprocessing stub de Puls Elektrotechnik lt Impulsas signalas nl Puls elektriciteit ja pt Pulso processamento de sinal uk ... more details
Pulse Doppler signalprocessing is a radar performance enhancement strategy that allows small high speed ..., near the sea surface, and inside storms. This signalprocessing strategy is unique for pulse Doppler .... Environment Image Pulse doppler samples.png thumb Pulse Doppler signalprocessing begins with samples taken between multiple transmit pulses. Sample strategy expanded for one transmit pulse is shown. Pulse Doppler begins with coherent pulses transmitted through an antenna or transducer. There is no modulation on the transmit pulse. Each pulse is a perfectly clean slice of a perfect coherent tone ... pulse. The pulse width of each sample matches the pulse width of the transmit pulse. Enough samples must be taken to act as the input to the pulse Doppler filter. Sampling Image Iq samples.png thumb Pulse Doppler signalprocessing begins with I and Q samples. In the diagram, the top shows pieces ... windowing provides optimal processing sidelobe suppression. Filtering Image Pulse doppler signal processing.png thumb Pulse Doppler signalprocessing. The Range Sample axis represents individual samples ... moving reflectors without overwhelming computer software and operators. Other signalprocessing strategies ... signalprocessing separates reflected signals into a number of frequency filters. There is a separate ... during signalprocessing and a side lobe suppression strategy, such as Window function Dolph ... frequency outputs requires 1024 transmit pulses for input. Detection Detection processing for pulse ... 2 times Transmit Frequency right Rejection end cases math For monopulse radar , signalprocessing ... signalprocessing can be used to automate the process. Doppler velocity feedback must be disabled ... Reflist Category Radar Category Radar signalprocessing ... from slow moving or stationary objects. Transmit pulses are sent at the pulse repetition frequency ... energy that has been down converted to baseband is sampled. Sampling begins after each transmit pulse ... more details
The Pulse may refer to tocright Radio The Pulse Sirius XM , a hot AC channel on Sirius XM Radio The Pulse Sirius , The original Sirius incarnation on channel 9 until November 12, 2008 The Pulse of West Yorkshire , a UK radio station originally known as Pennine Radio 94.7 The Pulse , an Australian community radio station from Geelong, Victoria formerly known as 3YYR The Pulse program , an Australian radio program The Pulse ESPN Radio , a college basketball program airing on ESPN Radio Comics The Pulse comics , a Marvel comic book about a section of the Daily Bugle newspaper focusing on superheroes The Pulse comics news , a comic book news website at Comicon.com Novels The Pulse, the signal transmitted from cell phones that made people go crazy in Stephen King s novel Cell novel Cell Other Central Pulse , a New Zealand netball team based in Wellington that compete in the trans Tasman ANZ Championship The Pulse , a lifestyle and entertainment magazine in Worcester, MA The Pulse , a weekly local music and entertainment magazine in Minneapolis, MN The Pulse Journal , a weekly broadsheet newspaper founded in Mason, Ohio and owned by Cox Enterprises The Pulse, A Social Experiment, a voluntary experiment to do without electronics for a period of time See also Pulse disambiguation disambig ... more details
other uses Merge from Heart rate discuss Talk Pulse date March 2012 Refimprove date December 2008 File Pulse evaluation.JPG thumb Pulse evaluation at the radial artery. In medicine , one s pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the Cardiac cycle heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse ... of the elbow brachial artery , and near the ankle joint posterior tibial artery . The pulse can also ... . Physiology The pulse is a decidedly low tech high yield and antiquated term still useful at the bedside ... physiologist to describe the pulse. ref Temkin 165 BBC a ref The pulse is an expedient tactile ... to create a palpable pressure wave. The heart rate may be greater or lesser than the pulse rate depending ... sounds at the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit difference between ... and auscultation at the heart apex. Pulse velocity, pulse deficits and much more physiologic data ... since the 1970s. The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute or BPM. The pulse may be further indirectly ... ratios. Applied capture of variances of light signal from the blood component hemoglobin under oxygenated vs. deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of pulse oximetry . Normal pulse rates Normal pulse rates Heart rate At rest at rest , in beats per minute BPM ref http www.nlm.nih.gov ... of Health Pulse ref class wikitable style text align center newborn br 0 3 months old infants br ... 40 60 The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower is better ..., loss of energy and fainting. ref cite web title Pulse Rate Measurement url http www.webmd.com heart disease pulse measurement work Healthwise publisher WebMD accessdate 14 March 2011 ref Evaluation Several pulse patterns can be of clinical significance. These include Pulsus alternans an ominous ... notes a pattern of a strong pulse followed by a weak pulse over and over again. This pulse signals ... more details
Merge to Audio signal discuss Talk Audio signal Merge proposal date May 2011 Audio signalprocessing , sometimes referred to as audio processing , is the intentional alteration of sound auditory Signal ... digital or analog signal analog format, signalprocessing may occur in either domain. Analog processors operate directly on the electrical signal, while digital processors operate mathematically on the digital representation of that signal. Audio coding architecture There are several efficient signal ... system analysis low pulse and multi pulse excitation Signal adaptive bank of critically sampled,uniform ..., Ted Painter, Venkatraman title Audio signalprocessing and coding year 2006 publisher John Wiley & Sons ... auditory system. Analog signals Main Analog signalprocessing Analog indicates something that is mathematically ... signals below . Analog signalprocessing ASP then involves physically altering the continuous .... Since that time, as computers and software became more advanced, digital signalprocessing has become the method of choice. Digital signals Main Digital signalprocessing A digital representation ... numbers. This permits signalprocessing using digital circuits such as microprocessors and computers ... of digital signalprocessing are much more powerful and efficient than analog domain signalprocessing. ref Cite book title Digital Audio SignalProcessing first Udo last Z lzer publisher ... sp.pdf doi id isbn Audio broadcasting DEFAULTSORT Audio SignalProcessing Category Audio electronics Category Signalprocessing ca Processament digital de so el es Procesamiento ... in bels or in decibel s. Audio processing was necessary for early radio broadcasting , as there were ... edition Online Ausg. ref Audio coding architecture There are several efficient signal models e.g. transform ... reproduction. Coders are nothing but segment of input signal into quasi stationary frames ranging from ... is providing. Thus, an analog signal is one represented by a continuous stream of data, in this case ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2010 cleanup March 2011 no footnotes March 2011 http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE is the acronym of Shrink Path of Ultra Low Power Superconducting Electronics. S PULSE is a support action of the European Seventh Framework Programme FP7 that stimulates joint efforts of European academic and industrial groups in the field of superconducting technologies. The general goal is to prepare Superconductor Electronics SE technologies for the technology generation beyond the CMOS scaling limits called often beyond CMOS . S PULSE supports the Superconducting Electronics community to strengthen the vital link between research and development and industry. It also strengthens the exchange of knowledge and ideas and take charge of education. The challenge in SE is to achieve superconducting electronic circuit performance beyond the possibilities of semiconductor circuit technologies, and to make SE technologies ready to benefit to other technologies in the world markets. This support action, developed in the 2008 2010 period, is focused to prepare a Technology Roadmap and a Strategic Research Agenda SRA to enable the transition from the present scientific oriented network for SE towards an industrially guided European Technology Platform ETP . References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE http www.lahc.univ savoie.fr fluxonics FLUXONICS http www.fluxonics foundry.de FLUXONICS Foundry RSFQ DEFAULTSORT S Pulse Category Superconductivity ... more details
Pulse was a tabloid magazine published by Tower Records which contained record reviews, interviews and advertising. ref citation url http www.sfgate.com cgi bin article.cgi?f c a 2006 10 19 DDGPJLR16L32.DTL title For S.F. rockers, Tower Records was where it was all happening now the party s over author Joel Selvin authorlink Joel Selvin publisher San Francisco Chronicle date October 19, 2006 ref Initially, it was given away free in their stores to promote their record sales. ref citation url http www.statehornet.com home index.cfm?event displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory id 2a04805e abc4 4280 a6e5 ac16184d46d9 title Tower Records magazine full of information author Cindy Vincent date 24 April 2001 publisher The State Hornet format dead link date May 2010 ref After nine years, in 1992, the magazine began national distribution with a cover price of 2.95, ref citation url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product SB&p theme sb&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 0EB0D9B1676ACC86&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM title Pulse gives rock lovers their money s worth publisher Sacramento Bee date January 28, 1992 ref but was cancelled when the company discontinued U.S. operations. References reflist Category American music magazines entertainment mag stub es Pulse ... more details
Orphan date July 2011 unreferenced date July 2011 Polynomial signalprocessing is a type of Non linear system non linear signalprocessing . Polynomial systems maybe interpreted as conceptually straight forward extensions of linear system s to the non linear case. Category SignalprocessingSignalprocessing stub ... more details
Analog signalprocessing is any signalprocessing conducted on analog signal s by analog means. Analog ... error in the signals represented by such physical quantities. Examples of analog signalprocessing include ... on TVs. Common analog processing elements include capacitors, resistors, inductors and transistors. Tools used in analog signalprocessing A system s behavior can be mathematically modeled and is represented ... signals are usually called y t or Y s . Convolution Convolution is the basic concept in signalprocessing that states an input signal can be combined with the system s function to find the output signal ... signal can be used in analog signalprocessing, there are many types of signals that are used very frequently. Sinusoids Sine wave Sinusoids are the building block of analog signalprocessing. All real ... of systems that can be easily solved using conventional analog signalprocessing methods. Once a system ... processingSignal electrical engineering Analogue electronics Analog recording vs. digital recording ... A. Yoder. SignalProcessing First. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. Category Signal ... sygna w ru simple Analog signalprocessing sv Analog signalbehandling ... from digital which uses a series of discrete quantities to represent signal. Analog values are typically ... and is used to find the convolution of a signal and a system typically a and b . Consider two ... a signal or system in the time domain into the frequency domain, but it only works for certain ... of a signal or system. The inverse Fourier transform is used to go from frequency domain to time domain math x t frac 1 2 pi int infty infty X j omega e j omega t , d omega math Each signal or system that can be transformed has a unique Fourier transform. There is only one time signal for any frequency signal, and vice versa. Laplace transform details Laplace transform The Laplace transform is a generalized Fourier transform . It allows a transform of any system or signal because it is a transform ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 In the Abstract algebra algebraic theory of linear signalprocessing , a set of Filter signalprocessing filter s is treated as an Algebra ring theory algebra and a set of Signal electrical engineering signal s is treated as a Module mathematics module and the z transform is generalized to linear map s. References cite arxiv last1 P schel first1 Markus last2 Moura first2 Jose M. F. title Algebraic SignalProcessing Theory date 2006 eprint cs 0612077 . External links http www.ece.cmu.edu smart research.html Smart Project Algebraic Theory of SignalProcessing at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Category Algebra Category Signalprocessing electronics stub ... more details
The IEEE SignalProcessing Society is a society of the IEEE . It is also known by the acronym IEEE SPS . In the hierarchy of IEEE, the SignalProcessing Society is one of close to 40 technical societies ... web societies home index.html accessdate 2009 05 01 ref The IEEE SignalProcessing Society ... of the society is defined to be The IEEE SignalProcessing Society is an international ... educate the signalprocessing community and provide a venue for people to interact and exchange ideas. and the field of interest is defined to be Signalprocessing is the enabling technology ..., algorithms with associated architectures and implementations, and applications related to processing information contained in many different formats broadly designated as signals. Signalprocessing ... from signals. History The SignalProcessing society was formed in 1948 as the Professional Group ... IEEE SignalProcessing Society History title IEEE SignalProcessing Society History author IEEE Global ... and scholarly journal s ref cite web title SPS Periodicals publisher IEEE SignalProcessing Society ... Journal of Selected Topics in SignalProcessing IEEE SignalProcessing Letters IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine Inside SignalProcessing e Newsletter IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language ... IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing Co sponsored journals include IEEE Computing in Science ... Communications Digital Library SignalProcessing electronic Library SPeL The IEEE SignalProcessing ... SignalProcessing Society s periodicals, which includes all four transactions and letters, newsletters ... listview here . See also International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing ... ISBI IInternational Symposium on SignalProcessing and Information Technology ISSPIT International Conference on Signal and Image Processing SIPS International Conference on Information Processing ... Processing Society s Website IEEE societies DEFAULTSORT Ieee SignalProcessing Society Category ... more details
Time Reversal SignalProcessing is a technique for focusing wave s. A Time Reversal Mirror TRM is a device that can focus waves using the time reversal method. TRMs are also known as time reversal mirror arrays, as they are usually Array processing arrays of transducers, but they do not have to be arrays. TRM are known and used for decades in the optical domain, and are used in the ultrasonic domain by Mathias Fink at the cole sup rieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris . This article needs a few more citations. Comments specify a few places that need more work Overview If the source is passive, i.e. some type of isolated reflector, an iterative technique can be used to focus energy on it. The TRM transmits a plane wave which travels toward the target and is reflected off it. The reflected wave returns to the TRM, where it looks as if the target has emitted a weak signal. The TRM reverses and retransmits the signal as usual, and a more focused wave travels toward the target. As the process is repeated, the waves become more and more focused on the target. Yet another variation is to use a single transducer and an ergodic theory ergodic cavity. Intuitively, an ergodic cavity is one that will allow a wave originating at any point to reach any other point ... on SignalProcessing, 55 1, pp. 187 201, January 2007 ref , and they have achieved resolution ... The beauty of time reversal signalprocessing is that one need not know any details of the channel ... signalprocessing is the fact that it makes use of multipath propagation. Many wireless communication .... Scientific American November 1999. pp. 91 97. Category Signalprocessing fr Retournement temporel ... signal, then the received signal at the TRM is the impulse response of the channel. The TRM sends the reversed ... to realize that the signal is concentrated in both space and time in many applications, autocorrelation ... the source and the array. The source sent a 1 s pulse both with and without the steel scatterers ... more details
for an ADC output value to change sufficiently rapidly. Quantization signalprocessing ... exceed those of the very best hi fi systems, with the microphone noise and Headroom audio signalprocessing ... group note See also Beta encoder Digitizing Kell factor Digital signalprocessing Downsampling ... Journal devoted to Sampling Theory Category Signalprocessing ar bg ca ...Image Signal Sampling.png thumb 300px Signal sampling representation. The continuous signal is represented with a green color whereas the discrete samples are in blue. In signalprocessing , sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal . A common example is the conversion of a sound wave a continuous signal to a sequence of samples a discrete time signal . A sample refers to a value ... samples from a continuous signal . A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the desired points. Theory See also Nyquist ... per second , thus f sub s sub 1 T . Although most of the signal is discarded by the sampling process, it is still generally possible to accurately reconstruct a signal from the samples if the signal is band limited . A sufficient condition for perfect reconstruction is that the non zero portion of the signal .... For details, see Aliasing . Practical implications In practice, the continuous signal is sampled using ... types of distortion can occur, including Aliasing . A precondition of the sampling theorem is that the signal be bandlimited. However, in practice, no time limited signal can be bandlimited. Since ... is obtained as a time average within a sampling region, rather than just being equal to the signal ..., result in the original signal before sampling but instead output a sequence of piecewise constant values ... . Applications Audio sampling Digital audio uses pulse code modulation and digital signals for sound ... , and 20 bit depth, which yield a theoretical maximum Signal to quantization noise ratio signal to quantization ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Digital signalprocessing DSP is concerned with the representation of discrete ... or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signalprocessing and analog signalprocessing are subfields of signalprocessing . DSP includes subfields like audio signalprocessing audio and speech signalprocessing , sonar and radar signalprocessing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signalprocessing, digital image processing , signalprocessing for communications, control of systems, biomedical signalprocessing, seismic data processing, etc. The goal ... title Digital SignalProcessing Instant access author James D. Broesch, Dag Stranneby and William Walker ... signalprocessing including more powerful general purpose microprocessor s, field programmable gate ... SignalProcessing and Applications author Dag Stranneby and William Walker edition 2nd ed. publisher ... signalprocessing With the increasing use of computer s the usage of and need for digital signalprocessing ... signalprocessing quantization . In the discretization stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence ... are audio signalprocessing , audio compression data audio compression , digital image processing ... . Implementation Depending on the requirements of the application, digital signalprocessing ... s called digital signal processor s. Often when the processing requirement is not real time computing real time , processing is economically done with an existing general purpose computer and the signal ... algorithm s plane div Related fields Analog signalprocessing Automatic control Computer Engineering ... series Wavelet References Reflist Further reading wikibooks Digital SignalProcessing div class references ... Discrete Time SignalProcessing , Prentice Hall, ISBN 0 13 754920 2 Boaz Porat A Course in Digital SignalProcessing , Wiley, ISBN 0471149616 Richard G. Lyons Understanding Digital SignalProcessing , Prentice Hall, ISBN 0 13 108989 7 Jonathan Yaakov Stein, Digital SignalProcessing, a Computer Science ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 Speech signalprocessing refers to the acquisition, manipulation, storage, transfer and output of vocal utterances by a computer. The main applications are the recognition, synthesis and compression of human speech Speech recognition also called voice recognition focuses on capturing the human voice as a digital sound wave and converting it into a computer readable format. Speech synthesis is the reverse process of speech recognition. Advances in this area improve the computer s usability for the visually impaired. Speech data compression Speech compression is important in the telecommunications area for increasing the amount of information which can be transferred, stored, or heard, for a given set of time and space constraints. Speaker diarization is the process of determining who spoke when in a signal. . DEFAULTSORT Speech SignalProcessing Category Signalprocessing multimedia software stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 mergeto Downsampling discuss Talk Downsampling Merger proposal date March 2012 This article is related to signal processing . For other meanings of the word Decimation , please see Decimation disambiguation . In digital signal processing , decimation is a technique for reducing the number of Sample signal samples in a Discrete signal discrete time signal . The element which implements this technique is referred to as a decimator . Decimation is a two step process Anti aliasing filter Low pass anti aliasing filter Downsampling An example of decimation the frequency of a recorded sound can be raised an octave in other words, doubled in frequency by eliminating every other sample without changing the sampling rate . This will result in aliasing if the sound contains overtones whose doubled frequency will exceed half the sampling rate. Decimation aliasing can be avoided by eliminating those overtones with a lowpass filter before downsampling. The same principle applies to eliminating samples at other intervals. DEFAULTSORT Decimation Signal Processing Category Digital signal processing Tech stub pl Decymacja cyfrowe przetwarzanie sygna w ru ... more details
Image Sampled.signal.svg right thumb Sampled signal discrete signal discrete time, continuous values. Image Quantized.signal.svg right thumb Quantized signal continuous time, discrete values. Image Digital.signal.svg right thumb Digital signal sampled, quantized discrete time, discrete values. Quantization , in mathematics and digital signalprocessing , is the process of mapping a large set of input ... to some degree in nearly all digital signalprocessing, as the process of representing a signal in digital ... also includes analog to digital conversion of a signal for a digital signalprocessing system e.g., using a sound card of a personal computer to capture an audio signal and the calculations performed within most digital filtering processes. Here the purpose is primarily to retain as much signal fidelity as possible while eliminating unnecessary precision and keeping the dynamic range of the signal within practical limits to avoid signal Clipping signalprocessing clipping or arithmetic overflow . In such uses, substantial loss of signal fidelity is often unacceptable, and the design often ... to digital conversion . Analog to digital conversion often also involves Sampling signalprocessing sampling the signal periodically in time e.g., at 44.1 Hertz kHz for Compact disc CD quality ... of quantization error is that it affects a signalprocessing system in a similar manner to that of additive ... cases it can even cause limit cycle s to appear in digital signalprocessing systems. ref ... on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing , Vol. ASSP 37, No. 1, Jan. 1989. ref Uniform quantization ... Quantization SignalProcessing Category Digital signalprocessing Category Computer graphic ... input data. ref Allen Gersho and Robert M. Gray , Vector Quantization and Signal Compression , Springer ... step size is small relative to the variation in the signal being measured , it is relatively ... magnitudes. For some applications, having a zero output signal representation or supporting low output ... more details
unreferenced date May 2007 Host SignalProcessing HSP is a term used in computing to describe hardware such as a modem or Computer printer printer which is emulated to various degrees in software. Intel uses the term Native SignalProcessing NSP . HSP replaces dedicated Digital signal processor DSP or ASIC hardware by using the general purpose CPU of the host computer. Modems using HSP are known as winmodem s a term trademarked by 3COM USRobotics, but genericized or softmodem s. Printers using HSP are known as GDI printer s after the MS Windows GDI software interface , winprinter s named after winmodems or softprinter s. The Apple II floppy drive used the host CPU to process drive control signals, instead of a microcontroller . This instance of HSP predates the usage of the terms HSP and NSP. Category Computing terminology compu stub pt Host SignalProcessing ... more details
Nofootnotes article date March 2009 Statistical signalprocessing is an area of Applied Mathematics and SignalProcessing that treats signals as stochastic process es, dealing with their statistical properties e.g., mean , covariance , etc. . Because of its very broad range of application Statistical signalprocessing is taught at the graduate level in either Electrical Engineering , Applied Mathematics , Pure Mathematics Statistics , or even Biomedical Engineering and Physics departments around the world, although important applications exist in almost all scientific fields. In many areas signals are modeled as functions consisting of both deterministic and stochastic components. A simple example and also a common model of many statistical systems is a signal math y t math that consists of a deterministic part math x t math added to noise which can be modeled in many situations as white Gaussian noise math w t math math y t x t w t , math where math w t sim mathcal N 0, sigma 2 math White noise simply means that the noise process is completely uncorrelated. As a result, its autocorrelation ... of Statistical SignalProcessing publisher Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River, New Jersey ... Statistical SignalProcessing lecture notes http ece.uwaterloo.ca ece603 at the University of Waterloo ... 022464 4. DSP Signalprocessing stub stat stub Category Signalprocessing Category Time series analysis ... variable from which it is derived, we can increase our knowledge of the output signal conversely, given the statistical properties of the output signal, we can infer the properties of the underlying ... spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance to improve the signal noise ratio of nmr spectra. The signal ... the signal to noise ratio is increased by a factor of 100, enabling the measurement of carbon ... filter Particle filter Further reading cite book first Louis L. last Scharf title Statistical signalprocessing detection, estimation, and time series analysis publisher Addison Wesley location Boston ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 In signalprocessing , the energy math E s math of a continuous time signal x t is defined as math E s langle x t , x t rangle int infty infty x t 2 dt math Energy in this context is not, strictly speaking, the same as the conventional notion of energy in physics and the other sciences. The two concepts are, however, closely related, and it is possible to convert from one to the other math E E s over Z 1 over Z int infty infty x t 2 dt math where Z represents the magnitude, in appropriate units of measure, of the load driven by the signal. For example, if x t represents the electric potential potential in volt s of an electrical signal propagating across a transmission line, then Z would represent the characteristic impedance in ohm s of the transmission line. The units of measure for the signal energy math E s math would appear as volt sup 2 sup seconds, which is not dimensionally correct for energy in the sense of the physical sciences. After dividing math E s math by Z , however, the dimensions of E would become volt sup 2 sup seconds per ohm, which is equivalent to joule s, the SI unit for energy as defined in the physical sciences. Spectral Energy Density Similarly, the Spectral density spectral energy density of signal x t is math E s f X f 2 math where X f is the Fourier transform of x t . For example, if x t represents the magnitude of the electric field component in volts per meter of an optical signal propagating through free space , then the dimensions of X f would become volt seconds per meter and math E s f math would represent the signal s spectral energy density in volts sup 2 sup second sup 2 sup per meter sup 2 sup as a function ... that the signal energy is always equal to the summation across all frequency components of the signal s spectral energy density. See also Signalprocessing Parseval s theorem Inner product Category Signalprocessing cs Energie zpracov n sign lu de Energiesignal nl Energiesignaal ... more details
In time series analysis or forecasting as conducted in statistics , signalprocessing , and many other fields the innovation is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal forecast of that value based on information available prior to time t . If the forecasting method is working correctly successive innovations are uncorrelated with each other, i.e., constitute a white noise time series. Thus it can be said that the innovation time series is obtained from the measurement time series by a process of whitening , or removing the predictable component. The use of the term innovation in the sense described here is due to Hendrik Bode and Claude Shannon 1950 ref C.E.Shannon and H.Bode A simplified derivation of linear least square smoothing and prediction theory, Proc. IRE, vol. 38, pp. 417 425, 1950, reprinted as Chapter 51 in The Collected Papers of Claude Shannon, IEEE Press, 1993 ISBN 0 7803 0434 9 ref in their discussion of the Wiener filter problem, although the notion was already implicit in the work of Kolmogorov . ref S.K.Mitter Nonlinear filtering of diffusion processes, Springer 1982 ref See also Kalman filter Filtering problem stochastic processes Errors and residuals in statistics Innovation butterfly References reflist DEFAULTSORT Innovation SignalProcessing Category Signalprocessing Category Stochastic processes ... more details
saturated. Digital processing see Saturation arithmetic In digital signalprocessing , clipping occurs when the signal is restricted by the range of a chosen representation. For example in a system ... that can be represented, and if during processing the amplitude of the signal is doubled, sample signal ... range compression Clipping audio References reflist Category Signalprocessing de Clipping Signalverarbeitung ... they are cut off flat, or clipped . Clipping is a form of distortion that limits a signal information theory signal once it exceeds a threshold. Clipping may occur when a signal is recorded by a sensor that has constraints on the range of data it can measure, it can occur when a signal is digitized , or it can occur any other time an analog signal analog or digital signal is transformed, particularly in the presence of gain or Overshoot signal overshoot and undershoot. Clipping may be described as hard, in cases where the signal is strictly limited at the threshold, producing a flat cutoff or it may be described as soft, in cases where the clipped signal continues to follow the original ... range as the clipped waveform comes closer to a squarewave . The extra high frequency weighting of the signal could make tweeter damage more likely than if the signal was not clipped. However most loudspeakers ... use a Clipper electronics clipper or clamper electronics clamper to keep a signal within a desired range. When an amplifier is pushed to create a signal with more power than it can support, it will amplify the signal only up to its maximum capacity, at which point the signal will be amplified no further ..., and sometimes even the sign of the sample value, resulting in gross distortion of the signal .... Avoiding clipping Clipping can be detected by viewing the signal on an oscilloscope, for example , and observing ... of white pixels and decide if too much clipping has occurred. To avoid clipping, the signal can be dynamically ..., but it prevents any data from being completely lost. Repairing a clipped signal When clipping occurs ... more details
refimprove date November 2011 In signalprocessing , a filter is a device or process that removes from a Signal electronics signal some unwanted component or feature. Filtering is a class of signalprocessing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequency frequencies and not others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background signal noise noise . However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering ... continuous time circuit is perhaps the most common meaning for filter in the signalprocessing world ... Optical filter s were originally developed for purposes other than signalprocessing such as lighting ... find signalprocessing applications and signalprocessing filter terminology, such as Filter optics ... filter References Reflist Electronic Filters DEFAULTSORT Filter SignalProcessing Category Signalprocessing Category Telecommunication theory Category Filter theory Category Electronics terms ... Signal combination in Fourier space is an alternative approach for removal of certain frequencies from the recorded signal. ref http rsi.aip.org resource 1 rsinak v82 i11 p115103 s1?isAuthorized no Mashaghi et al. Noise reduction by signal combination in Fourier space applied to drift correction ... signal continuous time linear filter linear or non linear filter non linear Time variant system ..., a linear filter . Any non linearity will result in the output signal containing components of frequency which were not present in the input signal. The modern design methodology for linear continuous ... they are used to process an electronic signal and transducer s are provided to convert this to and from ... The transfer function math H s math of a filter is the ratio of the output signal math Y s math to that of the input signal math X s math as a function of the complex frequency math s math math ... more details
fields, including electronics , information theory , radio communication s, signalprocessing , and spectroscopy ... line or the entire electromagnetic spectrum spectral range . In many signalprocessing contexts, bandwidth .... In signalprocessing and control theory the bandwidth is the frequency at which the closed loop system ... Hartley theorem gives the channel capacity Wideband References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Bandwidth SignalProcessing Category Signalprocessing Category Telecommunication theory Category Electronics terms ... frequency RF bandwidth , signal bandwidth , frequency bandwidth , spectral bandwidth or analog bandwidth ... so that their signal electronics signals do not mutually interfere. Each transmitter owns a slice of bandwidth ... scaled. In some contexts, the signal bandwidth in hertz refers to the frequency range in which the signal s spectral density is nonzero or above a small threshold value. That definition is used ... is defined as the range of frequencies in which the signal s spectral density is above ... models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies ... bandwidth i.e. the maximum passband bandwidth of the carrier modulated RF signal and the minimum ... the baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model . For instance, the baseband model of the signal ... domain where the signal is math frac 1 sqrt 2 math of the maximum signal amplitude half power . Antenna ... more details
dablink This article is about the audio signalprocessing term. For other uses, see Headroom disambiguation . In digital and analog sound reproduction audio , headroom is the amount by which the signal handling capabilities of an audio system exceed a designated level known as Permitted Maximum Level PML . Headroom can be thought of as a safety zone allowing transient audio peaks to exceed the PML without exceeding the signal capabilities of an audio system digital clipping, for example . Various standards bodies recommend various levels as Permitted Maximum Level. Headroom in digital audio In digital audio, headroom is defined as the amount by which digital full scale FS exceeds the permitted maximum level PML in Decibel dB decibels . The EBU European Broadcasting Union EBU specifies a PML of 9 dB below 0 dBFS 9 dBFS , thus giving 9 dB of headroom. An alternative EBU recommendation allows 24 dB of headroom, which might be used for 24 bit master recordings where it is useful to allow more room for unexpected peaks during live recording. Failure to provide adequate headroom can bring about clipping audio clipping of brief, higher level transients. Headroom in analog audio In analog audio, headroom can mean low level signal capabilities as well as the amount of extra power reserve available within the power amplifiers that drive the loudspeakers. Alignment level main Alignment level File Lindos10.svg right 600px Alignment level is an anchor point, 9 db below the nominal level, Fact date June 2009 a reference level which exists throughout the system or broadcast chain, though it may have different actual voltage levels at different points in the analog chain. Typically, nominal not alignment level is 0 dB, corresponding to an analog sine wave voltage of RMS voltage of 1.23 volts 4 dBu or 3.47 volts peak to peak . In the digital realm, alignment level is 18 dBFS. AL analog level SPL sound pressure level See also Audio quality measurement Noise measurement Programme levels ... more details
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