to low or low to high . ref http www.netrino.com Embedded Systems How To PWM PulseWidthModulation www.netrino.com &ndash Introduction to PulseWidthModulation PWM ref This technique is referred ... method. Three types of pulsewidthmodulation PWM are possible The pulse center may be fixed in the center of the time window and both signal edge edges of the pulse moved to compress or expand the width ... amplifier List of Techniques for Reading PulseWidth Modulated Signals References reflist External links Commons category Pulsewidthmodulation http www.beis.de Elektronik DeltaSigma DeltaSigma.html ... Tutorial on PWM and Quadrature Encoding Category Electronics terms ar Pulsewidthmodulation ... Modulation de largeur d impulsion hi it Pulsewidthmodulation hu Impulzussz less g ... can be controlled by the width and number of modulated impulses per given cycle Pulsewidthmodulation PWM , or pulse duration modulation PDM , is a commonly used technique for controlling power ... Stream Digital sound encoding method was introduced, which uses a generalized form of pulsewidthmodulation called pulse density modulation , at a high enough sampling rate typically in the order ... Pulse amplitude modulationPulse code modulationPulse density modulationPulse position modulation ... Image Duty cycle general.svg thumb 350px Fig. 1 a pulse wave , showing the definitions of math y min math , math y max math and D. Pulsewidthmodulation uses a rectangular pulse wave whose pulsewidth is modulated resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform. If we consider a pulse ... t ,dt. math As math f t math is a pulse wave, its value is math y max math for math 0 t D cdot T math ... cycle D. Image Pwm.svg thumb 350px Fig. 2 A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding ... signal the red sine wave in figure 2 is more than the modulation waveform blue , the PWM signal magenta is in the high state, otherwise it is in the low state. Delta Main Delta modulation ... more details
Merge to Pulse density modulation date May 2011 Pulse Frequency Modulation PFM is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels 1 and 0 . It is analogous to pulsewidthmodulation PWM , to which the reader may refer for more detailed information, as the magnitude of an analog signal is encoded in the duty cycle of a square wave . If a pulse rate is set to 8000 pulses per second at 0 signal voltage then when the signal voltage reaches maximum the pulse rate will step up to 9000 but when the negative maximum voltage is reached the pulse rate will step down to 7000. A stable oscillator that is frequency modulated is used to create the pulse rate because of this PFM is not as widely used. ref http www.andreas schwope.de ASIC s Schnittstellen Data Lines body modulation.html ref Unlike PWM, in which the width of square pulses is varied at constant frequency , PFM is accomplished using fixed duration pulses and varying the repetition rate thereof. In other words, the frequency of the pulse train is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal at sampling intervals. The amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant. The advantage of pulse frequency modulation is better immunity to noise interference than PAM. The disadvantage is more complex transmitter and receiver design. ref http www.aubraux.com dsp dsp modulationpulse frequency pfm.php ref Potential applications It has been proposed that PFM could serve as a suitable Visual prosthesis retinal prosthesis device. PFM s ability to operate independently and asynchronously promotes the flow of nutrient nutrients through the chip which is essential for living Cell biology cells . Cell stimulation would be accomplished through the output of pulse streams by PFM. A large ... 2001 0012 VIEW 033.HTM See also Pulse amplitude modulationPulse code modulationPulse density modulationPulse position modulation References reflist Lenk, John D. 1999 . Circuit Troubleshooting ... more details
driver modulation techniques such as pulsewidthmodulation PWM as the forward current passing through ... Pulse code modulationPulse position modulationPulsewidthmodulationPulse density modulationPulse forming network Quadrature amplitude modulation 8VSB Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT Pulse Amplitude Modulation ... signal, a amplitude of signal, b time Pulse amplitude modulation , acronym PAM , is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.It is an analog pulsemodulation scheme in which the amplitude of train of carrier pulse are varied ... positive and negative going. Pulse amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission of digital data, with non baseband applications having been largely replaced by pulse code modulation , and, more recently, by pulse position modulation . In particular, all telephone modem s faster than 300 bit s use quadrature amplitude modulation QAM . QAM uses a two dimensional constellation diagram ... defines the wire level modulation for 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10GBASE T 10GBASE T as a Tomlinson Harashima Precoded THP version of pulse amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels PAM 16 , encoded in a two ... used for the study of photosynthesis using a Pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry PAM fluorometer ... conditions. Use in electronic drivers for LED lighting Pulse amplitude modulation has also been developed ... current is reduced. Pulse amplitude modulation LED drivers are able to synchronize pulses across ... d impulsos de Pulsamplitudenmodulation es Modulaci n por amplitud de pulsos it Pulse amplitude modulation ... be made to modulated using a carrier wave before transmission. Types There are two types of pulse amplitude modulation 1.Single polarity PAM In this a suitable fixed dc level is added to the signal ... s, uses five level PAM modulation PAM 5 running at 25 megapulses sec over two wire pairs. A special ... modulation, including PAM with 12 discrete levels PAM 12 , ten levels PAM 10 , or eight levels PAM ... more details
also Pulse amplitude modulationPulse code modulationPulse density modulationPulsewidthmodulation Ultra wideband DEFAULTSORT Pulse Position Modulation Category Quantized radio modulation modes de Pulsphasenmodulation es Modulaci n por posici n de pulso it Pulse position modulation pl PPM modulacja ...Unreferenced date December 2009 Modulation techniques Pulse position modulation PPM is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of math 2 M ... pulse position modulation , whereby each pulse position is encoded relative to the previous ... make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine the correct pulse position corresponding to the transmitted pulse. Multipath in Pulse Position Modulation systems can be easily ... based on pulse code modulation , which is more complex but offers greater flexibility and reliability. Pulse position modulation is also used for communication to the ISO IEC 15693 contactless smart ... the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols, instead of affecting all successive ... one or more echoes of each transmitted pulse. Since the information is encoded in the time of arrival ... and time of arrival of the received pulse to obtain their range position in the presence of echoes. Non coherent detection One of the principal advantages of PPM is that it is an M ary modulation ... communications systems, where coherent phase modulation and detection are difficult and extremely expensive. The only other common M ary non coherent modulation technique is Multiple frequency shift ... of the PPM pulse means that only a few of the M time shifts are heavily impaired by fading. Optical ... modulation scheme in many such applications. Applications for RF communications Narrowband RF ..., with the position of each pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control ... the pulse to the motor position the receiver is merely required to multiplexing demultiplex ... more details
Merge from Pulse frequency modulation date May 2011 Pulse density modulation , or PDM , is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with digital data . In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values are not encoded into pulses of different size as they would be in Pulse code modulation PCM . Instead, it is the relative density of the pulses that corresponds to the analog signal s amplitude. Pulsewidthmodulation PWM is the special case of PDM where all the pulses corresponding to one sample are contiguous in the digital signal. Description In a pulse density modulation bitstream a 1 corresponds to a pulse of positive polarity A and a 0 corresponds to a pulse of negative polarity A . Mathematically, this can be represented as math x n A 1 a n math where x n is the bipolar bitstream either A or A and a n is the corresponding binary bitstream either 0 or 1 . A run consisting of all ... Image Pulse density modulation ... or Image Pulse density modulation 2 periods.gif In pulse density modulation ... neural event called an action potential represents one bit pulse , with the rate of firing of the neuron representing the pulse density. Algorithm Image Pulse density modulation.svg right thumb 300px Pulse density modulation of a sine wave using this algorithm. A digital model of pulse density modulation ... a pulse code modulation signal into a PDM signal Encode samples into pulse density modulation ... Audio CD SACD format, under the name Direct Stream Digital . See also Delta modulationPulse code modulation Delta sigma modulation External links http www.cs.tut.fi sgn arg rosti 1 bit 1 bit A D and D A Converters &mdash Discusses delta modulation , PDM also known as Sigma delta modulation or SDM , and relationships to Pulse code modulation PCM Category Signal processing ca Modulaci per densitat ... signal through the process of delta sigma modulation . This process uses a one bit Quantization ... more details
Differential pulse code modulation DPCM is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse code modulation PCM but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal . If the input is a continuous time analog signal, it needs to be sampling signal processing sampled first so that a discrete time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder. Option 1 take the values of two consecutive samples if they are analog samples, quantization signal processing quantize them calculate the difference between the first one and the next the output is the difference, and it can be further entropy coding entropy coded . Option 2 instead of taking a difference relative to a previous input sample, take the difference relative to the output of a local model of the decoder process in this option, the difference can be quantized, which allows a good way to incorporate a controlled loss in the encoding. Applying one of these two processes, short term redundancy positive correlation of nearby values of the signal is eliminated compression ratios on the order of 2 to 4 can be achieved if differences are subsequently entropy coded, because the entropy of the difference signal is much smaller than that of the original discrete signal treated as independent samples. DPCM was invented by C. Chapin Cutler at Bell Labs in 1950 his patent includes both methods. ref U.S. patent 2605361, C. Chapin Cutler, http www.google.com patents?id F55NAAAAEBAJ Differential Quantization of Communication Signals , filed June 29, 1950, issued July 29, 1952 ref Option 1 difference between two consecutive quantized samples The encoder makes the role ... center thumb 500px See also Adaptive DPCM Delta modulation , a special case of DPCM where the differences e sub Q sub n are represented with 1 bit as Pulsemodulation methods Delta sigma modulation References references Category Telephony signals de Differential Pulse Code Modulation eu DPCM ... more details
Infobox file format name Linear pulse code modulation icon logo screenshot caption extension .L16, .WAV, .AIFF, ref name rfc2586 cite web url http tools.ietf.org html rfc2586 title RFC 2586 The Audio L16 MIME content type date 1999 05 accessdate 2010 03 16 ref .AU, .PCM mime audio L16, audio L8, ref name rfc4856 cite web url http tools.ietf.org html rfc4856 page 17 title RFC 4856 Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences Registration of Media Type audio L8 date 2007 03 accessdate 2010 03 16 ref audio L20, audio L24 ref name rfc3190 cite web url http tools.ietf.org html rfc3190 title RFC 3190 RTP Payload Format for 12 bit DAT Audio and 20 and 24 ... extended from Pulse code modulation PCM extended to standard free url Linear pulse code modulation ... using this method of encoding. The term pulse code modulation PCM , though strictly more general, is often used to describe data encoded as LPCM. Description LPCM is a particular method of pulse code modulation which represents an audio waveform as a sequence of amplitude values recorded at a sequence ... pulse code modulation is used by HDMI defined in 2002 , a single cable digital audio video connector ... 24 bit playback. See also AES3 Pulse code modulation References references External links http www.digitalpreservation.gov ... and L16 July 2003 High definition DEFAULTSORT Linear Pulse Code Modulation Category Digital audio es Linear Pulse Code Modulation fr Linear pulse code modulation ... url http www.digitalpreservation.gov formats fdd fdd000011.shtml title Linear Pulse Code Modulated ... is the method of encoding generally used for uncompressed audio, although there are other methods such as pulse density modulation used also on Super Audio CD . LPCM is used for the lossless encoding ... PCM, Pulse Code Modulated Audio , Retrieved on 2009 07 18 ref ref Library of Congress, http www.digitalpreservation.gov formats fdd fdd000011.shtml Linear Pulse Code Modulated Audio LPCM , Retrieved on 2009 ... more details
In telecommunication , equivalent pulse code modulation noise PCM is the amount of thermal noise Power physics power on a frequency division multiplexing FDM or wire channel communications channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a Pulse code modulation PCM channel. Note 1 The speech quality judgment is based on comparative tests. Note 2 Generally, 33.5 dBrnC 2.5 decibel dB is considered the approximate equivalent PCM noise of a 7 bit PCM system . References FS1037C MS188 Category Multiplexing Category Noise telecomm stub ... more details
Adaptive differential pulse code modulation ADPCM is a variant of differential pulse code modulation DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal to noise ratio . Typically, the adaptation to signal statistics in ADPCM consists simply of an adaptive scale factor before quantizing the difference in the DPCM encoder. ref cite book title Principles of Digital Audio author Ken C. Pohlmann publisher McGraw Hill Professional year 2005 isbn 978 0 07 144156 8 url http books.google.com books?id VZw6z9a03ikC&pg PA122&dq adpcm adaptive differential pulse code modulation&ei 4KNNSdbVB4fEkATAorS7BA PPA122,M1 ref ADPCM was developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs for voice coding, by P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and James L. Flanagan . ref P. Cummiskey, N. S. Jayant, and J. L. Flanagan, Adaptive quantization in differential PCM coding of speech, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, pp. 1105 1118, Sept. 1973. ref In telephony In telephony , a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8000 analog samples per second, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 kbit s digital signal known as DS0 . The default signal compression encoding on a DS0 is either Mu law algorithm law mu law PCM North America and Japan or A law PCM Europe and most of the rest of the world . These are logarithmic compression systems where a 13 or 14 bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8 bit value. This system is described by international standard G.711 . Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8 bit law or a law PCM samples into a series of 4 bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity ... Category Audio codecs ca ADPCM de Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation es ADPCM eu ADPCM fr Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation it ADPCM nl Adaptieve DPCM ja pl ADPCM pt ... more details
modulation PAM Pulsewidthmodulation PWM Pulse position modulation PPM Analog over digital methods Pulse code modulation PCM DPCM Differential PCM DPCM ADPCM Adaptive DPCM ADPCM Delta modulation ... filtered copper wire such as a serial bus or a wired local area network . The aim of pulsemodulation ... books?id 5dGjKLawsTkC&pg PA188 ref Bit encoding Pulsemodulation methods Pulsemodulation ... level signal by modulating a pulse wave . Some pulsemodulation schemes also allow the narrowband ... called Adaptive delta modulation ADM Pulse density modulation PDM Miscellaneous modulation techniques ...About musical change of key Modulation music other uses Modulation techniques In electronics and telecommunications , modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic ... waveform is used as carrier wave carrier signal , but a square wave pulse train may also be used. In telecommunications , modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically transmitted. Modulation ... of the passband. A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator sometimes detector or demod . A device ... modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass Channel communications channel ... modulation is to transfer an analog signal analog baseband or lowpass signal, for example an audio ... modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing FDM , where several low pass information signals ... several different carrier frequencies . The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also ... synthesizers, modulation may be used to synthesise waveforms with an extensive overtone spectrum ... order or much lower than the modulating waveform. See for example frequency modulation synthesis or Ring modulation Use in music ring modulation synthesis . Analog modulation methods File Amfm3 en de.gif ... more details
The Pulse may refer to tocright Radio The Pulse Sirius XM , a hot AC channel on Sirius XM Radio The Pulse Sirius , The original Sirius incarnation on channel 9 until November 12, 2008 The Pulse of West Yorkshire , a UK radio station originally known as Pennine Radio 94.7 The Pulse , an Australian community radio station from Geelong, Victoria formerly known as 3YYR The Pulse program , an Australian radio program The Pulse ESPN Radio , a college basketball program airing on ESPN Radio Comics The Pulse comics , a Marvel comic book about a section of the Daily Bugle newspaper focusing on superheroes The Pulse comics news , a comic book news website at Comicon.com Novels The Pulse, the signal transmitted from cell phones that made people go crazy in Stephen King s novel Cell novel Cell Other Central Pulse , a New Zealand netball team based in Wellington that compete in the trans Tasman ANZ Championship The Pulse , a lifestyle and entertainment magazine in Worcester, MA The Pulse , a weekly local music and entertainment magazine in Minneapolis, MN The Pulse Journal , a weekly broadsheet newspaper founded in Mason, Ohio and owned by Cox Enterprises The Pulse, A Social Experiment, a voluntary experiment to do without electronics for a period of time See also Pulse disambiguation disambig ... more details
other uses Merge from Heart rate discuss Talk Pulse date March 2012 Refimprove date December 2008 File Pulse evaluation.JPG thumb Pulse evaluation at the radial artery. In medicine , one s pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the Cardiac cycle heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse ... of the elbow brachial artery , and near the ankle joint posterior tibial artery . The pulse can also ... . Physiology The pulse is a decidedly low tech high yield and antiquated term still useful at the bedside ... physiologist to describe the pulse. ref Temkin 165 BBC a ref The pulse is an expedient tactile ... to create a palpable pressure wave. The heart rate may be greater or lesser than the pulse rate depending ... sounds at the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit difference between ... and auscultation at the heart apex. Pulse velocity, pulse deficits and much more physiologic data ... since the 1970s. The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute or BPM. The pulse may be further indirectly ... under oxygenated vs. deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of pulse oximetry . Normal pulse rates Normal pulse rates Heart rate At rest at rest , in beats per minute BPM ref http www.nlm.nih.gov ... of Health Pulse ref class wikitable style text align center newborn br 0 3 months old infants br ... 40 60 The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower is better ..., loss of energy and fainting. ref cite web title Pulse Rate Measurement url http www.webmd.com heart disease pulse measurement work Healthwise publisher WebMD accessdate 14 March 2011 ref Evaluation Several pulse patterns can be of clinical significance. These include Pulsus alternans an ominous ... notes a pattern of a strong pulse followed by a weak pulse over and over again. This pulse signals ... in the tactile pulse caused by an increasingly stiff aortic valve. Loss of compliance in the aortic ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2010 cleanup March 2011 no footnotes March 2011 http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE is the acronym of Shrink Path of Ultra Low Power Superconducting Electronics. S PULSE is a support action of the European Seventh Framework Programme FP7 that stimulates joint efforts of European academic and industrial groups in the field of superconducting technologies. The general goal is to prepare Superconductor Electronics SE technologies for the technology generation beyond the CMOS scaling limits called often beyond CMOS . S PULSE supports the Superconducting Electronics community to strengthen the vital link between research and development and industry. It also strengthens the exchange of knowledge and ideas and take charge of education. The challenge in SE is to achieve superconducting electronic circuit performance beyond the possibilities of semiconductor circuit technologies, and to make SE technologies ready to benefit to other technologies in the world markets. This support action, developed in the 2008 2010 period, is focused to prepare a Technology Roadmap and a Strategic Research Agenda SRA to enable the transition from the present scientific oriented network for SE towards an industrially guided European Technology Platform ETP . References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE http www.lahc.univ savoie.fr fluxonics FLUXONICS http www.fluxonics foundry.de FLUXONICS Foundry RSFQ DEFAULTSORT S Pulse Category Superconductivity ... more details
Pulse was a tabloid magazine published by Tower Records which contained record reviews, interviews and advertising. ref citation url http www.sfgate.com cgi bin article.cgi?f c a 2006 10 19 DDGPJLR16L32.DTL title For S.F. rockers, Tower Records was where it was all happening now the party s over author Joel Selvin authorlink Joel Selvin publisher San Francisco Chronicle date October 19, 2006 ref Initially, it was given away free in their stores to promote their record sales. ref citation url http www.statehornet.com home index.cfm?event displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory id 2a04805e abc4 4280 a6e5 ac16184d46d9 title Tower Records magazine full of information author Cindy Vincent date 24 April 2001 publisher The State Hornet format dead link date May 2010 ref After nine years, in 1992, the magazine began national distribution with a cover price of 2.95, ref citation url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product SB&p theme sb&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 0EB0D9B1676ACC86&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM title Pulse gives rock lovers their money s worth publisher Sacramento Bee date January 28, 1992 ref but was cancelled when the company discontinued U.S. operations. References reflist Category American music magazines entertainment mag stub es Pulse ... more details
Zero width also zero width refers to a non printing character used in computer typesetting of some complex scripts Zero width joiner Zero width non joiner Zero width space Zero width non breaking space disambig ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced October 2008 context October 2009 Quadrature modulation is the general technique of modulating two carriers. Examples include Quadrature amplitude modulation , Phase shift keying , and Minimum shift keying . Constellation diagram s are used to examine the modulation in the 2 D signal space. Explanation Sending a signal by amplitude modulation consists of sending the function math y t I t cdot cos omega c t math where math I t math is the signal to encode and math cos omega c t math is the carrier wave, math omega c math is the carrier frequency one is changing the amplitude of a carrier wave to encode the signal, hence amplitude modulation. In general one could also change the phase of the carrier wave, as in phase modulation there is a dimension of phase that is not being used. In fact, one can encode another signal that is 90 out of phase by using a sine wave, as in math z t I t cdot cos omega c t Q t cdot sin omega c t math this 90 the angle of a rectangle, or a 1 4 turn is why it is called quadrature modulation, and the symbols math I t math and math Q ... t i sin t, math amplitude modulation encodes a 1 dimensional real signal, while quadrature modulation ... modulation exploits. Clocking The added channel capacity is not costless, however. An amplitude modulated ... pulse . A quadrature modulated signal, by contrast, has no such pulse, and thus sender and receiver ... uses quadrature amplitude modulation , this is conveyed by the color burst , a synchronization signal. By contrast, in polar modulation, clock drift simply degrades the phase modulated signal. Polar modulation Main Polar modulation Quadrature modulates two signals by changing the in phase and quadrature ... modulation is called polar modulation , and was developed earlier, in the 1874 quadruplex telegraph by Thomas Edison . See also Matrix decoder Polar modulation DEFAULTSORT Quadrature Modulation Category Radio modulation modes telecomm stub ... more details
Width has several meanings in mathematics . It may refer to In geometry , the minimum distance between two parallel lines, planes, or hyperplanes that enclose a given shape Curve of constant width Surface of constant width Mean width is one of the intrinsic volumes contemplated by Hadwiger s theorem in integral geometry In graph theory , any of several numerical parameters that measure the dense graph sparsity or complexity of a graph Branchwidth Clique width Degeneracy graph theory , also known as the width of a graph Graph bandwidth Pathwidth Treewidth In order theory , the size of the largest antichain in a partial order Dilworth s theorem , a characterization of width in terms of partitions into chains See also Wide disambiguation , related word intitle width mathdab ... more details
In astronomy , the morning width or rise width is the horizontal angular distance between the rise azimuth of a celestial body and the East direction. ref http www.delorie.com gnu docs gcal gcal 90.html ref References reflist Category Astrometry Category Spherical astronomy astronomy stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Swath width refers to the strip of the Earth s surface from which data are collected by a satellite . The longitude longitudinal extent of the swath is defined by the motion of the satellite with respect to the surface, whereas the swath width is measured perpendicularly to the longitudinal extent of the swath. Note that swath width is also cited in context of sonar specifications. It is measured and represented in metres or kilometers. Unreferenced date February 2008 Category Geology Category Geography Measurement stub de Schwad ru ... more details
In telecommunication s, spectral width is the wavelength interval over which the magnitude of all spectral component s is equal to or greater than a specified fraction of the magnitude of the component having the maximum value. In optical Telecommunication communications applications, the usual method of specifying spectral width is the full width at half maximum . This is the same convention used in Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth , defined as the frequency range where power drops by less than half at most &minus 3 dB . The FWHM method may be difficult to apply when the spectrum has a complex shape. Another method of specifying spectral width is a special case of Root mean square root mean square deviation where the independent variable is wavelength, , and f is a suitable radiometric quantity. The relative spectral width , , is frequently used where is obtained according to note 1, and is the center wavelength. See also Spectral linewidth in optics References Refimprove date January 2009 references FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications terms telecomm term stub fr Largeur de bande ... more details
File Definition of equivalent width.jpg thumb A diagram indicating the equivalent width corresponding to the absorption line, which is shown in red. The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of luminous intensity intensity versus wavelength . It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line. It is a measure of the strength of spectral features that is primarily used in astronomy . ref name co cite book author Carroll, Bradly Ostlie, Dale title An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics publisher Pearson Addison Wesley year 2007 isbn 0321442849 url http books.google.com books?id zaSpQgAACAAJ ref Definition Formally, the equivalent width is given by the equation math W lambda int 1 F lambda F 0 d lambda math . ref name ... represents the width of a hypothetical line which drops to an intensity of zero and has the same ... lambda math is negative, and so the absolute value is used. Applications The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure of the strength of spectral features. The equivalent width is a convenient ... rendering the height of the emission line a poor measure of its overall strength. The equivalent width ... Thus the equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number of absorbing or emitting atoms. ref name co For example, measurements of the equivalent width of the Balmer series Balmer alpha transition ... or Weak lined T Tauri star weak lined . ref name formation of stars The equivalent width is also be used in studying star formation in Lyman series Lyman alpha galaxy galaxies , as the equivalent width ... indicators and line equivalent width in Lya galaxies journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical ... width is also used in many other situations where a quantitative comparison between line strengths ... Width Equivalent Width in the SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy Category Emission spectroscopy Category ... more details
In geometry, the mean width is a measure of dimension length of the size of a body see Hadwiger s theorem for more about the available measures of bodies. In math n math dimensions, one has to consider math n 1 math dimensional hyperplanes perpendicular to a given direction math hat n math in math S n 1 math , where math S n math is the n sphere the surface of a math n 1 math dimensional sphere . The width of a body in a given direction math hat n math is the distance between the closest pair of such planes, such that the body is entirely in between the two hyper planes the planes only intersect with the boundary of the body . The mean width is the average of this width over all math hat n math in math S n 1 math . File Width in dir n for mean width.png thumb alt width in dir n The definition of the width of body B in direction math hat n math in 2 dimensions. More formally, define a compact body B as being equivalent to set of points in its interior plus the points on the boundary here, points denote elements of math mathbb R n math . The support function of body B is defined as math h B v max langle n,x rangle x in B math where math n math is a direction and math langle, rangle math denotes the usual inner product on math mathbb R n math . The mean width is then math b B frac 1 S n 1 int S n 1 h B hat n h B hat n , math where math S n 1 math is the math n 1 math dimensional volume of math S n 1 math . Note, that the mean width can be defined for any body that is compact , but it is most useful for convex bodies that is bodies, whose corresponding set is a convex set . The relation between mean width and mean curvature For convex bodies K in three dimensions, the mean width ... than the mean width, this is a very useful result. Reference material The mean width is usually ... by Maria Moszy ska Birkh user, Boston 2006 . The relation between the mean width and the mean curvature is also derived in that reference. The application of the mean width as one of the measures ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Extra Width Type Album Artist Jon Spencer Blues Explosion Cover John spencer extra width.jpg Released May 24, 1993 Recorded July December, 1992 small in Memphis at Easley Recording and in NYC at Waterworks Recording small Genre Punk blues , alternative rock Length 36 36 Label flagicon USA Matador Records Matador br flagicon UK Mute Records Mute br flagicon Australia Au Go Go Records Au Go Go Producer Jon Spencer Last album Crypt Style br 1992 This album Extra Width br 1993 Next album Orange Jon Spencer Blues Explosion Orange br 1994 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r216047 ref rev2 Pitchfork Media rev2Score 8.4 10 ref http pitchfork.com reviews albums 14575 year one extra widthmo width deluxe Pitchfork Media review ref noprose yes Extra Width is the third album by the punk blues group The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion , and was released in 1993. Track listing Afro History of Lies Back Slider Soul Letter Soul Typecast Pant Leg Hey Mom Big Road Train 2 Inside the World of the Blues Explosion The World of Sex The album was re released by Mute Records in the year 2000 with the Mo Width album as bonus tracks on one single CD . The cover looks the same and the original front cover and tracklisting of Mo Width is added as a cardboard paper. References reflist The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion Category Jon Spencer Blues Explosion albums Category 1993 albums Category Matador Records albums Category Mute Records albums Category Au Go Go Records albums 1990s rock album stub br Extra Width ... more details
infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Width of Waters title orig translator image image caption author Alfred Kern cover artist country United States language English language English series genre Novel publisher Houghton Mifflin Company release date 1959 1958 media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 266 pp isbn oclc 3714241 preceded by followed by Made in U.S.A. novel Made in U.S.A. The Width of Waters is a novel by the United States American writer Alfred Kern . ref cite magazine title Alfred Kern , Contemporary Authors Online , Detroit Thomson Gale, 2002 ref The story is set in 1953 in Buchanan, Pennsylvania a fictionalized Meadville, Pennsylvania Meadville , north of Pittsburgh . The town is celebrating its sesquicentennial and Jack Gaitz, a young public relations man, is in charge of the festivities, all in the shadow of the Korean War as well as that of the Wolfe family, owners of the textile mill that is Buchanan s sole industry. ref cite magazine title The Width of Waters , Publishers Weekly , 1959 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Width of Waters, The Category 1959 novels Category 20th century American novels Category 1953 in fiction Category Novels set in Pennsylvania 1950s novel stub ... more details
In graph theory , the clique width of a graph math G math is the minimum number of labels needed to construct math G math by means of the following 4 operations Creation of a new vertex v with label i noted i v Disjoint union of two labeled graphs G and H denoted math G oplus H math Joining by an edge every vertex labeled i to every vertex labeled j denoted n i,j Renaming label i to label j denoted p i , j Cograph s are exactly the graphs with clique width at most 2 harv Courcelle Olariu 2000 every distance hereditary graph has clique width at most 3 harv Golumbic Rotics 2000 . Many optimization problems that are NP hard for more general classes of graphs may be solved efficiently by dynamic programming on graphs of bounded clique width harvnb Cogis Thierry 2005 harvnb Courcelle Makowsky Rotics 2000 . The theory of graphs of bounded clique width resembles that for graphs of bounded treewidth , but unlike treewidth allows for dense graph s. References citation last1 Cogis first1 O. last2 Thierry first2 E. title Computing maximum stable sets for distance hereditary graphs journal Discrete Optimization volume 2 issue 2 year 2005 pages 185 188 mr 2155518 doi 10.1016 j.disopt.2005.03.004 . citation last1 Courcelle first1 B. last2 Makowsky first2 J. A. last3 Rotics first3 U. title Linear time solvable optimization problems on graphs on bounded clique width journal Theory of Computing Systems volume 33 issue 2 year 2000 pages 125 150 doi 10.1007 s002249910009 . citation last1 Courcelle first1 B. last2 Olariu first2 S. title Upper bounds to the clique width of graphs journal Discrete Applied Mathematics volume 101 issue 1 3 year 2000 pages 77 144 doi 10.1016 S0166 218X 99 00184 5 . citation last1 Golumbic first1 Martin Charles authorlink Martin Charles Golumbic last2 Rotics first2 Udi title On the clique width of some perfect graph classes journal International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science volume 11 issue 3 year 2000 pages 423 443 mr 1792124 doi 10.1142 S0129054100000260 ... more details
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